Robotron Z 1013
| Robotron Z 1013 | |
|---|---|
 
|
|
| Manufacturer | VEB Robotron Electronics Riesa |
| Type | Home computers |
| publication | Z 1013.01: November 1985 Z 1013.12: unknown Z 1013.XX: 1987 |
| End of production | Z 1013.01, Z 1013.12: 1987 Z 1013.16, Z 1013.64: 1990 |
| Factory price | Z 1013.01: 650 M (DDM) Z 1013.12: unknown Z 1013.XX: 965 M |
| processor | Z 1013.01: UD880 @ 1 MHz Z 1013.12: U880 @ 2 MHz Z 1013.16: U880 @ 2 MHz Z 1013.64: U880 @ 2 MHz |
| random access memory | Z 1013.01: 16 KB DRAM Z 1013.12: 1 KB SRAM Z 1013.16: 16 KB DRAM Z 1013.64: 64 KB DRAM |
| graphic | Text mode 32 × 32 |
| Sound | - |
| Disk | Tape or compact cassette , plug-in module |
| operating system | Monitor 2.02 and A.2, Brosig monitor optional |
| predecessor | - |
| successor | - |
The Robotron Z 1013 is a home computer based on the U880 microprocessor from VEB Robotron from the German Democratic Republic , which was only available as a kit with pre-assembled assemblies.
The production of the computer was planned from mid-1985, among other things, with the aim of sensibly utilizing the scrap goods with limited performance data that arise during the complex manufacture of integrated circuits and at the same time to meet state requirements for “new types of consumer goods”. The Z 1013 was originally intended - also because of the quality of the components used - to be used exclusively in private households for hobby purposes. For industrial use as a control computer, however, a special variant with reduced RAM equipment and components of regular quality ("type-tested") was soon offered . Due to the desired low manufacturing costs, the Z 1013 was developed as a single-board computer without a housing and with a membrane keyboard, the individual assemblies of which had to be assembled by the user. After switching on, the user initially only has a minimal operating system called a monitor program . The BASIC programming language was only available for kit variants with at least 16 KB RAM. A corresponding interpreter was as machine code - Listing supplied and should be entered by the user before the first use via the keyboard. The monitor program supports saving and loading of data on tape or compact cassette for repeated software use .
From mid-1987 onwards, Robotron produced revised versions of the computer with only regular circuits and additional memory. Further adaptations made, together with the expansion modules also delivered from this point in time, ensured improved compatibility with the Z 9001, KC 85/1 and KC 87 small computers also produced by Robotron .
Between the end of 1985 and mid-1990, a total of around 25,000 kits were delivered.
history
Despite the Cold War and the related high-tech embargo CoCom , it was possible in 1984 to manufacture home computers developed in the GDR with the Z 9001 and HC 900 . However, because of the small production series, the devices and their accessories were difficult to obtain for the large nationwide group of interested parties, and they were also very expensive. In contrast, in the microelectronics industry, due to immature production processes, there was a large number of low-quality components that could not be used in current computer models, but also did not appear to be completely unusable ("seizure types"). Those responsible at the manufacturing companies therefore pushed the development of simple, failure-tolerant learning and hobby computer systems, the configuration of which allowed the use of many of this production waste. As a result, on the one hand, the scrap rates that had to be justified before the planning commissions could be reduced at the circuit manufacturers and, on the other hand, the supply gap in home computer production could be at least partially closed. As with the inexpensive circuits, only the easiest to obtain and cheapest ones should be used for the rest of the assemblies. As a result, a total of three computer projects were planned: the LC 80 with pocket calculator keyboard and six-digit seven - segment display , the Polycomputer 880 with eight-digit seven-segment display and the somewhat more convenient Z 1013 with screen output.
The concept envisaged by the initiators of the Z 1013 envisaged a housing- less single - board computer with a membrane keyboard , the puristic design of which, at an estimated sales price of less than 1000 M , seemed adequate for the target group of electronics amateurs who are enthusiastic about handicrafts. At the beginning of 1984, development and production was transferred to the PCB manufacturer VEB Robotron in Riesa , which was established in the GDR computer industry .
development
The state planning requirements for the mostly young engineers and employees of the corresponding developer group (“youth researcher collective”) of the VEB Robotron in Riesa provided for an expandable single-board computer with the lowest possible material and manufacturing costs. In order to reduce production costs, the device was designed as a housing-less kit, the prefabricated assemblies of which had to be assembled by the user. The home electronics usually found in private households in the GDR, such as televisions and cassette recorders, had to be usable by the computer.
During production, only proven integrated circuits from GDR or RGW production should be used. The devices to be developed also had to be compatible with the small computers Z 9001 and KC 85/1, which were also produced by Robotron. These tight specifications could only be implemented with a system architecture based on the inexpensive and field-tested 8-bit U880 microprocessor. Full graphics and connection options for special peripheral devices fell victim to the cost pressure. The conception of the computer as a modular system, however, provided the possibility of controlling additional peripheral devices and, for example, the expansion of the main memory through expansion modules that were also to be provided.
Development work began in mid-1985. The first prototype with a working memory of 16 kilobytes (KB) and a flat membrane keyboard was presented to those responsible in the fall of 1985 and, after its acceptance, the planning and preparations for series production began, which lasted until November 1985. Due to the accumulation components to be used, the system clock has been reduced from the 2.5 MHz common in home computers to just 1 MHz in order to improve reliability.
Z 1013.01 and Z 1013.12
The first series of 150 kits went into production in November 1985. At the end of the year, these were only available to private individuals after pre-ordering in the specialist shop for home electronics of VEB Robotron-Vertriebs Erfurt and in a shop of the state- owned trade organization (HO) in Riesa for 650 M. In addition to the image output device and a cassette recorder, the user also had to provide a correspondingly dimensioned power supply unit and solder the connection cable for the keyboard to the computer circuit board prior to commissioning. The computer , known from then on as Z 1013.01 , was officially presented to a wider audience for the first time at the Leipzig spring fair in 1986.
In spite of extensive, multi-stage tests and long-term tests in production lasting several days, the types of seizures installed frequently led to malfunctions and thus to complaints from the user. The economic disadvantages caused by the complex test procedures and subsequent repairs could no longer be compensated by the low price of the defective components used and led those responsible to rethink. As a result, from July 1987 onwards, production was switched to the use of regular components (“typed components”), which had already fallen in price, and some technical changes were made to increase performance due to the higher reliability achieved.
In addition to supplying the home computer market with the Z 1013.01, a few kits with the designation Z 1013.12 were also manufactured for the industrial sector ("social users") up to 1987 . Typed components, a system clock of 2 MHz, 1 KB image repetition memory and an SRAM with a capacity of 1 KB as working memory were used.
Z 1013.16 and Z 1013.64
Since the differences between incident types and regular circuits were only limited to their load capacity, the conversion of the kits to exclusively regular components decided in 1987 could be carried out without major changes to the circuit board and therefore cost-effectively. In addition to increased reliability, the Z 1013.16 variant, which was produced from 1987 onwards, also has a higher system clock of 2 MHz, which equates to doubling the computing power. In addition, the system software has been supplemented with corresponding program components for use with a much more comfortable block keyboard with 58 keys. After purchasing the components and the modified operating system, users of the older kits could also upgrade their systems with the help of a soldering iron.
An important aspect of the upgrades made - apart from the improved reliability - with a corresponding upgrade of the main memory is the establishment of the greatest possible compatibility of the Z 1013.16 with the small computers Z 9001, KC 85/1 and KC 87. In addition to the associated utilization of further software their expansion modules, for example for upgrading the main memory, are now also available to Z-1013 users.
Due to the loosening of the CoCom embargo and thus falling prices, another modernized variant of the Z-1013 series was added at the end of 1988. This Z 1013.64 with 64 KB RAM was manufactured until the end of production in mid-1990.
In contrast to the computers of the Robotron KC series, the Z 1013 was also available for private users - but only after pre-ordering, a long waiting time and personal pick-up and briefing in Erfurt or Riesa. The reason for the restricted sales was the refusal of the state trade to sell the Z-1013 kit, on the grounds that a craft device would meet with little interest among the population. Between the end of 1985 and the middle of 1990, a total of around 25,000 kits of all types were delivered.
Modern replicas
The simple and manageable architecture of the system, extensive documentation from the manufacturer and, last but not least, the free usability of the system software enable the miniaturized replica of the Z 1013 with today's technical means with at the same time manageable effort. Such a modern realization took place for the first time in 2013 - as with other home computer systems - as an implementation on a programmable logic circuit ( FPGA ) together with an embedding system . The replication using FPGA technology was initially only intended as a technical feasibility study, but later also demonstrated its practical benefit: Due to the miniaturization and the possibility of battery operation, it is an easily stowable, reliable and transportable alternative to the original, gentle technology.
Technical details
The board, fully equipped by Robotron, contains the main processor ( Central Processing Unit , CPU for short ), the working and read-only memory, the screen control and several peripheral connections. The scope of delivery of the kit included the main board in the format 215 mm × 230 mm, the 80 mm × 160 mm flat membrane keyboard with connection cable, various small parts and the documentation. The manufacturer's technical documentation available for the device - which can be purchased separately - comprised an operating manual, three manuals and four circuit diagrams for the Z 1013.01 model . The basic steps for commissioning and using the Z 1013 as well as details of the hardware and software were explained.
Main processor
The system architecture is based on the U880 microprocessor, which was used in almost all contemporary GDR computers. This unauthorized replica of the Z80 microprocessor from Zilog can access an address space of 65,536 bytes , which also defines the theoretically possible upper limit of the main memory of 64 kilobytes (KB). A variant of the U880 clocked at only 1 MHz with limited component data ("seizure type") was used in the first Z 1013.01 . The other models had a fully-fledged U880 microprocessor clocked at 2 MHz. For practical reasons, it is common for addresses instead of decimal notation , the hexadecimal to use. This is usually preceded by a $ symbol to make it easier to distinguish. The addresses from 0 to 65,535 in decimal notation correspond to addresses $ 0000 to $ FFFF in the hexadecimal system.
Storage and storage allocation
The address space that can be addressed by the CPU is segmented into areas for the system software, freely usable main memory, plug-in extensions and the graphics memory. The system software, often referred to simply as the machine language monitor, is accommodated on either 2 KB or 4 KB ROM modules , depending on the computer version , with memory addresses ranging from $ F000 to $ F7FF or $ FFFF. After switching on the computer, the system software also uses the initial area of the main memory from $ 0000 to $ 0100 for intermediate storage so that this is not readily available to the user.
The addresses of the freely usable main memory of almost 16 KB RAM range in the Z 1013.01 and Z 1013.16 from $ 0100 to $ 3FFF. If the system is expanded by two RAM modules, each with 16 KB RAM, this memory area is expanded to address $ E000. With the Z 1013.64, which is delivered with 64 KB RAM, it extends to the video memory required for the image display, which is connected from $ EC00 and extends to $ EFFF. To program the computer, the desired languages such as the 3 KB Tiny BASIC or the 10 KB much larger BASIC small computer of the KC 87 must first be loaded from the cassette into the main memory. In the basic configuration with 16 KB RAM, for example, after loading Tiny BASIC, around 12 KB RAM are available for creating BASIC programs, so that a memory upgrade is recommended for more extensive programming projects. If, on the other hand, the programming language is on a plug-in module, the usable main memory in the Z 1013.01 and Z 1013.16 remains unaffected.
Graphics generation
For outputting graphics, the computers only include a character generator ex works , which can display text or graphic symbols ("quasi-graphics") with 32 × 32 characters with 8 × 8 pixels each. The fixed character set required for this in the read-only memory contains 96 alphanumeric and control characters as well as 146 graphic symbols. A pixel graphics mode (“full graphics”) is not available as standard, but can be added by yourself. Corresponding instructions were published in various magazines and books up until the early 1990s. The black and white image is output via the coaxial HF antenna connection on a standard television set ; Changes to color display are possible.
Input and output
To connect peripherals, the computers have a "user port" that is controlled by the built-in U855 input and output module (English Parallel Input Output, PIO for short ). The keyboard and the cassette recorder to be connected are also operated by this electronic circuit. In the case of the Z 1013.01, this - like its CPU - is a seizure type. The system bus with its standardized plug connection ("bus expansion") is available for expansions, for example of the main memory.
Peripherals and extensions
In addition to the expansions sold by Robotron, there are others, most of which were presented in printed publications. Only the most popular ones should be presented below.
Mass storage
In the case of western home computers of the 1980s, cassette recorders and floppy disk drives were mainly used for data backup ; in the professional environment, hard and removable disk drives were also increasingly used in personal computers . The cheapest variant of data recording using compact cassettes has the disadvantage of low data transfer rates and thus long loading times, whereas the much faster and more reliable floppy and disk drives were much more expensive to purchase or, in the case of the GDR, were hardly available. When the Z 1013 appeared, only cassette recorders and tape systems were available for data recording . Connection options for floppy drives only appeared after the reunification .
Cassette recorder
The Z-1013 computers have a connection for a standard cassette recorder for storing data. Smaller devices such as the Geracord , Datacord and later LCR-C DATA from the manufacturer VEB Elektronik Gera were often used . The maximum data transfer rate is 1,200 bit / s.
Floppy disk systems
A floppy disk system was not planned by the Robotron developers of the Z 1013 due to its low economic priority, especially since the corresponding control electronics had to be imported at great expense until 1987. With the appearance of the GDR's own U8272 circuit , a replica of the P8272A floppy disk controller developed by Intel , suggestions and basic procedures for self-building diskette systems for GDR home computers were also published. The prevailing deficiency in the GDR, especially in the area of drive mechanisms, made their procurement and thus the construction of a diskette system for the economically insignificant Z 1013 almost impossible, so that construction instructions were only published after the reunification period.
In the middle of 1992 the magazine Funkamateur presented a simple possibility to operate the Commodore 1541 II floppy with the Z 1013. 170 KB of data can be stored on each disk side. The recording format is compatible with that of the Commodore computer, so that the data from both systems can easily be exchanged.
Subrack and power supply module
Due to their minimalist hardware equipment, the computers can only be used for processing the simplest tasks. Further projects and applications require upgrades and expansions. The Z 1013.50 subrack , which provides four expansion slots and the corresponding control electronics , plays a special role . One of these slots is, however, permanently occupied by the power supply module Z 1013.40 , because the power supply unit recommended by the manufacturer for the Z 1013 is not designed for the operation of additional modules. All slots of the rack are plug-compatible with the extensions of the computers Z 9001, KC 85/1 and KC 87, whereby their modules often have to be slightly modified for use. If the rack is to be operated with the Z 1013.64 computer, changes must be made to both.
Memory expansion and additional interfaces
To upgrade the main memory, the manufacturer recommends the use of RAM modules from the computers Z 9001, KC 85/1 and KC 87.In addition, there is a ROM module from Robotron that can be freely equipped with up to four EPROMs each with a storage capacity of 1, Find 2 or 4 KB of space. For both expansion modules, the address range in which they are to be displayed must be set beforehand using a DIP switch . The retrofitting of additional control possibilities will be within the module Z 1013.30 , the three freely usable input / output ports and a V.24 - interface , for example, provides for the operation of printers.
In addition to the modules sold by Robotron, there are solutions from third parties that were also manufactured in large numbers and often served as a mass storage device in the form of a RAM disk . The most widespread version comes from VEB Präcitronic and contains 256 KB of working memory, of which 64 KB is used as main memory and 192 KB as a switchable memory bank. With appropriately modified system software, such RAM disks were often used as a mass storage device.
Keyboard and joystick connection
The ribbon cable of the flat membrane keyboard contained in the kit had to be soldered to the computer circuit board by the user before it was used for the first time. The keys are arranged alphabetically in an 8-by-4 matrix, whereby the membrane switches are not very sensitive and tend to bounce . It is almost impossible to work efficiently. Soon, many users wanted and developed alternatives. As a standard solution for connecting more comfortable keyboards with a QWERTY arrangement, the Brosig monitor with assembly instructions for a corresponding hardware connection, presented to a wide audience in the magazine MP Mikroprozortechnik, prevailed. In addition to additional utility programs and downward compatibility with Robotron's system software, the 4 KB Brosig monitor also offers the option of using joysticks .
With the help of a separately available additional module, keyboards with 58 keys, such as those supplied with most GDR office computers, can be operated with the Z 1013.64.
Graphics assemblies
Various articles were devoted to improving graphic skills in magazines and brochures. These contain instructions for building various extensions of various sizes and also information on purchasing pre-fabricated solutions. The spectrum ranges from improved character set solutions ( GDC graphics card with 80 x 25 characters developed by the Jena Computer Club ) to monochrome high-resolution pixel graphics (256-by-256 solution, KRT graphics in the Tips 11 microcomputer, and 256-by-192 card, Spectrum Graphics in the journal Practic ) to suggestions for multi-colored high-resolution variants (384-by-288 card VIS3 with 16 colors from the Academy of Sciences). Robotron itself did not offer such upgrades.
| Type designation | designation | function | Price (year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Z1013.50 | Subrack | Provides four additional slots | EVP 316 M (1988) |
| Z1013.40 | Power supply module | Power supply | EVP 137 M (1988) |
| Z1013.30 | I / O module | Input / output control | EVP 233 M. |
| Z1013.20 | ROM module | Read-only memory (up to 4 EPROMs with software) | EVP 213 M |
| 1.40.690003.5 | RAM module | 16 KB RAM | EVP 618 M |
Z1013.40
Z1013.40
Z1013.30
Z1013.20
1.40.690003.5
software
The existing software is mainly in-house developments from the GDR. Machine-level porting of programs from Western Z80-based home computer systems was usually very complex due to technical differences. The easiest way to exchange programs and adapt the software accordingly was with the computers of the Z 9001, KC 85/1 and KC 87 series.
The dissemination of software and the exchange of experiences took place primarily through private contacts and through newspaper advertisements, at trade fairs, through the printing of programs in magazines and through broadcasting on the radio, such as in the radio program Rem . The creation of software was promoted by the state, for example through the Society for Sport and Technology (GST) with its computer sports section . The GST was often one of the organizers of meetings and conferences.
There were practically no restrictions on disclosure through copyright protection or copy protection mechanisms . Rather, the free distribution of software ("amateur software") was promoted and confirmed at appropriate conferences. More than 500 programs and hardware extensions have been developed and published for the Z 1013.
System programs
The operating system monitor program 2.02 for Z 1013.01, Z 1013.12 and Z 1013.16 or monitor program A.2 for Z 1013.64 is used to configure the computer hardware, to control the cassette interface and to enter and read out memory addresses. The system software of the Z 1013.64 enables the subsequent connection of a more comfortable keyboard with 58 keys, in contrast to those of earlier Z-1013 models, which have a maximum of 32 keys.
In addition to Robotron's monitor programs, there is further system software from third-party providers that the user can upgrade with the help of EPROMs. Particularly noteworthy here is the Brosig monitor introduced in 1987 and subsequently widely used , which is downward compatible with the Robotron system software. In addition to useful utility programs, the 4 KB Brosig monitor offers, among other things, the option of operating the Z 1013.01 and Z 1013.16 computer models with more comfortable keyboards and joysticks.
Computer models that have a RAM disk can be operated with the CP / M -based system software SCP . This means that some programs from the extensive SCP library are also accessible for the Z-1013 computers.
Programming languages and applications
Due to the limited graphics and sound generation options, the Z-1013 computers were mainly used for programming and applications such as word processing. There are also some games that use monochrome graphics and no background sound, such as the chess programs Chess-Master and Cyrus-Chess .
Various programming languages and tools are available for programming the Z 1013. In addition to assemblers ( assembler 5.3 Scf , editor / assembler EDAS ), higher-level programming languages such as the Tiny-BASIC and small computer BASIC contained on the program cartridge M 0111 , but also BASICODE , Forth and Pascal are available.
Device-specific literature
The kit was delivered from the factory with extensive, printed documentation. On the one hand, this describes the hardware and monitor program in detail, and on the other hand, it contains additional software in the form of machine code and basic listings.
There were no special magazines for the Z 1013 or GDR small computers in general. Many magazines such as Funkamateur , Jugend + Technik , MP Mikroprozortechnik and Practic regularly published news, reports, handicraft instructions for self-construction of additional hardware or upgrading and converting computers as well as programs for typing. Hannes Gutzer and Gerd Hutterer wrote a BASIC brochure with the Z 1013 , which VEB Robotron-Elektronik Riesa published.
Even after German reunification , the exchange of interests within the supporters of GDR computing technology was maintained in low-circulation publications and, from the late 1990s, also in Internet forums, right up to the creation of corresponding emulators.
emulation
After the end of the home computer era in the early 1990s and with the advent of powerful and affordable computing technology in the mid-1990s, dedicated enthusiasts increasingly developed programs for emulating home computers and their peripherals. To play old classics of various home computer systems with the help of the emulators, a single modern system with data images of the corresponding home computer programs is sufficient. The emergence of the emulators set in motion, among other things, an increased transfer of otherwise possibly lost software to modern storage media, which makes an important contribution to the preservation of digital culture.
The emulator package JKCEMU , which runs under Windows and Linux, was developed to emulate the small GDR computers, especially the Z 1013 .
reception
Contemporary
The publication of the computer was welcomed by the state-controlled magazines such as Radio Fernsehen Elektronik and Funkamateur : "As a hardware-related, inexpensive and well-documented system", it is ideally suited for "experimental acquisition of skills in the field of applied microcomputer technology". At the same time, however, the BASIC, which was initially incompatible with the Z 9001 and KC 85/1, the incompatibilities of the cassette recorder control in the differently clocked versions and, above all, the flat keyboard, which is unusable for extensive text input, was criticized as "the weak point of the Z 1013". Overall, the Z 1013 was classified as a useful device “for electronics amateurs, beginners and advanced users, radio amateurs as well as social users from teaching and training”.
The popularity of computers among the population manifested itself in a large number of organized computer clubs with frequent local meetings through to well-frequented national conferences that were held annually and were used, for example, to exchange software, experience and set programming standards.
Retrospective
Recently, the computers developed and produced in the GDR, including in particular small computers and video game machines, have been increasingly noticed again in the media - above all on the Internet - and also exhibited in special museums. The Z 1013 is characterized as an in-house development based on western single-board computers, although many individual electronic components such as the U880 microprocessor are copies of the western Z80 microprocessor from Zilog. In contrast to the GDR small computers from Dresden and Mühlhausen, the Z 1013 was “available in an open design in different versions as a consumer good over the entire production period, but without being able to meet demand.” The working group involved in the historical processing of Robotron computing technology in the Technical Collections Dresden characterizes the distribution environment of the Z 1013 as follows:
“This relatively inexpensive microcomputer kit was therefore used in the home, but also in computer clubs and work groups, and in a few cases in business. It was particularly suitable for getting to know the internal functions of microcomputing technology directly, for learning to program, for setting up your own computer for creative hobby applications and for numerous hardware and software improvements and extensions. "
Even if the kit was very popular in the GDR, the technological lag of the computers compared to the products of western industrialized countries was always about three to five years at the time of their publication: when production of the Z 1013 started in the GDR, they were already in western countries much more powerful systems available for private households. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, "an oversupply developed due to the decline in demand, despite a considerable reduction in sales prices in 1989 and 1990. Continuing production of the Z 1013 was no longer profitable in 1990, given the expected supply of other western competing products," whereupon production of the Z 1013 ceased in mid-1990 the remainder of the equipment in the warehouse has been scrapped.
literature
- Klaus-Dieter Weise: Product line home computers, small computers and educational computers of the VEB Kombinat Robotron. UAG Historie Robotron of the computer technology working group in the Technical Collections Dresden , Dresden 2005, (PDF; 590 KB).
Web links
- Volker Pohlers' website for the Z 1013 with lots of photos, technical details and programs
- Ulrich Zander's website for the Z 1013 with lots of information, circuit diagrams and modern extensions
- Bibliography for Z 1013
- JKCEMU An emulator for current Windows and Linux systems
- Website of the Association for the Promotion of the Technical Collections of the City of Dresden e. V.
Notes and individual references
- ↑ a b c microcomputer kit Z 1013. Practic, issue 2/1987, p. 54.
- ↑ a b Weise, p. 48 f.
- ^ Peter Salomon: The history of the microelectronic semiconductor industry in the GDR. Funkverlag Bernhard Hein e. K., 2003, ISBN 3-936124-31-0 , p. 75.
- ↑ a b Weise, p. 49.
- ↑ Weise, p. 28 f.
- ↑ a b c Weise, p. 50 f.
- ↑ a b c d Weise, p. 51.
- ^ Peter Salomon: The history of the microelectronic semiconductor industry in the GDR. Funkverlag Bernhard Hein e. K., 2003, ISBN 3-936124-31-0 , pp. 95 f.
- ↑ a b Weise, Weise p. 13.
- ↑ Volker Urban: Retrocomputing on FPGA. Retrieved February 12, 2014.
- ↑ Weise, p. 8.
- ↑ Weise, p. 46.
- ↑ Volker Pohlers: Homecomputer GDR - development documents. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
- ↑ VEB Robotron Riesa: User Manual - Technical Data. Retrieved October 25, 2016 (PDF).
- ↑ Dietmar Schwietalla, Eberhard Müller: Microcomputer kit Z1013. Small computer Tips 7 , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1987, p. 15.
- ↑ Manfred Kramer: Practical microcomputer technology. Military Publishing House of the GDR, 2nd edition, 1988, ISBN 3-327-00361-0 , p. 116 f.
- ↑ M. Kramer, K. Thielecke: The jump to the PC - floppy drive and high-resolution graphics on the Z1013 - Part 1. Funkamateur, Heft 7, 1990, p. 325 ff. And p. 381 ff.
- ↑ Dirk Ambras: Commodore Floppy 1541-II for the Z 1013. Funkamateur, Heft 6, 1992, p. 319.
- ↑ Holger Krull: Subrack Z1013.50. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ↑ Expansion modules for the Z 1013 - ROM module. Practic, issue 4/1987, p. 160.
- ↑ Holger Krull: I / O module Z1013.30. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ↑ Volker Pohlers: Homecomputer DDR - RAM floppy. Accessed March 1, 2014; Robotrontechnik.de: Expansion options - the way to the "Zuper 1013". Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ↑ Andreas Köhler: Comfortable Z 1013 keyboard. Kleinstrechner Tips 9 , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1988, pp. 53-61.
- ↑ a b R. Brosig: Z-1013 keyboard with refinements. Mikroprocessortechnik, Heft 7, 1988, pp. 215-218.
- ↑ a b c Holger Krull: Connection of a keyboard with 58 keys. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ↑ K. Röbenack, J. Hobohm: Graphics module for the microcomputer kit Z1013. Small computer Tips 11 , VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig, 1989, p. 38 f.
- ↑ Andrea and Ulf Kindermann: Full graphics with the Z1013. Practic, No. 2, 1988 pp. 87-90.
- ↑ MP Mikroprocessortechnik , VEB Verlag Technik, Issue 3, 1988, p. 66.
- ↑ Volker Pohlers: Homecomputer DDR - full graphics. Retrieved February 8, 2014.
- ↑ Ulrich Zander: Microcomputer kit Z1013 - modules and assemblies. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ↑ Commodore 64 A cult computer turns 30th Chip, 2012, p. 24.
- ↑ a b c Volker Pohlers: Homecomputer DDR - information. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ^ Weise, p. 53.
- ↑ M. Drechsel: Z1013 as a RAM machine. Funkamateur, Heft 6, 1990, p. 276.
- ↑ a b Weise, p. 55.
- ↑ Andreas Lange: What archives, museums and libraries can learn from gamers - and vice versa. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
- ↑ Jens Müller: JKCEMU - Small Computer Emulator. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
- ↑ a b Radio Fernsehen Elektronik, 1986, issue 10, p. 622.
- ↑ a b Funkamateur, Heft 12, 1984, pp. 612-613.
- ↑ MP Mikroprocessortechnik , VEB Verlag Technik, Issue 4, 1988, p. 128.
- ^ Volker Pohlers: Homecomputer DDR - Meetings. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
- ↑ Weise, p. 11.
- ^ Peter Salomon: The history of the microelectronic semiconductor industry in the GDR. Funkverlag Bernhard Hein e. K., 2003, ISBN 3-936124-31-0 , p. 96.
