Nose frogs (family)

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Nose frogs
Rhinoderma darwinii

Rhinoderma darwinii

Systematics
Superclass : Jaw mouths (Gnathostomata)
Row : Land vertebrates (Tetrapoda)
without rank: Amphibians (Lissamphibia)
Order : Frog (anura)
Subordination : Neobatrachia
Family : Nose frogs
Scientific name
Rhinodermatidae
Bonaparte , 1850
Distribution of the nose frogs

The nose frogs in the broader sense (Rhinodermatidae) are a family from the order of the frogs (Anura). In addition to the two species of real nose frogs or Darwin's frogs ( Rhinoderma darwinii and Rhinoderma rufum ), this includes only the monotypical genus Insuetophrynus with the only species Insuetophrynus acarpicus . All species occur in southern Chile , the range of Rhinoderma darwinii also extends to southern Argentina .

features

Albert Günther characterized the Rhinodermatidae family, established by Bonaparte in 1850, by combining a number of features. The palatal teeth are absent in the species of this group. The transverse processes of the sacral vertebra are widened. The fingers and toes are not widened at the front and have round, pointed end links. The toes are connected by clear webbed feet, the webbed feet are less clearly developed. The breastbone (sternum) of Insuetophrynus acarpicus is much smaller than that of the two other Rhinoderma species, the shoulder girdle is fused (firmisternal).

In addition to the osteological characteristics, the breeding biology of the genus Rhinoderma was decisive for the establishment as a separate family. The Rhinoderma species are the only mouthbrooders among the amphibians . In addition, molecular biological studies and the comparative anatomy of the larval stages were used to reconstruct the tribal history.

species

The family comprises two genera with a total of three species:

Distribution area

Rhinoderma darwinii occurs in Chile between the provinces of Concepción and Palena , in Argentina from the province of Neuquén to the province of Río Negro . The species prefers Nothofagus forests up to an altitude of 1100 meters as a habitat. The previously known populations have suffered a drastic decline in the last few decades. Changes in their habitat , especially forestry measures such as clear-cutting and reforestation with conifers , are considered as reasons for this .

The distribution area of Rhinoderma rufum is in Chile between the cities of Curicó and Arauco . However, the species has not been reliably identified since around 1978 and may have become extinct. Their status is classified by the IUCN as " critically endangered " . The exact causes of their disappearance are unclear. Rhinoderma rufum lives in the leaf litter of mixed forests in the temperate zone .

Also Insuetophrynus acarpicus is classified as "critically endangered" by the IUCN as. So far, the species has only been found near the type locality in the Chilean province of Valdivia . It lives there in streams at an altitude of 50 to 200 meters.

Way of life

Nose frogs of the genus Rhinoderma are characterized by a special brood care behavior. The females lay their eggs in the leaf litter, where they are fertilized by the males. As soon as the first larvae move in the eggs, the males take the fertilized eggs into their mouths, where the tadpoles hatch. Rhinoderma rufum keeps the larvae in the throat sac for around two weeks and then transports them to a suitable body of water where they continue to develop. In the case of the Darwin nasal frog ( Rhinoderma darwinii ), the entire larval development up to metamorphosis takes place in the throat sac of the male. The offspring is nourished by a viscous secretion that is formed in the male's throat pouch, which is absorbed through the skin of the larvae. In Insuetophrynus acarpicus , the free-swimming tadpoles develop in the streams in which the spawn is deposited.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Darrel R. Frost: Insuetophrynus acarpicus . In: Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference . Version 6.0, 1998–2014, accessed March 7, 2014
  2. ↑ a b Rhinoderma darwinii in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Carmen Ubeda, Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Esteban Lavilla, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2014.
  3. ^ Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte : Conspectus Systematum. Herpetologiae et Amphibiologiae. Editio altera reformata. EJ Brill, Leiden 1850
  4. ^ Albert Günther : On the systematic arrangement of the tailless batrachians and the structure of Rhinophrynus dorsalis. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 339-352, 1858
  5. ↑ Felipe E. Rabanal & J. Ramon Formas: Complementary diagnosis of the genus Insuetophryne (Anura, Cycloramphidae) based on larval characters. Zootaxa, 2116, pp. 59-67, 2009
  6. ↑ Rhinodermatidae , Amphibia Web, accessed March 7, 2014
  7. ↑ a b J. Bourke, F. Mutschmann, T. Ohst, P. Ulmer, A. Gutsche, K. Busse, H. Werning, W. Boehme: Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Darwin's frog Rhinoderma spp. in Chile. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, Published online September 23, 2010
  8. ↑ a b c Rhinoderma rufum in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Helen Díaz-Paéz, Ramón Formas, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2014.
  9. ↑ Insuetophrynus acarpicus in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Jose Núñez, Ramón Formas, 2010. Accessed March 8, 2014.
  10. ↑ David Cannatella: Rhinoderma. Darwin's Frogs. The Tree of Life Web Project, Version 01, January 1995, accessed March 7, 2014
  11. ↑ Alexey G. Desnitskiy: Ontogenetic diversity and early development of frogs in the South American family Cycloramphidae. Phyllomedusa, July 10, 2011

literature

  • Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte : Conspectus Systematum. Herpetologiae et Amphibiologiae. Editio altera reformata. EJ Brill, Leiden 1850 (first description of the family)
  • A. Barrio: Insuetophrynus acarpicus, un nuevo leptodactílido firmisternio sudamericano (Amphibia, Anura). Physis, 30, pp. 331–341, 1970 (first description of the species Insuetophrynus acarpicus )
  • JD Lynch: Evolutionary relationships, osteology, and zoogeography of leptodactyloid frogs. University of

Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication, 53, pp. 1-238, 1971

Web links

Commons : Nose Frogs  - Collection of images, videos and audio files