Rainer Krause

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Rainer Krause (2014)

Rainer Krause (born October 5, 1942 in Gemmrigheim ) is a German psychologist , psychoanalyst and affect researcher .

Career

Rainer Krause has five siblings, both parents were doctors. He is married and has a son. Krause lives and works in Saarland .

Saarland University campus

In 1962 Krause passed the Abitur at the grammar school in Bietigheim . In 1964, after finishing his service with the armed forces, he began studying psychology at the University of Tübingen . In the winter semester of 1967/1968, he continued his studies at the University of Zurich before taking his diploma back in Tübingen in 1969. From the beginning he was particularly interested in clinical and social psychology . He took up his first assistant position in Zurich and in 1971 began further training in psychoanalytic training at the Zurich Psychoanalytic Seminar . A year later he did his doctorate in Tübingen. In 1976 he completed his habilitation in Zurich , where he received the license to teach in 1978 with the so-called venia legendi . In 1980 he followed the call of the Saarland University to the chair of clinical psychology . From 1981 to 1983 he was executive professor in the field of psychology there. Rainer Krause retired in 2009 and continues to participate in public discourse .

Act

In 1985, Krause organized the second European conference on facial expression research as part of a DFG grant . The latest was thus marked the beginning of his extensive research and affect the question of how emotions in facial expressions are expressed in humans. In 1986 he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Society for Research on Emotions . Various stays abroad accompanied his professional career, as did his teaching and research work later.

“One can celebrate him [...] as an enormously fruitful affect researcher. He not only wrote small articles about the so-called primary effects [...] as precisely as he was sensitive, but also illustrated them in a highly vivid and amusing way, sometimes even with his own portrait in different emotional states. "

- Tilmann Moser : Deutsches Ärzteblatt

Rainer Krause concentrated his diverse scientific work on affect research and established himself in various specialist societies for psychoanalysis on the one hand and psychotherapy and affect research on the other. In 1991 he organized the annual meeting of the International Society for Research on Emotions . He completed a total of five projects funded by the German Research Foundation, which focused on the exchange of affects between healthy and mentally ill groups. Together with others he founded the ERASMUS exchange program for emotion research at the universities of Amsterdam, Bologna, Geneva, Paris, Madrid, Manchester and Würzburg . Since 1998 he has been supporting colleagues trained in Germany who are trying to establish a psychotherapeutic care network in Izmir . In 2002 he set up the university outpatient psychotherapy clinic at Saarland University, where patients are still treated according to the so-called guideline procedures. Since 2010 he has been a professor at the International Psychoanalytic University Berlin . In this context, he is particularly concerned with building the infrastructure for research. As a co-founder of the Saarland Institute for Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy e. V. he is still a lecturer, training analyst and supervisor there.

From 1999 to 2009 he was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Lindau Psychotherapy Weeks .

Until 2005, Rainer Krause was co-editor of the journal for psychosomatic medicine and psychotherapy , the organ of the German Society for Psychosomatic Medicine and Medical Psychotherapy (DGPM) . In addition, he was a co-developer of the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a scientifically based technique of emotion recognition that makes it possible to decipher facial expressions.

His numerous international contacts also benefited him as part of his affect research for the “intercultural comparison of affect coding and decoding using the example of French and Germans”, to which he devoted his own research project in 1986/1987. In addition to teaching and research, Rainer Krause took part in the psychotherapeutic care of patients who suffered from various mental disorders. Although he is also critical of psychoanalysis, it is nevertheless the theoretical basis of his research and treatment because he considers the “core areas of theory to be irreplaceable”.

In addition to science, Krause is also interested in art. For example, the Salon for Aesthetic Experiments at the Volksbühne Berlin was able to convince Krause to take part in the counter-time lecture series together with the visual artist Judith Raum and a dancer .

Affects and communication

In the context of a controversial discussion among affect researchers about which and how many affects can be differentiated, Krause settles on "seven primary effects": joy, curiosity, fear, anger, sadness, contempt and disgust. Primary effects are characterized by a " phylogenetic meaning". From this he differentiates “structural affects”, such as shame or pride. They “require additional ontogenetically acquired knowledge”. In view of the effectiveness of all these affects, Krause describes the typical structure of interpersonal relationships in various contexts. “Affects are contagious” is one of the formulas on which Krause bases his research. He studied in detail which muscles in which affect innervated be and determine the facial expressions of the examinee. Exact knowledge of the facial muscles involved in the affects - Krause calls it the "innervation pattern" - allows us to recognize which affect is being expressed in a communicative situation, such as in a conversation, a lecture or a discussion. This expression is not always conscious, and often enough not even wanted. The discrepancy between verbal communication and facial expression of affects in communication can result in conflicts and misunderstandings.

Using the example of a smile, Krause shows in a lecture the difference between a real-looking and a fake-looking smile, in which the same muscles are not involved. What is significant in this context is the fact that the muscles of the so-called "lower face" can be controlled much more easily than the muscles of the so-called "upper face". And with a smile that looks fake, certain muscles of the upper face are not involved. Krause names contempt and disgust as “the most common emotions that one gets to see”, which is likely to contradict everyday theories of laypeople affect psychology. However, when people talk about their everyday lives, the expression of joy moves to the first place of the most frequently shown affects. Other issues call for a different ranking of affects. Krause emphasizes that the affect depicted in the face does not necessarily reflect what is experienced. Only when it comes to joy does the experience coincide with the expression in facial expressions. It is different with the negative affects: they are shown more often than experienced. Krause connects this with the fact that the affects then do not provide information about the relationship to the other person. He refers to old and often confirmed findings from Bühler (1934), according to which signs of the expression would have to be interpreted differently in the communication between a “sender” called the interlocutor and his counterpart called the “receiver”: as “an expression for the inner one State of the sender ”, or in its“ appeal function ”, which is supposed to“ bring the recipient to a certain action ”, or as a kind of“ emotional comment ”about something“ that the sender speaks or thinks about ”. In contrast to other states of mind, laughter “can be combined almost at will with all other affects”.

As part of her dissertation, Krause's doctoral student Ingrid Frisch describes significant gender-specific differences when women talk to women or men talk to men about a defined everyday situation. Men would be "barren" in their affective expression, as Krause says - with one exception: anger. This has "nothing to do with genetics" because when men talk to women, they produce almost the same affective expression as women.

On Rainer Krause's 65th birthday in 2007, Tom Levold from Systemmagazin summarized some of the research results: “It is argued and substantiated with empirical material that the persistence of mental disorders can be partly explained by the unconscious micro-affective behavior of the mentally ill Individuals who get their normal partners to confirm their unconscious assumptions about themselves and the world. The way in which this happens is shown by the behavior of various disorder patterns. "

In his book review of empirical research in psychoanalysis, Harald Weilnböck quotes "the level of 'unconscious affect adaptation' that takes place involuntarily in all interactions." Implications for the therapeutic process together: “In Krause's experimental set-up, the facial expressions of laughing and smiling are recorded over 15 individual hours at one-minute intervals and compared with the facial affect behavior of the therapist. The visual representation in the form of two graph curves makes the extent of the 'unconscious affect adaptation' and its development in the course of the therapy recognizable. It can be precisely demonstrated: The more the therapist succeeds in ultimately evading the microaffective entanglement, the more successful the therapy is. "

Fonts (selection)

  • Language and affect. The stuttering and its treatment . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, Berlin, Cologne, Mainz 1981, ISBN 978-3-17-005267-3 .
  • Psychodynamics of Emotional Disorders . In: Klaus R. Scherer (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Psychology . C / IV / 3. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1990, ISBN 978-3-8017-0520-6 , pp. 630–705 (Encyclopedia of Psychology: Subject Area C, Theory and Research: Ser. 4, Motivation and Emotion: Vol. 3).
  • Face-affect perception and interaction . In: G. Koch (Ed.): Eye and Affect . Perception and interaction. Fischer, Frankfurt 1995, ISBN 3-596-12671-1 , pp. 57-72 .
  • Expression psychological methods . In: Kurt Pawlik (Ed.): Basics and methods of differential psychology (=  encyclopedia of psychology ). tape 1 . Hogrefe, Göttingen 1996, ISBN 978-3-8017-0533-6 , pp. 577-608 .
  • The modular structure of the emotion system . University and State Library, Saarbrücken 2003 ( researchgate.net [PDF; 176 kB ; accessed on February 28, 2018]).
  • Affect development. Male styles of affect regulation . In: Matthias Franz, Andre Karger (ed.): Does that have to be new men? Risks and perspectives of today's male role (=  encyclopedia of psychology ). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-40440-9 , pp. 208-229 .
  • General psychodynamic treatment and disease theory. Basics and models . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-023561-8 .
  • with E. Steimer-Krause: Affect and Relationship . In: P. Buchheim, M. Cierpka, Th. Seifert (Hrsg.): Relationship in focus . Springer, Heidelberg 1993, ISBN 978-3-642-84909-1 , p. 71-83 .

Awards

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ In this context it is about negative affects, which are shown, but not experienced and not valid for the counterpart.
  2. ↑ What is meant is: Mentally ill people cannot heal if their experience and behavior are confirmed by the reactions of their fellow human beings.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Rainer Krause: Curriculum Vitae. (PDF; 165 kB) Retrieved on August 28, 2016 .
  2. ^ Rainer Krause: On the problem of creativity research . Dissertation. Tübingen 1972.
  3. ↑ Otto F. Kernberg comes to Saarbrücken. (No longer available online.) May 29, 2009, archived from the original on August 29, 2016 ; accessed on August 29, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / psycholog.sulb.uni-saarland.de
  4. ^ Tilmann Moser: Book review. February 2013; accessed on August 28, 2016
  5. ↑ German Psychoanalytic Society (DPG), Swiss Society for Psychoanalysis (SGPsa), International Psychoanalytical Association (IPV)
  6. ^ International Society for Research on Emotions, Society for Psychotherapy Research
  7. ↑ Guideline of the Federal Joint Committee on the Implementation of Psychotherapy. (PDF; 140 kB) Psychotherapy guidelines. Federal Joint Committee, January 6, 2016, accessed on August 29, 2016 .
  8. ↑ training analyst at the SIPP
  9. ↑ Rainer Krause: What do you love about psychology / psychoanalysis? Questions from the IPU to the professors. Retrieved September 1, 2016 : “I'm by no means that enthusiastic about psychoanalysis. I was rather saddened by the confusion of definitions and methods and the nimbleness with which every author develops new concepts and models, especially because I consider both the treatment and the core areas of the theory to be irreplaceable. "
  10. ↑ Counter time ( memento of the original from August 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on September 12, 2016, accessed August 29, 2016.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.udk-berlin.de
  11. ↑ Rainer Krause: General psychodynamic treatment and disease theory. Basics and models . 2nd, completely revised and expanded edition. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2012, ISBN 978-3-17-019888-3 .
  12. ↑ a b Rainer Krause: Psychodynamics of emotion disorders. A psychoanalytic perspective. P. 39 , accessed on August 30, 2016 . Original: Rainer Krause: Psychodynamics of Emotional Disorders. A psychoanalytic perspective . In: Klaus R. Scherer (Ed.): Psychology of Emotions . Encyclopedia of Psychology. C.IV.3. Hogrefe, Göttingen / Bern / Toronto / Seattle 1990, p.
     630-705 .
  13. ^ Rainer Krause: Affect psychological considerations on human destructiveness . In: Psyche . tape 55 , no. 9 , 2001, p. 934-960 .
  14. ↑ a b c d e Krause 2010 in his lecture on laughter at the 11th Bonn Symposium of the Cologne-Bonn Academy for Psychotherapy and the annual conference of the German Society for Psychotherapy Based on Depth Psychology : Laughter in a Therapeutic Context - On Phylo- and Ontogenesis des Lachens - Consequences for therapeutic work on YouTube , accessed on August 29, 2016.
  15. ↑ K. Bühler: Language theory: The representation function of language . Fischer, Stuttgart 1934.
  16. ↑ Rainer Krause: The present unconscious as the lowest common denominator of all techniques. Integration and differentiation as the future of psychotherapy. 2003, p. 319 , accessed August 30, 2016 .
  17. ↑ Ingrid Frisch: A question of gender? Facial expression and emotional experience in conversations . Dissertation (=  SOFIE. Saarland series of publications on women's research . Volume 5 ). 1997, ISBN 978-3-86110-124-6 ( roehrig-verlag.de [accessed on August 28, 2016]). A question of gender? Mimic expression and experience of affect in conversations ( memento of the original from August 29, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.roehrig-verlag.de
  18. ^ Tom Levold: Rainer Krause 65. In: System magazine. October 5, 2007, accessed February 26, 2019 .
  19. ↑ a b Harald Weilnböck: You hardly want to admit it: Psychoanalysis was right! Empirical psychotherapy and psychoanalysis research as a provocation of the humanities and social sciences. Review. June 21, 2006, accessed August 29, 2016 . Gerald Poscheschnik (Ed.): Empirical research in psychoanalysis is discussed . Basics - Applications - Results. Psychosozial-Verlag, Giessen 2005, ISBN 3-89806-477-8 .
  20. ↑ Health Minister Georg Weisweiler awards two merit crosses on ribbon. The committed work deserves thanks and recognition. August 27, 2010, accessed August 30, 2016 .
personal data
SURNAME Krause, Rainer
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German psychologist, psychoanalyst, affect researcher and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH October 5, 1942
PLACE OF BIRTH Gemmrigheim