Pierre Janet

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pierre-Marie-Félix Janet (born May 30, 1859 in Paris ; † February 24, 1947 there ) was a French philosopher , psychiatrist and psychotherapist . He is the founder of modern dynamic psychiatry . In his therapeutic approaches he can be seen as a pioneer of modern psychotherapy .

Pierre-Marie-Félix Janet

biography

Pierre Janet attended the well-known Collège Sainte-Barbe in Paris, where Ignatius von Loyola , Calvin and Gustave Eiffel went to school. In 1879 he was admitted to the École normal supérieure , where he passed the Agrégation de Philosophy in 1882 as second best.

From 1882 to 1889 he taught at the Lycée in Châteauroux and Le Havre . In his spare time he volunteered at the Le Havre hospital and undertook psychiatric research on his own. These studies formed the basis for Janet's main doctoral thesis: L'Automatisme Psychologique . In this work he differentiated between the subconscious and the conscious and thus laid the foundation for Freud's concept of the unconscious.

Janet studied medicine from 1889 to 1893 and worked on Jean-Martin Charcot's stations at the Hôpital Salpêtrière , where he also resumed his clinical research. In the medical doctoral thesis he presented his theory of hysteria .

In 1893 Charcot made him head of the research laboratory for experimental psychology at the Hôpital Salpêtrière , which Charcot had set up for him, which he held until 1902; at the same time he taught philosophy at the Sorbonne and at the Collège de France .

From 1895 Janet taught experimental and comparative psychology at the Collège de France and was professor there from 1902 to 1934. He founded the Journal de psychologie normal et pathologique (1904) and the Société de psychologie , which in 1941 became the Société française de psychologie .

In 1904 he was invited to America for a series of lectures and in 1913 took over the role of critic of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis at the International Congress of Medicine in London .

In 1919 Janet published his 3-volume work Les Médications Psychologiques , a systematic treatise on psychotherapy. From 1925 on, Janet developed his new system of behavioral psychology .

Janet was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1932, the National Academy of Sciences in 1938, and the American Philosophical Society in 1940 . In 1935 he said goodbye to the Collège de France , but continued to devote himself to his private practice.

plant

Pierre-Marie-Félix Janet (photography by Dornac )

Janet was at the beginning of modern dynamic psychiatry . His work was one of the main sources for Freud , Adler and Jung . He coined the term “ subconscious ”; his concepts can be found again in Bleuler's schizophrenia and autism , in Jung's complex , in Adler's feeling of inferiority and in Freud's “Studies on Hysteria” (1895). His thoughts are so widespread that their origin is usually not recognized and therefore traced back to others.

As early as 1889, Janet was the first to develop a theory that is still valid today about the processing of traumatic experiences. Thereafter, he viewed the trauma response basically as a memory disorder that prevented the integration of traumatic memories into existing cognitive structures, which led to their separation from consciousness and volitional control and to dissociation and amnesia , and caused the psychological and somatoform trauma symptoms. He also developed a therapeutic approach for traumatized patients in order to achieve the reduction of post-traumatic stress and a cognitive reintegration of traumatic memories with a systematic, phase-oriented treatment consisting of stabilization, trauma processing and integration .

Janet's findings, which were largely forgotten for almost 100 years before they were rediscovered in the 1980s by modern psychotraumatology , is among other things. a. the present understanding of dissociation has already been anticipated in essential parts.

Fonts (selection)

Plaque on the home of Pierre Janet at 54 rue de Varenne, Paris 9.
  • The state of mind of the hysterical. With a preface by Jean-Martin Charcot , translated by Max Kahane . Deuticke, Leipzig / Vienna 1894 ( digitized version ).
  • The psychology of belief and mysticism. Edited by Gerhard Heim, translated by Nikolaus de Palézieux. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-88221-607-3 .
  • L'Amnesie et la dissociation des souverirs par l'emotion. Journal Psychol. 4, 1904, 417-453.
  • De l'angoisse à l'extase. Vol. 1. Félix Alcan, Paris 1926.
  • De l'angoisse à l'extase. Vol. 2. Félix Alcan, Paris 1928.
  • L'automatisme psychologique . Félix Alcan, Paris 1889 (Reprint: Société Pierre Janet, Paris 1889/1973).

literature

  • Henry F. Ellenberger : The discovery of the unconscious. History and development of dynamic psychiatry from its beginnings to Janet, Freud, Adler and Jung . Second, improved paperback edition reviewed by the author. Diogenes, Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-257-21343-3 , Chapter 6 Pierre Janet and the psychological analysis , p. 449-560 (English: The Discovery of the Unconscious. The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry . New York 1970. Translated by Gudrun Theusner-Stampa).
  • Claude M. Prévost: Janet, Freud et la psychologique clinique. Payot, Paris 1973.
  • Jules R. Bemporad: Freud, Janet and evolution: of statuettes and plants. In: Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 17, 1989, pp . 623-638.
  • Régine Plas: Naissance d'une science humaine: les psychologues et le 'merveilleux psychique'. Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Rennes 2000.
  • Janet, Pierre , in: Élisabeth Roudinesco ; Michel Plon: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis: Names, Countries, Works, Terms . Vienna: Springer, 2004, ISBN 3-211-83748-5 , pages 483-487.
  • Ursula Gast: Trauma and Dissociation. In: Karolina Jeftic, Jean-Baptiste Joly (Ed.): Remembering and Forgetting. To represent trauma. Stuttgart: edition solitude, 2005, pages 77-89. ISBN 3-937158-03-0 .
  • Frédéric Carbonel: "Un jalon pour l'emergence de la psychologie scientifique: Pierre Janet et les médecins aliénistes du Havre (February 22, 1883 - août 1889)" . Janetian Studies 3, 2006. ( http://pierre.janet.com) ./
  • Uwe Wolfradt: Pierre Janet and the depersonalization . In: Peter Fiedler (Ed.) Trauma, Dissociation and Personality. Pierre Janet's contributions to modern psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy. Pabst Science Publishers, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-89967-295-X , pages 180-193.
  • Hilarion G. Petzold: Pierre Janet (1859–1947) - idea generator for Freud, reference theorist of integrative therapy. On the 60th anniversary of the death of the founder of 'integrative psychology' and 'psychological therapy'. Integrative Therapy 33, 2007, page 59. - 86th
  • KE Bühler, G. Heim: Pierre Janet's conception of the subconscious. Würzburg medical history reports 27, 2008, pages 24–62.
  • Peter Fiedler, Gerhard Heim (ed.): Psychotherapy: From automatism to self-control. Pierre Janet's contributions to modern psychiatry and psychology. Berlin, Pabst Science Publishers 2010, ISBN 3-89967-668-8 .
  • Uwe Wolfradt: Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich's ego theory against the background of Pierre Janet's psychology. In: Peter Fiedler & Gerhard Heim (eds.) Psychotherapy: From automatism to self-control. Pierre Janet's contributions to modern psychiatry and psychology. Berlin, Pabst Science Publishers 2010, ISBN 978-3-89967-668-6 , pages 112-125.
  • Héctor Pérez-Rincón: Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and Charcot's psychological and psychiatric legacy . Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience 29, 2011, page 115 - 124th
  • Gerhard Heim, Karl-Ernst Bühler: The return of the forgotten: On the history of PTSD . In: K. Brücher, M. Poltrum (Ed.) Psychiatrische Diagnostik. On the Critique of Diagnostic Reason. Parodos Verlag, Berlin 2012, pages 87-104. ISBN 3-938880-55-4 .
  • Florent Serina, "Janet-Schwartz-Ellenberger: the history of a triangular relationship through their unpublished correspondence" History of Psychiatry , 31, 1, March 2020, pages 3 - 20.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ KE Bühler, G. Heim (2008): Pierre Janet's conception of the subconscious. Würzburg medical history reports 27, pp. 24–62.
  2. ↑ Uwe Wolfradt (2010): Traugott Konstantin Oesterreich's ego theory against the background of Pierre Janet's psychology. In: Peter Fiedler & Gerhard Heim (eds.) Psychotherapy: From automatism to self-control. Pierre Janet's Contributions to Modern Psychiatry and Psychology [Volume 2]. Lengerich, Berlin, Pabst Science Publishers (pp. 112-125).
  3. ↑ a b c Pierre Janet's biography. Pierre Janet Society V., accessed on September 11, 2017 .
  4. ↑ Peters, Uwe Henrik : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 3rd edition 1984, page 285, Stw. Janet, Pierre.
  5. ↑ Klaus Brücher, Martin Poltrum .: Psychiatric diagnostics for the critique of diagnostic reason. Parodos, Berlin 2013, ISBN 3-938880-55-4 .
  6. ^ Héctor Pérez-Rincón (2011): Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud and Charcot's psychological and psychiatric legacy . Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience 29, pp. 115-124.
  7. ^ Jules R. Bemporad (1989): Freud, Janet and evolution: of statuettes and plants. In: Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 17, pp. 623-638.
  8. ^ Member History: Pierre Janet. American Philosophical Society, accessed October 12, 2018 .
  9. ^ HG Petzold (2007): Pierre Janet (1859-1947) - idea generator for Freud, reference theorist of integrative therapy. On the 60th anniversary of the death of the founder of 'integrative psychology' and 'psychological therapy'. Integrative therapy 33, page 59 - 86th
  10. ↑ "Overcoming the phobia of trauma" - On the importance of Janet's dissociation theory for the development of modern psychotraumatology. A conversation with Onno van der Hart - by Michaela Huber. (PDF 169 kB; archive ).
  11. ↑ a b Ursula Gast: Trauma and Dissociation. Published in: Karolina Jeftic, Jean-Baptiste Joly (Ed.): Erinnern und Vergessen. To represent trauma. Stuttgart: edition solitude, 2005, pp. 77-89.
  12. ^ Gerhard Heim, Karl-Ernst Bühler: The return of the forgotten: To the history of PTSD . In: K. Brücher, M. Poltrum (Ed.) Psychiatrische Diagnostik. On the Critique of Diagnostic Reason. Parodos Verlag, Berlin, pp. 87-104.
  13. ↑ Pierre Janet: L'automatisme psychologique . Félix Alcan, Paris 1889 (Reprint: Société Pierre Janet, Paris 1889/1973).
  14. ↑ Pierre Janet (1904): L'Amnesie et la dissociation des souverirs par l'emotion. Journal Psychol. 4, 417-453.
  15. ↑ Uwe Wolfradt: Pierre Janet and the depersonalization . In: Peter Fiedler (Ed.) Trauma, Dissociation and Personality. Pierre Janet's contributions to modern psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy. Pabst Science Publishers, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-89967-295-X , pages 180-193.
  16. ^ Uwe Wolfradt (2006): Pierre Janet and the depersonalization . In: Peter Fiedler (Ed.) Trauma, Dissociation and Personality. Pierre Janet's contributions to modern psychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy. [Volume 1] Lengerich, Berlin, Pabst Science Publishers (pp. 180-193).
personal data
SURNAME Janet, Pierre
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Janet, Pierre-Marie-Félix (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French philosopher, psychiatrist and psychotherapist
DATE OF BIRTH May 30, 1859
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH February 24, 1947
Place of death Paris