Pinus echinata
| Spruce pine | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spruce pine ( Pinus echinata ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Pinus echinata | ||||||||||||
| Miller |
Pinus echinata or the spruce pine is an evergreen conifer from the genus of the pines ( Pinus ) with usually 6 to 11 cm long needles, usually arranged in groups of two or three, and 4 to 7 cm long seed cones. The natural range is in the southeastern United States. The species is not endangered and an economically important supplier of wood, but it is rarely used for horticulture.
description
Appearance
Pinus echinata grows as an evergreen , 35 to 40 meter high tree with a diameter of up to 160 centimeters at chest height . The tallest known tree was measured in 1980 with a height of 42 meters and a trunk diameter of 1.1 meters. The trunk bark is dark brown, slightly resinous and breaks into irregular rectangular plates. The crown is egg-shaped to dome-shaped. The branches are horizontal and are thin and short, especially on trees in forests. Needle-bearing branches are thin and more or less drooping. Young shoots are reddish brown, often overflowing bluish and later turn reddish brown to gray. They are hairless and rough after the needles have been lost due to permanent pulvini . One to four resin channels are formed.
Buds and needles
The buds are ovate to ovoid-cylindrical, 5 to 10 millimeters long and very resinous. The needles grow in pairs or in threes in a 10 to 15 millimeter long needle sheath and stay on the tree for three to five years. They are yellowish green, gray green or dark green, flexible, straight or slightly curved, rarely from 5, usually 6 to 11 and sometimes up to 12 centimeters long and about 1 millimeter wide. The edge of the needle is finely sawn, the end short pointed. There are narrow stomata lines on all needle sides .
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones grow in small groups in a spiral. They are cylindrical, 15 to 20 millimeters long, pale purple green to yellow and later turn light brown in color. The seed cones grow individually or in whorls of two to four. They are short-stalked or almost sessile, 4 to 7 inches long, closed, narrowly ovate to ovate-elongated and when opened, broadly ovoid to ovate-elongated with a flattened base. The 75 to 100, rarely also 120, shovel-shaped seed scales are thin and woody, inelastic, green and evenly dull brown when ripe. The apophysis is slightly raised and sharply keeled across. The umbo is reinforced with a firm, short spike . The seeds are ellipsoidal, 6 to 7 millimeters long, mottled gray and black, with a similarly colored, 12 to 15 millimeter long seed wing.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is like all pine 2n = 24th
bark
Branch with needles and young seed cones
Seed cones
development
Pinus echinata usually only forms seeds after about 20 years, although male and female cones have also been observed on five-year-old specimens. Larger amounts of seeds are only formed by trees with a trunk diameter of at least 30 centimeters. The seeds are released in late October or early November, with 25 to 38 seeds being formed per cone. 70 percent of the seeds are released in the first month, 90 percent after two months. The seedlings germinate epigeously after the seeds have been allowed to hibernate on the ground. There is evidence that some seeds do not begin to produce any until after the second winter, but there is no confirmation of this. Young plants can form a taproot at the beginning of their development, but due to the soil conditions usually only lateral roots are formed, which then run just below the surface. Young trees have an annual increase in height of 30 to 90 centimeters.
Distribution, ecology and endangerment
The natural range of Pinus echinata is in the east and southeast of the United States and extends over 22 states from New York and Illinois to east of Texas and Florida . Outside of its natural range, it is used for forestry in China. The species grows in its natural environment in the lowlands at heights of 150 meters to the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains at around 600 meters. However, it is absent in the valley and the mouth of the Mississippi and along a narrow to sometimes wide strip along the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean and in most of Florida. The northern limit of the distribution area is determined by an average annual temperature of 10 ° Celsius, the southern limit by a rainfall of around 1000 millimeters, which is more or less evenly distributed over the year. It grows on a variety of different types of soil, which, however, usually have a certain water storage capacity, sandy-loamy or silty-loamy texture and good drainage. Pinus echinata sometimes forms pure stands, but is usually accompanied by deciduous trees such as oaks ( Quercus ). In areas with only a thin ground cover, the deciduous trees are absent and the species grows together with other conifers. It is also found together with Pinus taeda , which has a similar distribution area, but mostly occurs on moister soils. The distribution area is assigned to winter hardiness zone 8 with mean annual minimum temperatures of −12.2 ° to −6.7 ° Celsius (10 to 20 ° Fahrenheit ).
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus echinata classified as endangered ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). However, it should be noted that a reassessment is necessary.
Systematics and research history
Pinus echinata is a species from the genus of pine ( Pinus ), in which it is assigned to the subgenus Pinus , Section Trifoliae and Subsection Australes . It was first scientifically described by Philip Miller in 1768 . The generic name Pinus was already used by the Romans for several types of pine. The specific epithet echinata comes from Latin, refers to the hedgehog and means something like "prickly". However, it is unclear which parts of the plant Philip Miller was referring to. Synonyms of the species are Pinus lutea Lodd. ex Gordon , Pinus mitis Michx. , Pinus royleana Jameson ex Lindl. , Pinus squarrosa Walter , Pinus taeda var. Echinata (Mill.) Castigl. , Pinus taeda var. Variabilis Aiton , Pinus variabilis (Aiton) Lamb. and Pinus virginiana var. echinata (Mill.) Du Roi .
The species forms natural hybrids with Pinus taeda and Pinus rigida . Crossing attempts with Pinus elliottii , Pinus pungens and Pinus palustris were successful.
use
Pinus echinata is an important supplier of wood in the southeastern United States from both natural stands and forest plantations . The wood is of high quality, with an orange to yellowish brown heartwood and creamy yellow sapwood . It is used in the manufacture of railway sleepers , as construction timber , for panels , furniture, plywood and pulp for the paper industry. The wood from forestry plantations is mostly used to make paper.
The trees are also planted to demarcate and protect residential areas from highways. Otherwise the species has hardly any horticultural significance.
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 668-669 .
- James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World. The Complete Reference . Timber Press, Portland, OR / London 2009, ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4 , pp. 429 .
- Edwin R. Lawson: Shortleaf Pine In: Russell H. Burns: Silvics of North America . Volume 1 Conifers . United States Government Printing, 1991, ISBN 0-16-027145-2 ( online ).
- Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 (English).
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 19 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , pp. 221, 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 668
- ↑ a b c d e James E. Eckenwalder: Conifers of the World , p. 429
- ^ Robert Kral: Pinus echinata in Flora of North America , Volume 2
- ↑ Edwin R. Lawson: shortleaf Pine In: silvics of North America
- ↑ a b Pinus echinata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 27, 2013.
- ^ Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus echinata , in Flora of China , Volume 4, p. 19
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 668-669
- ↑ Pinus echinata in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed April 27, 2013.
- ↑ Exactly: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names p. 487
- ↑ Exactly: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names p. 221
- ↑ Pinus echinata. In: The Plant List. Retrieved April 27, 2013 .
- ↑ Christopher J. Earle: Pinus echinata. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, November 27, 2012, accessed April 27, 2013 (English).
- ^ A b Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 669
Web links
- Pinus echinata at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 27, 2013.
- Pinus echinata at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 27, 2013.