Phyllostachys reticulata
| Phyllostachys reticulata | ||||||||||||
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Phyllostachys reticulata |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Phyllostachys reticulata | ||||||||||||
| ( Rupr. ) K. Koch |
Phyllostachys reticulata is a species of plant from the genus Phyllostachys in the tribe of bamboos (Bambuseae) within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). She is a supplier of bamboo shoots and there are also some varieties that are used as ornamental plants .
Common names
Phyllostachys reticulata is sometimes called "Giant Timber Bamboo" in English, translated into German as "Large wood bamboo". Chinese common names are: 桂竹 Guizhu, Wuyuejizhu, Mazhu and its Japanese common name is Madake .
description
Appearance, leaf sheath and foliage leaf
Phyllostachys reticulata is a perennial woody plant. Like all Phyllostachys species, it grows with an underground rhizome , which is relatively thin compared to the stalks , from which the above-ground new shoots appear from the end of May (leptomorphic rhizome). The entire plant does not grow in clumps, but spread out over a wide area like a lawn.
The upright stalks reach heights of usually 10 to 20 meters, it is even reported from 30 to 40 meters. On the up to 40 cm long, bare internodes, the stalks are almost stalk-round with a diameter of 5 to usually 15 cm. At the nodes ( nodes ) they have a shallow groove over side branches or are clearly flattened (sulcus). The wall thickness of the stalks is about 5 mm. The stalk knots have two transverse ridges, the knot bulge being slightly more raised than the leaf trace of the leaf sheath. At each node, two more or less equally strong branches usually arise, which in turn are branched.
The stalks are densely surrounded by leaf sheaths of different sizes that fall off after a while. These yellow-brown, sometimes green or purple-tinted leaf sheaths have purple-brown spots and are bald or initially sparsely covered with upright brown hairs ( trichomes ). The bent back, paper-like leaf sheath surface is 15 to 25 cm long, five to six times longer than wide, linear, flat or sometimes wavy at the top, green in the center, purple or brown on both sides and light yellow on the edges. The leaf sheaths mostly have ligules and auricles. The purple-brown auricles are narrow to large and sickle-shaped; they fall off early or can be absent entirely. The auricles have long bristles arranged radially. The brown or green ligules are arched and ciliate.
There are two to four alternately arranged leaves per branch of the last order . The leaves have ligules and auricles. These almost circular leaf tubes have well-developed bristles that are arranged radially and are ciliate. Their clearly visible ligule are usually arched or sometimes truncated. The leaves are pseudo-stalked, which means that the leaf blade is abruptly narrowed towards its base; this 0.2 to 0.5 cm long, downy hairy "pseudo-petiole" forms the connection to the leaf sheath of the leaf. The leaf blade is 5.5 to 15 cm long and 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide, lanceolate or oblong with a pointed upper end. Depending on the variety, the leaves are medium green to bluish green or two-colored. The midrib is raised and there are ten to twelve lateral nerves with a clearly recognizable network nerve. The leaf surfaces are hairy downy. The leaf margin is dry-skinned.
Flowering period, inflorescence, flower and fruit
Phyllostachys reticulata is known for its mass bloom. After fruit formation, the above-ground parts of the plant die, but the stocks regenerate. The interval between the flowering periods can be more than 100 years; the last flowering period lasted from 1963 to 1973.
A flowering branch, which usually has a length of 5 to 8 (up to 10) cm, contains a dense, total inflorescence . On the inflorescence rhachis there are three to five scale-shaped bracts and six to eight spathe-shaped, sheathed bracts; usually one or two, rarely three pseudo-annual partial inflorescences stand together above a spathe-shaped bract; There are no partial inflorescences above the lowest one to three early sloping, spathe-shaped bracts. The spathe-shaped bracts have a circular-egg-shaped to linear-lanceolate blade with a rounded base and an awl-shaped, pointed upper end. The auricles of the spathe-shaped bracts are small to hardly recognizable and the bristles are well developed.
The sessile, laterally flattened spikelet with a length of 2.5 to 3 cm and a width of 3 to 5 mm lanceolate opens and usually contains one or two, rarely three or four flowers . The spikelet axis is downy hairy, with its uppermost part is glabrous. The top spikelet is sterile . Each spikelet ends with a rudimentary flower. There is no or one glume ; it is 7 to 8 mm in length shorter than the spikelet and elongated with a keel and pointed upper end and paper-like.
The sparsely downy hairy lemma is ovate with a length of 2 to 2.5 cm has a bristly-pointed upper end, 11 to 13 veins and no keel. The paper-like palea is slightly shorter than the lemma, except for the keel glabrous or hairy on the upper end. The three ciliated cavernous bodies ( Lodiculae ) are elongated rhomboid with a length of 3.5 to 4 cm. The three anthers have a length of 1.1 to 1.4 cm. The stylus are 25 to 30 mm long. There are three scars.
The pericarp is attached to the caryopses .
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 48.
Occurrence
Phyllostachys reticulata is originally widespread in China and Japan . In China it thrives in open or degraded forests from Yangtze to the Wuling Mountains at altitudes below 1800 meters in the provinces of Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
It has been cultivated for a long time and, for example, was brought to Taiwan very early on. Phyllostachys reticulata overgrows easily and is an archaeophyte or neophyte in many areas of the world .
Systematics
The first description was made of this kind in 1839 under the name Bambusa reticulata by Franz Josef Ruprecht in Bambuseae , 58. It was in 1873 by K.Koch in dendrology , 2 (2), p 356 under the currently valid name Phyllostachys reticulata in the genre Phyllostachys posed. In most literature especially before 2006 this species is called Phyllostachys bambusoides Sieb. & Zucc. It was published in 1843 in treatises of the Mathematical-Physical Class of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences , 3 (3), 746, plate 5, figure 3. So Phyllostachys bambusoides was published in 1843 before Phyllostachys reticulata in 1873, but the Basionym Bambusa reticulata from Phyllostachys reticulata was published as early as 1839. According to the priority rule , Phyllostachys reticulata is the valid name.
Further synonyms for Phyllostachys reticulata (Rupr.) K. Koch are: Bambusa castilloni Marliac ex Carrière , Phyllostachys bambusoides fo. castillonis (Marliac ex Carrière) TPYi , Phyllostachys bambusoides var. castilloni-holochrysa (Pfitzer) J.Houz. , Phyllostachys Castillonis (Marliac ex Carriere) Mitford , Phyllostachys Castillonis var. Holochrysa Pfizer , Phyllostachys lithophila Hayata , Phyllostachys Marliacea Mitford , Phyllostachys megastachya Steud. , Phyllostachys nigra var. Castillonis (Marliac ex Carrière) Bean , Phyllostachys pinyanensis T.H.Wen , Phyllostachys quilioi Rivière & C.Rivière , Phyllostachys quilioi var. Castillonis (Marliac ex Carrière) J.Houz. , Phyllostachys quilioi var. Castillonis-holochrysa rule ex J. Houz. , Phyllostachys reticulata fo. geniculata Nakai , Phyllostachys reticulata var. castillonis (Marliac ex Carrière) Makino , Phyllostachys reticulata var. holochrysa (Pfitzer) Nakai .
use
After Phyllostachys edulis , Phyllostachys reticulata is one of the most frequently cultivated species for bamboo shoots. Young sprouts are eaten cooked as a vegetable. The sprouts of this species are large, but bitter when raw; they need to be boiled in plenty of water and the water should be changed a few times. The harvest takes place in spring when the sprouts have grown about 8 cm above the ground. They are cut about 5 cm below the ground. The sprouts contain around 2.1% protein , 0.3% fat , 3.2% carbohydrates and 0.9% ash by dry weight .
The wood of the stalks is used to make furniture and plant vine frames. The rather thick-walled stalks of this type are considered to be best suited to building scaffolding for house building and industry, they are also used as components of houses. Split stalks are also used to weave baskets and other items.
Phyllostachys reticulata is planted to protect against erosion. The rhizomes and the root system ensure good soil consolidation.
Medical effects were examined.
Use as an ornamental plant and some cultivated forms
There are some elite forms that are cultivated as ornamental plants. The propagation takes place vegetatively by rhizome parts or by division. They can be sold under different names.
Cultures (selection):
- 'Albovariegata'
- 'Castilloni' also called Phyllostachys bambusoides var. Castillonis , this is not a valid variety, but the trade name: a tall bamboo with bright golden yellow stalks and shiny green sulcus.
- 'Castilloni variegata'
- 'Castilloni-inversa' also called Phyllostachys bambusoides var. Castillonis inversa, this is not a valid form, but the trade name: a tall bamboo with green stalks and yellowish sulcus.
- 'Castilloni-inversa-variegata'
- 'Holochrysa' also called 'Allgold'
- 'Kawadana'
- 'Marliacea' also called grooved bamboo
- 'Subvariegata'
- 'Tanakae' also called 'Mixta' and 'Lacrima-dea'
swell
- Zheng-ping Wang & Chris Stapleton: Phyllostachys Phyllostachys reticulata , p. 176 - Online , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22: Poaceae , Science Press et al., Beijing et al. 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 . (Section description, distribution and systematics)
- Phyllostachys reticulata in WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman & H. Williamson: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora , 2006 onwards.
- Wei-Chih Lin: Bambusoideae : Als Phyllostachys bambusoides on page 629-532 - Online , In: Editorial Committee: Flora of Taiwan , 2nd Edition, Volume 5, Taipei 2000. ISBN 978-957-02-7534-6
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Zheng-ping Wang & Chris Stapleton: Phyllostachys Phyllostachys reticulata , p. 176 - Online , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22: Poaceae , Science Press et al., Beijing et al. 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Phyllostachys reticulata in WD Clayton, M. Vorontsova, KT Harman & H. Williamson: GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora , 2006 onwards.
- ↑ a b c Fred Vaupel: As Phyllostachys bambusoides - pictures and descriptions of the species and some varieties at www.bambus-lexikon.de .
- ↑ a b Phyllostachys reticulata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d As Phyllostachys bambusoides - entry in Plants for A Future .
- ↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica . Random House Australia 2003. German edition: Tandem Verlag GmbH 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 . As Phyllostachys bambusoides - Madake on page 669