Fungal sym

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A fungal enzyme (medically also rizoenzyme ) is an enzyme that is obtained from fungal cultures . Fungal enzymes are used as biocatalysts in various branches of biotechnology , the food industry and medicine . With their help, diverse chemical reactions can be accelerated or made possible in the first place. An important example is the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.

General

Fungi live on organic matter and get food by releasing enzymes into their environment. So they can then absorb the decomposition products. This can be exploited biotechnologically, as the released enzymes are easier to isolate than those from intact organisms such as animals or plants. In order to maintain the functionality of enzymes, however, certain environmental conditions must be observed. For example, they are usually heat-labile and require a certain pH in their environment. Fungal enzymes can in this respect differ from their homologues in other organisms, e.g. B. humans, distinguish. This can be advantageous for medical applications, among other things.

Mushroom enzymes in industry
Enzyme group function use
Amylases Splitting and breaking down of starch Bread baking, production of glucose syrup, digestive medicines
Glucose oxidase Removal of glucose or oxygen Food industry, diabetes test strips
Invertase Conversion of sugars Sweetener industry
Lipases Splitting of fats Digestive drugs
Pectinases Breakdown of pectins Clarification of wine and juices
Proteases Cleavage of proteins Bakery, digestive drugs
Rennin Coagulation of milk Cheese making

(all information in the table according to Brock et al. 1991)

Food

For centuries, are from fungal cultures of the Far East enzymes fermentation of foods such. B. soy sauce , koji , sufu or tempeh are used. They are now used worldwide by the food industry in alcoholic fermentation, in cheese production (conversion of casein ) and in the production of baked goods, broths, soups, coffee, tea and cocoa.

Special hyphae mushrooms are used to improve the taste of cheese ; Baker's yeast serve as a leavening agent and to support the alcoholic fermentation in, for example, beer , wine and spirits . Various types of watering can mold are used in the biotechnological production of organic acids such as citric acid , gluconic acid or itaconic acid .

medicine

At the beginning of the 20th century, the use of fungal cultures was also discovered for medical purposes, for example for the production of antibiotics such as penicillin , steroids (especially adrenal and gonadal hormones) and enzyme preparations (rizoenzymes), e.g. to support digestion as a result of impaired function of the Pancreas (e.g. in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency ).

Hitler's personal physician Theo Morell prescribed his patient the enzyme preparation Luizym against nutritional deficits due to the vegetarian diet and against meteorism .

The rizoenzymes for the treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) are obtained from the Japanese rice mushroom cultures Rhizopus oryzae (rizolipases) and Aspergillus oryzae ( proteases , amylases ). They are the only therapeutic alternative for EPIs to enzymes of animal origin to break down food. In contrast to these, rizoenzymes are enteric-coated due to their acid stability. Furthermore, they are functional at a broader pH spectrum from pH3 to pH9. Their activity begins in the stomach and remains in the small intestine even if the pH of the pancreatic secretion is not optimal . Therefore, they can reduce symptoms such as bloating , diarrhea , flatulence and fatty stools at least as effectively as the enzymes from pig pancreas ( pancreatin , e.g. cotazym, enzyme Lefax forte, Kreon, Lipazym or panzytrat). Rizoenzymes for therapeutic use are now produced in a complex biotechnological process, separated from the fungal culture and specifically purified. Caution when taking rizoenzymes is advisable if you are hypersensitive ( allergic ) to mold. The number of those allergic to mold who are sensitized through food is, however, much lower than that of those who react to inhaled mold products.

Trade names

  • Luizym ( cellulase , hemicellulases, amylase, proteases, esterases ; historical)
  • Nortase (cellulose capsules with rizolipase (corresponding to 7000 FIP units), amylase (at least 700 FIP-E.) And protease (at least 54 FIP-E.))

Enzyme pickle

Fungal tryptases from especially Aspergillus species play and a. plays a role in staining Chevreau leather . Organic acids produced by means of fungal enzymes are also used as pickling agents, such as gluconic acid as a mild acid in metal pickling agents.

Biofuels

Fungal enzymes that decompose wood and straw have been researched for the production of biofuels for several years. For this purpose, the genetic makeup of various white and brown rot fungi was compared with one another. 290 million years ago, white rot fungi developed an enzyme that can break down the plant substance lignin . Lignin protects wood from rotting due to brown rot.

literature

  • Thomas Brock, Michael Madigan: Biology of Microorganisms. 6th edition, Prentice-Hall International Editions, London 1991. pp. 372 ff.
  • Franz Lafar : Handbook of technical mycology: mycology of the brewery, distillery, winemaking, fruit processing, vinegar production, tannery and tobacco production. Fischer, 1914.
  • Klaus Lösche: Enzymes in food technology. Behr's Verlag, 2000. ISBN 978-3-860-22640-7 . P. 81 ff.
  • Heinz Ruttloff (Hrsg.): Industrial enzymes: Industrial production and use of enzyme preparations. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1979. ISBN 978-3-642-87062-0 .
  • M. Wainwright: Biotechnology With Mushrooms: An Introduction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York 1995. ISBN 978-3-642-79377-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Wainwright: Biotechnology with Mushrooms: An Introduction. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg and New York 1995, ISBN 978-3-642-79377-6 , p. 1 ff.
  2. ↑ Josef Schormüller : Textbook of food chemistry. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1974. ISBN 978-3-642-65778-8 . P. 412.
  3. ↑ Heinz Ruttloff (Hrsg.): Industrial enzymes: industrial production and use of enzyme preparations. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 1979. ISBN 978-3-642-87062-0 . P. 371.
  4. ^ Ernst-Albert Meyer: Digestive complaints: Plant enzymes as a therapy option. In: PTA-Forum , issue 04/2008.
  5. ^ Henrik Eberle , Hans-Joachim Neumann : Was Hitler sick? A final finding. Bastei-Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2010, ISBN 978-3-838-70503-3 .
  6. ↑ Rudolf Hänsel, Joseph Hölzl: Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biology: A textbook for students of pharmacy in the second training phase. Springer, Berlin and Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-60958-9 , p. 274.
  7. ^ Arendt et al .: Treatment of meteoristic complaints in chronic pancreatitis. In: Digestive Diseases. 1999; Volume 17, No. 1: 10-15.
  8. ↑ Schneider et al .: Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy: Comparative effects of conventional and enteric-coated microspheric pancreatin and acid-stable fungal enzyme preparations on steatorrhoea in chronic pancreatitis. In: Hepato Gastroenterol. 32: 1985, pp. 97-102.
  9. ↑ Wiete Strüben: Mold allergy. ( Memento of the original from September 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hno-neukoelln.de
  10. ↑ Red list (status: 06/2015)
  11. ↑ German technical information: Nortase (status: 10/2019)
  12. ↑ Miekeley, tire ball: Chevreau leather. In: Graßmann (Hrsg.): Handbook of Gerbereichemie und Lederfabrikation. Volume 3, 2 part: The types of leather and their production , Springer, Vienna 1955, ISBN 978-3-7091-8022-8 , p. 190.
  13. ↑ Dimitrios Floudas et al .: The Paleozoic Origin of Enzymatic Lignin Decomposition Reconstructed from 31 Fungal Genomes. In: Science . June 29, 2012.
  14. ↑ Biodiesel production: Fungal enzymes are supposed to decompose wood. In: Spiegel Online . June 29, 2012.