Pinus kesiya
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Pinus kesiya |
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| Royle ex Gordon |
Pinus kesiya is a plant from the genus of pine trees ( Pinus ) within the family of the Pinaceae (Pinaceae). The distribution area is in China, India, the Philippines and Indochina. A distinction is made between two varieties. It is an important supplier of wood to Southeast Asia and is also planted in other countries in Africa, South America and Australia for forestry reasons.
description
Habitus
Pinus kesiya is an evergreen tree with heights of 30 to 35, less often up to 45 meters. It often grows columnar. The trunk is straight and can reach a trunk diameter of up to 1 meter. The trunk bark is brown, gray-brown when exposed to the weather, thick, rough and flaky, deeply furrowed and divided into plates. The branches are horizontal, are usually crooked and shorten over time. They form a dome-shaped crown. Needled branches are thin, initially rough due to pulvini , after the second or third year they are more or less smooth, shiny yellow-brown and later darken to orange-brown. Young shoots have two or more nodes in the first year .
Buds and needles
The winter buds are red-brown, small, conical, resin-free or slightly resinous. The bud scales are red-brown. The needles grow in threes in a permanent, 15 to 20 millimeter long, basal needle sheath. The needles are dark green, with a triangular cross-section, thin, soft to elastic, sometimes only 10, usually 12 to 22 and rarely up to 25 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.7 sometimes up to 1.0 millimeters wide, finely serrated and pointed long. There are fine stomata lines on each needle side . There are three to six resin channels per needle . The needles stay on the tree for three to four years.
Cones and seeds
The pollen cones are yellow, short cylindrical and grow in spirally arranged groups at the base of young shoots. The seed cones grow individually or in pairs, rarely in threes, and stay on the tree for several years. They are short stalked and are horizontal or curved. They are 4.5 to 7 seldom 8 centimeters long, closed, narrow ovoid-conical, open ovoid to rounded with a diameter of 3 to 4, rarely up to 5.5 centimeters. The seed scales are dark brown, woody, stiff, more or less bent back when opened, narrowly elongated, 2.5 to 3 inches long and 1 to 1.5 inches wide. The apophysis is light brown, clearly raised, more or less pyramidal with an irregular rhombic circumference and keeled transversely. The umbo is small, ellipsoidal or at least protruding and armed with a very small permanent spine. The seeds are dark brown to almost black, ellipsoidal, 5 to 7 rarely up to 8 millimeters long and slightly flattened. The seed wing is 15 to 20 millimeters long, 6 to 8 millimeters wide and permanent. The cones bloom in April and May, they ripen about two years after blooming.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 24.
Distribution, location requirements and endangerment
The natural distribution area of Pinus kesiya is in China in the Yunnan Province and in the extreme southeast of the Tibet Autonomous Region , in Bhutan , in Assam in northeast India , in Laos , Myanmar , Cambodia , in northern Thailand , in Vietnam and on Luzon , the main island of the Philippines.
Pinus kesiya grows individually in savannahs , in pure stands with an almost closed canopy and along rivers in mixed forests together with, for example, Quercus serrata and Alnus nepalensis . In northeast India, Myanmar and Thailand it grows in a drier environment at altitudes of 800 to 1500 meters and sometimes even 2000 meters. Further east, in Laos, Vietnam and on Luzon, they can be found in a much more humid environment at altitudes of up to 2700 and 3000 meters. It is a tropical species that does not thrive in the hot and humid lowlands, but needs seasonal rainfall. Even so, fires are numerous, creating open and grass-dominated savannas with scattered stands and individual trees. It is a pioneer plant , especially when fire played a role in the destruction of vegetation. It usually grows on sandy and loamy soils formed from sandstone and quartzite .
In the Red List of the IUCN is Pinus kesiya "not at risk" as performed ( "Lower Risk / least concern"). However, it should be noted that a reassessment is pending.
Systematics and research history
Pinus kesiya was published in 1840 by George Gordon (1806–1879) in Gardeners' magazine. London , Volume 16, p. 8 for the first time validly described , based on the description by John Forbes Royle , which, however, did not meet the requirements of an initial scientific description. The specific epithet kesiya refers to the Khasi hills in northeast India, where it was first collected by Royle. The spelling was controversial for a long time, but the spelling chosen by John Forbes Royle (1798–1858) according to botanical nomenclature is the valid one. Synonyms for Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon are: Pinus insularis Endl. , Pinus khasya Hook. f. orth. var., Pinus insularis var. khasyana (handle.) Silba .
The kind Pinus kesiya belongs to subsection Pinus from the section Pinus in the subgenus Pinus within the genus of Pinus .
There are two varieties of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon :
- Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon var. Kesiya : Trees up to 35 meters high with trunks that reach chest height diameters of 1 meter. The needles are soft, 12 to 25 inches long and 0.5 to 0.7 millimeters wide. The seed cones are 4.5 to 7 inches long and open 3 to 4.5 inches in diameter. The distribution area is in the west of Yunnan, in Tibet, in India, Cambodia, Myanmar and Thailand. A synonym of the variety is Pinus insularis var. Khasyana (handle.) Silba .
- Pinus kesiya var. Langbianensis (A.Chev.) Gaussen ex Bui : Trees up to 45 meters high with elastic but not soft needles, sometimes from 10 usually 12 to 18 centimeters long and 0.7 to 1 millimeter wide. The seed cones are 5 to 8 inches long and when fully open they have a diameter of 4 to 5.5 inches. The distribution area is in the Chinese province of Yunnan, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand and the Philippines. The taxon was first described in 1847 by Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher as Pinus insularis on specimens from the Philippines. The differences were later viewed as too small to justify the species status. The taxon was therefore assigned to Pinus kesiya , either as a synonym of the species or the variety Pinus kesiya var. Langbianensis described on specimens from Vietnam , which is, however, controversial. Further synonyms of the variety are Pinus langbianensis A.Chev. and Pinus insularis var. langbianensis (A.Chev.) Silba .
use
Pinus kesiya is an important supplier of wood in Southeast Asia and is also used for forestry outside its natural range in countries in Africa, South America and Oceania (including Australia). The trees grow quickly and the wood is mainly used to make pulp and paper. In India it was often used to produce charcoal , but the importance of this use is declining. The wood is also processed into round wood , used as construction wood , for wooden floorboards and for the production of plywood and furniture. In the Philippines, coffee plantations are often created under natural stands of Pinus kesiya . The resin is of good quality, but it is difficult to obtain, making it of little economic importance. The species is rarely used as an ornamental plant and is restricted to a few arboretums and botanical gardens . In the Philippines it is used as a Christmas tree .
swell
literature
- Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers . tape 2 . Brill, Leiden-Boston 2010, ISBN 90-04-17718-3 , pp. 691-692 .
- Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 15 (English).
- Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 487 (reprint from 1996).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 691.
- ↑ a b c d Liguo Fu, Nan Li, Thomas S. Elias, Robert R. Mill: Pinus. Pinus kesiya. P. 15 - online with the same text as the printed work , Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China , Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 .
- ↑ a b Christopher J. Earle: Pinus kesiya. In: The Gymnosperm Database. www.conifers.org, 2019, accessed on April 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Pinus kesiya at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c Pinus kesiya at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ↑ a b c Pinus kesiya in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 17, 2019.
- ↑ Pinus kesiya in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Accessed February 24, 2013.
- ↑ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, p. 692.
- ^ Aljos Farjon: A Handbook of the World's Conifers , Volume 2, pp. 691-692.
Web links
- Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon - Common Name: Khasi Pine. In: Useful Tropical Plants. Retrieved April 17, 2019 .