Rhodotorula

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rhodotorula
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (cells after staining methylene blue, magnified 1000 times)

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
(cells after staining methylene blue , magnified 1000 times)

Systematics
Sub-kingdom : Dikarya
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Pucciniomycotina
Class : Microbotryomycetes
incertae sedis
Genre : Rhodotorula
Scientific name
Rhodotorula
Harrison FC

Rhodotorula form a genus of fungi that reproduce as yeasts by sprouting . They are mostly pigmented.

features

Colonies of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa on YGC agar ( yeast extract - glucose - chloramphenicol - agar ).

Macroscopic features

Rhodotorula - colonies are growing fast, smooth, shiny or dull, sometimes rough, soft and slimy. Their color varies from cream to pink, coral red, orange or yellow.

Asexual reproduction

The blastoconidia are subglobos, ovate, ellipsoidal, or elongated. Reproduction occurs through multilateral or polar budding . Both real hyphae and pseudohyphae can be formed, but they are rare. There are no known ballistoconidia . Many tribes have red or yellow pigments .

Physiological characteristics

Rhodutorula species do not have the ability to ferment . All species except some strains of Rhodutorula bacarum , Rhodutorula phylloplana, and Rhodutorula yarrowii cannot assimilate myo-inositol either . Products similar to starch are not synthesized. When stained with real blue salt B (Diazonium Blue B), Rhodutorula react positively and produce urease . Coenzymes Q 9 and Q10 are present. With the exception of Rhodutorula yarrowii, no xylose is present in cell hydrolysates .

Differentiation from other genera

Rhodotorula can be distinguished from Cryptococcus in that it cannot assimilate inositol , and from Candida in its frequent lack of pseudohyphae.

Ecology and diffusion

Rhodotorula species are distributed worldwide in a wide variety of habitats. They are found in the air, in the ground, in lakes and seas. They have also been found in dairy products. They colonize the surface of plants, mammals and also humans. One species, Rhodotorula portillonensis , was recently discovered in shallow water sediments in Antarctica. But they also occur in arid areas. Rhodotorula benthica has been isolated from tube worms in the deep sea. Rhodotorula svalbardensis was in a Kryokonitloch in Spitsbergen found. Rhodotorula often colonizes the surface of plants. It can filter lipids , hemicellulose and nitrogenous substances from its environment. Some strains can also assimilate ferulic acid , hydroxycinnamic acids , gallic acid, and tannins . Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was even detected on the International Space Station ( ISS ).

Systematics

The systematic position of Rhodotorula is still unclear. The genus is paraphyletic . The majority of the species, namely 29, belong to the class of Microbotryomycetes divided into 2 orders, 14 species belong to the class of Cystobasidiomycetes , also divided into 2 orders and several unsafe species. Both classes belong to the subdivision of the Pucciniomycotina . The type species is Rhodotorula glutinis .

Microbotryomycetes :

Cystobasidiomycetes :

meaning

Rhodotorula species rarely appear as human pathogens; they can cause mycoses and fungaemia in immunosuppressed patients. Cases of meningitis , endocarditis , ventriculitis , peritonitis , endophthalmitis , catheter infections and sepsis are also known.

supporting documents

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g José Paulo Sampaio: Chapter 155: Rhodotorula , in: Cletus Kurtzman, JW Fell, Teun Boekhout (ed.): " The Yeasts A Taxonomic Study, Volume 1 "; Elsevier, BV 2010: pp. 1873 ff .; ISBN 978-0-444-52149-1 . Online .
  2. ↑ a b c d e Dr. Fungus 2007. Rhodotorula spp. ( Memento of the original from April 14, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. accessed on January 11, 2014 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.doctorfungus.org
  3. ^ Laich F., Vaca I., Chávez R. 2013. Rhodotorula portillonensis sp. nov., a basidiomycetous yeast isolated from Antarctic shallow-water marine sediment. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63: 3884-3891 doi : 10.1099 / ijs.0.052753-0
  4. ↑ a b Middelhoven WJ. 1997. Identity and biodegradative abilities of yeasts isolated from plants growing in an arid climate. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 72: 81-89. doi : 10.1023 / A: 1000295822074
  5. ↑ Purnima Singh, Shiv. M. Singh, Masaharu Tsuji, Gandham S. Prasad, Tamotsu Hoshinoc: Rhodotorula svalbardensis sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from cryoconite holes of Ny-Ålesund, Arctic. In: Cryobiology . Volume 68, Issue 1, February 2014, pp. 122–128 doi : 10.1016 / j.cryobiol.2014.01.006 .
  6. ↑ Sláviková, E., Vadkertiová, R. and Vránová, D. 2007. Yeasts Colonizing the leaf surfaces. J. Basic Microbiol. 47: 344-350. doi : 10.1002 / jobm.200710310
  7. ↑ Aleksandra Checinska Sielaff, Camilla Urbaniak, Ganesh Babu Malli Mohan, Victor G. Stepanov, Quyen Tran, Jason M. Wood, Jeremiah Minich, Daniel McDonald, Teresa Mayer, Rob Knight, Fathi Karouia, George E. Fox and Kasthuri Venkateswaran 2019. Characterization of the total and viable bacterial and fungal communities associated with the International Space Station surfaces. Microbiome doi : 10.1186 / s40168-019-0666-x [1]
  8. ^ Bauer R., Begerow D., Sampaio JP., Weiß M., Oberwinkler F. 2006. The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis. Mycol. Progr. 5: 41-66. doi : 10.1007 / s11557-006-0502-0
  9. ↑ Zaas AK, Boyce M, Schell W, Lodge BA, Miller JL, Perfect JR. 2003. Risk of fungemia due to Rhodotorula and antifungal susceptibility testing of Rhodotorula isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 41: 5233-5235. PMC 262498 (free full text) doi : 10.1128 / JCM.41.11.5233-5235.2003

Web links