Society for sport and technology
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The Society for Sport and Technology ( GST ) was a paramilitary mass organization of the GDR and formed an umbrella organization for technical sports such as sport shooting , motor sports , marine and sea sports, diving , gliding and radio sports . In addition to the National People's Army , the GST was responsible for the legally prescribed pre-military training , which was carried out at schools, universities and in factories, whereby the GST was also used to militarize society in the GDR, for discipline purposes contributed to the youth and to the promotion of the military readiness of the population.
The GST was founded on August 7, 1952 as a corporation under public law and initially operated under the direction of the Ministry of the Interior . By decree of the Council of Ministers of September 14, 1968, the GST was subordinated to the Ministry of National Defense . From the mid-1970s, the GST described itself as the "socialist defense organization of the GDR". In spring 1990 the GST was dissolved.
From October 1952, GST published the magazine “Sport und Technik” as well as other special magazines, of which the “ Fliegerrevue ” and the “ Funkamateur ” are still published.
founding
The Society for Sport and Technology was founded in the course of the militarization of the GDR initiated by Josef Stalin and aimed at defense and peacekeeping. The Soviet mass organization founded in 1951 to strengthen defense readiness DOSAAF served as a model . In order to initiate the complex defense preparations of the GDR based on the Soviet model, several resolutions by the Politburo of the Central Committee of the SED on May 6, 1952 established the Service for Germany , the German Red Cross , the State Secretariat for Physical Culture and Sport and the Organization Protection of the Homeland , from which the later GST emerged, decided. The GST was supposed to serve the purpose of securing peace and was therefore initially called protection of the homeland . A short time later, however, it was decided to disguise the actual intention of the organization by giving it a civil, sporty name. On August 7, 1952, Otto Grotewohl, as chairman of the Council of Ministers, issued the ordinance on the formation of the GST as a public corporation . The GST management should be under the control of the Home Office . The membership base was formed by members from the interest groups for sport of the FDJ , who transferred to the GST.
Development and financing
After its establishment, the costs for the GST were included in the financial planning of the Ministry of the Interior (MdI). The financial expenditures for the military sports organization GST were for the GDR taxpayers in 1952/53 at almost the same level as for the voluntary, barracked service for Germany, also financed by the MdI . From September 1 to December 31, 1952, the maintenance of the GST cost 41.6 million DM and in 1953 45.5 million DM. Until 1955, the GST was also "supported" with funds from the FDGB . At the end of 1952, almost half a million GDR citizens were members of the GST.
tasks and activities
In addition to the FDJ , the GST initially played a special role in recruiting and recruiting for the future armed forces of the GDR. The GST was responsible for attracting and disciplining young people and overcoming pacifist beliefs and took on pre-military training. The neglect of the sporty character of the GST in favor of a military paintwork at the beginning of 1953 led the GST with the uprising of June 17, 1953 into an existential crisis that it only barely survived politically.
In January 1955 the Politburo of the SED assigned the GST the following four central tasks, essential parts of which were never realized:
- “Pre-military training of the young workers and toiling peasants as well as the sons of the progressive intelligentsia, in order to prepare them for service in the CIP ;
- pre-military training of all workers and working peasants to enable them to defend their homeland;
- Imparting military and military technical knowledge to working people;
- Education of the workers and toiling peasants to hate the warmongers and enemies of the GDR as well as to love their homeland and to recognize the necessity of their armed defense through broad verbal and written agitation and propaganda . "
According to this decision, the workers and peasants between the ages of 20 and 50 were to receive general pre-military training by the GST and also in all hand and automatic weapons . Other classes, such as members of the commercial middle class, who were presumably viewed as opponents of forced military training, were left out. The GST should be made the main advertising medium for the CIP. New comrades were recruited according to the general staff and many functionaries already suspected “that the GST was' a CIP on a small scale”.
After the National People's Army was created by law of January 18, 1956 , the GST acted as its main advertising medium. In the course of time, the full-time apparatus of the GST was predominantly made up of officers honorably discharged from the National People's Army. Although the Politburo explicitly obliged the GST on October 16, 1956 to closely interlink with the military commandos, the GST members experienced stagnation after the popular uprising in Hungary in autumn 1956 , because the members threatened to leave because they were leaving did not want to identify with the basic military orientation of the GST and did not appreciate the GST's role as the NVA's best friend. In addition, the GST members wanted to see the escape from the republic viewed as a private matter and not as a betrayal of the workers-and-peasants state . After overcoming the initial difficulties, the GST developed into one of the mass organizations that "pseudo-plebiscitarian" supported the maintenance of power by the SED rule.
In 1962 the new Defense Minister and Army General Heinz Hoffmann derived the future tasks of the GST from those of the NVA. He demanded “a politically conscious, disciplined, steadfast and militarily well trained soldier”, and saw in this training the core of the future task of the GST.
Until the introduction of military studies as a compulsory subject, the GST vied for influence and profiling at schools and universities and from 1963 intensified the work in schools, whereupon pre-military and technical knowledge was imparted in almost all subjects. This led to a continuing decline in membership and in 1964 there was a wave of over 10,000 members leaving.
The importance of the organization continued to grow from mere military sport to the "school of the soldier of tomorrow". It operated training bases and shooting ranges, carried out military training camps and competitions. Through participation in pre-military training, as stipulated in the Military Service Act, almost all young men came into contact with the GST, which organized these exercises, even if they were not members of the GST. Some of the high school students ( EOS ) were members of the GST. The same was true for apprentices in large companies. They paid a small membership fee (0.25 marks for students).
In addition to general pre-military training were
- Military camp (for boys two weeks at the end of the 9th grade) and a parole march for about five days a year during vocational training (at EOS once at the end of the 11th grade) and
- Competitions (military spartakiads) carried out.
The function of the GST initially consisted of military training and pre-military training for the entire population. Young people originally took part in military education courses on a voluntary basis. During the construction of the Wall in 1961, the GST chairman, Staimer, called for the formation of task forces to secure the LPGs , to fight alleged provocateurs and saboteurs, who were called diversified in communist parlance , and to arrest opposition leaflet distributors, which was sometimes rejected by the basic organizations .
From 1969 the pre-military training of apprentices and high school graduates by the GST was then compulsory. In the central training camps for the pre-military training of apprentices and high school graduates, the living conditions were in some cases worthy of criticism due to deficiencies (food supply, sanitary facilities and medical care). This form of compulsory military education was independent of the activities of the GST towards its members. These were compulsory courses for apprentices, which were carried out by the members and officials of the GST.
On January 1, 1957, on the proposal of the Central Committee of the SED, it was decided to set up GST driving schools. This gave young people the opportunity to acquire driving licenses for trucks , cars or mopeds as part of the GST . The GST was sometimes the only way to practice certain sports ( e.g. gliding , powered flying , shooting sports , diving ).
In addition to its task of preparing young people for active military service in the NVA, the GST, as the “socialist defense organization of the GDR”, also had to preserve the military capability of the reservists. In 1987 it was decided to include the “unserved reservists”, ie those who were conscripted from the age of 18 until they were called up for military service, to a greater extent in military sports. From the 1980s onwards, the vast majority of the members were rather disinterested in voluntarily extended military service.
From 1961 onwards there were uniforms , ranks, achievement pins and medals for members. The GST boards were dominated by full-time personnel with a military background, mostly former professional soldiers.
In 1989 the GST had almost 650,000 members who were organized into 8,526 basic organizations divided into 15,810 sections. In addition to the mostly subject-specific sections, the GST was organized as a mass organization according to the rules of democratic centralism in basic organizations, district and district boards and the central board (ZV). The basic organizations existed in companies, vocational schools, extended secondary schools, universities and technical colleges, in administrative institutions and production cooperatives. According to the statutes, the highest body of the Society for Sport and Technology was the congress , which, according to the rule, met every five years and whose task it was to elect the central board.
Function as the umbrella organization of various GDR sports associations
The GST also served as an umbrella organization for various sports associations in the GDR and was jointly responsible for the training of top athletes, which was hardly noticed by the public.
- German Rifle Association of the GDR (DSV)
- Aviation and Parachuting Association of the GDR (FFSV)
- Military all-around association of the GDR (MMKV)
- German Maritime Sports Association of the GDR
- Diving Association of the GDR
- Model Sports Association (MSV)
- Motorsport Association (MoSV)
- Radiosportverband der DDR (RSV)
- Wehrkampfsportverband (WKSV)
There were four sections in the GST only until 1960/61:
- Equestrian Section, subordinated to state bodies in 1960
- Service and Utility Dog Section, independent organization from 1960
- Hunting Section, subordinated to state organs from 1961
- Sports pigeons section, independent organization from 1960
Sport shooting
Since the German Rifle Association of the GDR was assigned to the GST, the Society for Sport and Technology was also responsible for the Olympic sport of sport shooting and was involved in the Olympic program of the GDR. The GST delegated talented young shooters to the children's and youth sports schools and trainers to study at the German University of Physical Culture (DHfK) in Leipzig. The training of competitive sport in sport shooting was concentrated in the clubs in Leipzig and Suhl . The GDR sport shooters were able to win Olympic, European and world championship titles. The German Shooting Federation of the GDR was 247,000 shooters the largest membership organization in the field of GST and since 1960 a member of the International Shooting Union , UIT .
The internationally successful GST sport shooters who achieved Olympic medal positions include Ralf Schumann , Bernd Hartstein , Hellfried Heilfort , Thomas Pfeffer , Harald Vollmar , Axel Wegner , Jürgen Wiefel .
Ship model sport
In April 1961 the model ship athletes of the GST became an official member of the European model ship sports association NAVIGA and entrusted with the organization of the second European championship in model ship sports, which took place from August 11 to 13, 1961 in Karl-Marx-Stadt with participation from France, Italy and Austria , Poland, Switzerland, the FRG and the GDR.
Marine and sea sports
There were training centers in the districts for training in the specialist areas - seamanship, machine technology, diving and model building technology. There were GST marine and sea sports clubs, as well as sea sports bases, especially for sea sports. The training took place in levels A, B and C.
- The "A" training level enabled people to steer rowing boats and imparted basic knowledge in swimming, boat building, sailing, signal waving as well as Morse code and in seamanship skills in knotting and splicing .
- The training level "B" imparted knowledge about the independent handling of dinghies , sailing cutters and sailing boats up to 20 m² in the area of inland waterways and sea waterways.
- The training level “C” at the GST-Marineschule August Lütgens in Greifswald completed the training for driving motor boats and sailing boats up to 30 m² sail area.
For sea sports training there were cutters K 6 (six belts) / K 10 (ten belts) / sailing boats and ships, motordingis, barges / K boats and school boats guided by experienced sea staff and a sailing training ship, the schooner brig "Wilhelm Pieck" .
Defense spartakiads
Wehrspartakiaden were military sport competitions of the “defensive-ready” youth of the GDR with the aim of determining the best in pre-military training and championships in military sport.
- I. Wehrspartakiade (August 13-16, 1970) in Schwerin , 5,000 participants
- II. Wehrspartakiade (August 20-24, 1975) in Magdeburg , 8,000 participants
- III. Wehrspartakiade (July 27-30, 1978) in Halle (Saale) , 9,200 participants
- IV. Wehrspartakiade (July 9-12, 1981) in Erfurt , 10,000 participants
GST congresses
The Congress was the supreme decision-making body of the mass organization and was convened every four years until 1972, and every five years thereafter.
- 1st Congress (September 14-16, 1956) in Karl-Marx-Stadt
Participants: 937 delegates, 192 guests - II. Congress (June 23 to 25, 1960) in Magdeburg
Participants: 1,200 delegates, 250 guests - III. Congress (April 9-11, 1964) in Görlitz
Participants: 851 delegates, 246 guests - IV. Congress (September 12-14, 1968) in Berlin
Participants: 520 delegates, 53 guests. Here the GST was referred to for the first time as the “School of the Soldier of Tomorrow”. - 5th Congress (September 14-16 , 1972) in Dresden
Participants: 1,211 delegates, 55 guests - VI. Congress (June 17-19, 1977) in Karl-Marx-Stadt
Participants: 1,197 delegates, 300 guests - VII Congress (June 25-27, 1982) in Cottbus
Participants: 1200 delegates, 200 guests - VIII Congress (May 14-16, 1987) in Karl-Marx-Stadt, last GST congress
Head or later chairwoman of the GST
- Colonel Arno Berthold August 7, 1952 to January 3, 1955 as head of the GST
- Major General Richard Staimer January 4, 1955 to February 27, 1963 as head of the GST
- Major General Kurt Lohberger March 1, 1963 to February 1, 1968 as Chairman of the Central Board of GST
- Lieutenant General Günther Teller February 1, 1968 to June 28, 1982 as Chairman of the Central Board of GST
- Major General Kurt Krämer June to November 1982 as acting chairman of the central board of the GST
- Vice-Admiral Günter Kutzschebauch November 24, 1982 to January 28, 1990 as Chairman of the Central Board of GST
Symbols of the GST
The GST emblem consists of an oval surrounded by golden ears of wheat and a gear. It shows an anchor, a propeller and a rifle on a red background. The GST flag is red and has the emblem in the center.
Press products of the central board of GST
During the existence of the mass organization, the ZV of the GST issued a large number of specific publications, which, however, differed in terms of period of publication and title:
- Sport and technology. The organ of the ZV of the GST appeared from October 1952 to 1954
- The banner. The organ of the ZV of the GST appeared from 1955 to issue 3/1957
- Sport and technology in words and pictures. The organ of the ZV of the GST appeared from 1957 to 1962
- Sport and technology (S + T). The organ of the ZV of the GST appeared from 1963 to issue 5/1990
- Sport and technology. Edition A - Motorsport . The journal was published from 1954 to 1955
- Motorsport . Magazine for sports and automotive technology, published from 1955 to 1962
- Motorsport. Bulletin , it was published from 1965 to 1989
- Sport and technology. Issue B - Flugsport , the magazine appeared from 1954 to 1955
- Wing of the home . The journal of the ZV of the GST appeared from 1955 to 1959
- Aerosport. World of aviators . Published by the ZV of GST, published from 1960 to 1969
- Aviator Review . Flieger Revue international . The aviation magazine for everyone. Contents: Air traffic, flight technology, air sports, aircraft sports, types of aircraft, aviation history, space travel. The specialist organ appeared from 1970 to issue 2/1990
- Aeroclub of the GDR. Newsletter . Supplement to Aero-Sport and Flieger-Revue, it appeared from 1962 to 1980
- Sport and technology. Issue C - Seesport , was published from 1954 to 1955
- Maritime sports . Journal for sea sports, naval affairs, marine engineering and shipping, it was published from 1955 to 1962
- Poseidon . Journal for diving, published from 1962 to 1978
- Maritime sports. Bulletin , it appeared from 1965 to 1978
- Poseidon . Journal for sea and diving sports. The trade journal appeared from 1978 to 1/1990 issue. Note: The maritime magazine had various subtitles in the course of its publication
- Sport and technology. Issue D - News Sports , contained the supplement Notifications for Shortwave Amateurs , appeared only in 1954
- Sport and technology. Edition D - Der Funkamateur - Telephony and Teletype Technology, appeared only in 1955
- Radio amateur . GST news magazine. The specialist organ appeared from 1955 to issue 2/1990. Note: It had various subtitles in the course of its publication
- Sport and technology. Edition E - Sport Shooting / Riding and Dog Sports , only appeared in 1954
- Sport and technology. Edition E - sport shooting / sport pigeons, riding and dog sports , appeared only in 1955
- The dog . The journal appeared from 1955 to 1958
- The dog . Issues A and B. The trade journal appeared from 1959 to issue 10/1961
- The sports pigeon . The journal was published from 1956 to issue 10/1961
- Sports shooting and equestrian sports , appeared only in 1955
- Sports Shooting and Equestrian Sports , appeared from 1955 to 1957
- Horse and Sport , published from 1957 to issue 10/1961
- The marksman . Magazine for sport shooting, shooting, weapon technology. The specialist organ appeared from 1957 to 1962
- Bulletin Shooting Sport , later Sport Shooting , was published from 1965 to 1974
- Visor . Journal for sport shooting and weapons science. The specialist organ appeared from 1975 to issue 6/1990. Note: Sealed in Visier / Singhofen / The international weapons magazine
- The model maker appeared from 1956 to 1958
- Model making and handicrafts , appeared from 1958 to 1969
- Model making today . Magazine for aircraft, ship and vehicle model making and sports / aircraft -ships - vehicles constructively creative, the specialist organ appeared from 1970 to issue 6/1990
- From practice for practice . Journal for organizational policy work in the GST, published from 1957 to 1989 (?)
- concrete . Journal of the ZV of GST for leadership and management issues. The "Functionary Organ" appeared from 1965 to 1989
The GST publications were produced by the following publishers: Sportverlag Berlin (1952 to 1954), Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik - Verlag Sport und Technik (1954 to 1962), Deutscher Militärverlag Berlin, later the GDR military publisher (1962 to 1990)
Furnishing
Vehicles, ships, planes and technology
In 1986/87 the GST had, among other things:
- 3,500 vehicles of various types and purposes, including 1,334 IFA W50 driving school trucks
- 17,384 motorcycles and mopeds
- 33 training ships or motor training boats, including the only sailing training ship in the GDR, the "Wilhelm Pieck", today Greif , the largest motor training ship of the GST, "Ernst Thälmann" (II) and the recreational diving ship " Artur Becker ", with only the "Greif" is in service. The ship celebrated its 65th anniversary of service in August 2016
- 529 motor boats and cutters
- 167 powered aircraft
- 472 gliders
- 10,026 messaging devices
- 48,000 small caliber submachine guns , 40,000 of which were stored unused in the state reserve stores
- 50,000 small bore rifles
- 106,000 air rifles
- 1,154 armories
- 8,741 shooting lanes (not identical to shooting ranges)
- 35 airfields
Central schools of the GST
From July 1954 u. a. the following central schools start their activities:
- Functionary school in Teterow , from 1957 in Ballenstedt , from 1971 in Schönhagen , lastly in Blankenburg (Harz)
- School for sport shooting in Kuhlmühle
- Motorsport school in Bautzen , from 1961 in Laucha an der Unstrut , from 1962 in Ballenstedt (Harz) and in 1969 renamed the GST School for Vehicle Training
- News school in Oppin
- Gliding school in Laucha, from 1978 in Jahnsdorf
- Gliding school in Ballenstedt, later in Pfaffenhain
- Technical school for gliding, later aviation school, in Schönhagen
- Sea sports school in Rechlin
- Seesportschule in Lauenhain , later conversion to GST Seesportstützpunkt
- Ocean yachting station in Greifswald-Wieck , from 1958 GST Seesportschule, from 1969 GST Naval School "August Lütgens" as the central maritime training center of the Society for Sport and Technology.
In the seventies and eighties the following GST schools were added:
- School for diving training in Neuglobsow am Stechlinsee, since 1978
- Skydiving school in Halle- Oppin , since 1980
Central training centers (ZAZ) of the GST
In the months of June to September 1955, the FDGB gave the GST five tent camps for further use, which later became the GST's Central Training Centers (ZAZ) . The ZAZ were basic objects to which GST training units traveled with their own trainers:
- Central training center Wilhelm Pieck in Breege , island of Rügen
- Central training center Egon Schultz in Prerow on the Darß
- Central training center for Hans Beimler in Scheibe-Alsbach , Thuringia
- Central training center Ernst Thälmann in Schirgiswalde , Upper Lusatia
- Central training center Rote Jungfront in Tambach-Dietharz , Thuringia
The later ZAZ of the GST in Storkow was not created until the 1980s.
Restrictions for the air sports sections from 1979
Until the end of the 1970s, escapes from the GDR using GST aircraft were the exception. In addition to five suites with powered aircraft (1962, 1964, twice in 1975 and 1978) it had until then been only one flight with a glider, the multiple DDR champion Streckensegelflug Udo Elke on 22 June 1973 as from Neustadt-Glewe gen from West dropped. However, between May and August 1979 such cases increased. First, two GST members flew over the death strip in gliders on May 14th from Suhl and on June 24th from Saarmund (which resulted in the immediate closure of the Saarmund airfield near West Berlin ), and finally an engineer seized himself who until then had only flown gliders, in Großrückerswalde a motorized airplane with which he and his family reached the Federal Republic .
Immediately after this last-mentioned escape became known on August 24, 1979, an absolute take-off ban was issued at all GST airfields. At that time they numbered 78. Most of them were pure glider airfields, a few also operated motorized flights or parachuting. In the late autumn of 1979, the responsible state authorities lifted the starting ban for three of these places; 32 more could be flown again from May 1980. But the majority, namely 43, was shut down. This included a number of places relatively close to the inner-German border or the border to West Berlin , but also places that were far from these borders, such as the two Dresden glider airfields or the one in Görlitz . The aim was obviously to thin out the network of aviation opportunities in general, to completely deprive them of the character of recreational sport and to orient them completely towards pre-military training. The glider pilots were u. a. sifted out by the fact that those with relatives in the western part of Germany were given the choice of either breaking off contact with them or giving up flying. From then on, flight operations were organized according to strictly military principles. He began lining up in the sky-blue GST aviator uniform (wearing it was voluntary until then and was mostly limited to putting on a jacket). However, this always depended on the respective full-time managers of the airfields. From 1980 newcomers were given green GST uniforms and, after a year of membership, sometimes with NVA aviator suits. The airfields were fenced off from 1980 partly thermal flights were initially not allowed, but only traffic patterns of a few minutes, and the flight paths of the pilots were from then monitored meticulously.
Starting in the summer of 1980, some restrictive provisions were gradually relaxed. When thermal flights were allowed again, a permanent aerial observer was first assigned to each glider. Aviation remained subject to severe restrictions until the reunification and peaceful revolution in the GDR . Cross-country flights outside the airfield zone were severely restricted and were only allowed to take place in precisely specified air corridors . In general, primarily only young people with the desire for a later military career or corresponding personal relationships with officials were trained.
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media
- In 1959, the film SAS 181 does not answer was directed by Carl Balhaus .
- The German Post of the GDR paid tribute to the organization by issuing three postage stamps in 1972, 1982 and 1987.
literature
- Central Board of the Society for Sport and Technology (Hrsg.): Chronicle of the history of the Society for Sport and Technology . 2nd Edition. Military publishing house of the GDR, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-327-00271-1 .
- Ullrich Berger: Frustration and joy. The two faces of society for sport and technology . 1st edition. GNN Verlag, Schkeuditz 2002, ISBN 3-89819-111-7 .
- Klaus Froh, Rüdiger Wenzke : The generals and admirals of the NVA. A biographical manual . 4th edition. Ch. Links, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-86153-209-3 .
- Paul Heider: The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990) . In: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR . Weltbild, Augsburg 2007, ISBN 3-8289-0555-2 (Licensed edition by: Torsten Diedrich , Hans Ehlert , Rüdiger Wenzke: In the service of the party. Ch. Links, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86153-160-7 .).
- Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR . 1st edition. Meyer & Meyer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89899-283-1 .
- Peter Joachim Lapp: Society for Sport and Technology - School of the soldiers of tomorrow. Military-political study by a GDR defense organization . 1st edition. Helios, 2018, ISBN 978-3-86933-226-0 .
Web links
- Ranks / effects in the GDR. 1952–1990 Society for Sport and Technology (GST). In: ddr-binnenschifffahrt.de. Retrieved on April 2, 2014 (overview of GST service numbers and uniforms, via selection menu).
- Explanation of the GST license plates
- Achievement badge of the GST (sea sport)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Torsten Diedrich , Hans Ehlert , Rüdiger Wenzke (ed.): In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch.links Verlag, 1998, p. 196.
- ↑ Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 68.
- ↑ Rüdiger Wenzke, Torsten Diedrich: The camouflaged army. History of the barracked people's police of the GDR 1952 to 1956. 1st edition. Ch.links Verlag, Berlin 2001, p. 248.
- ↑ a b Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 42.
- ^ Rüdiger Wenzke, Torsten Diedrich: The camouflaged army: History of the barracked people's police of the GDR 1952 to 1956. Volume 1. Ch. Links Verlag, 2001, p. 87.
- ↑ Torsten Diedrich, Hans Ehlert and Rüdiger Wenzke: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch.links Verlag, 1998, p. 171.
- ^ Rüdiger Wenzke, Torsten Diedrich: The camouflaged army: history of the barracked people's police of the GDR 1952 to 1956. Volume 1, Ch. Links Verlag, 2001, p. 307 f.
- ↑ a b Rüdiger Wenzke, Torsten Diedrich: The camouflaged army: history of the barracked people's police of the GDR 1952 to 1956. Volume 1, Ch. Links Verlag, 2001, p. 233.
- ↑ Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 44.
- ↑ Quoted from Paul Heider: The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990). In: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. edited by Torsten Diedrich, Hans Ehlert, Rüdiger Wenzke, p. 173.
- ^ Paul Heider: The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990). In: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. edited by Torsten Diedrich, Hans Ehlert, Rüdiger Wenzke, p. 173.
- ↑ Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 52 and p. 55 f.
- ^ Paul Heider: The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990). In: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. edited by Torsten Diedrich, Hans Ehlert, Rüdiger Wenzke, p. 177.
- ↑ Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 63.
- ^ Paul Heider : The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990). In: Torsten Diedrich , Hans Ehlert , Rüdiger Wenzke (eds.): In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch. Links Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-86153-160-7 , p. 175 f.
- ↑ H-Soz-Kult. Christian Th. Müller: online review of " Paul Heider : The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990)."
- ^ Paul Heider : The Society for Sport and Technology (1952–1990). In: Torsten Diedrich, Hans Ehlert, Rüdiger Wenzke: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch. Links Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-86153-160-7 , p. 179 f.
- ^ Werner Rossade: Society and Culture in the End Times of Real Socialism. P. 166.
- ^ In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch.links Verlag, 1998, p. 195.
- ^ Heider: In the service of the party: Handbook of the armed organs of the GDR. Ch.links Verlag, 1998, p. 194.
- ↑ Ulrich Berger (Ed.): Frustration and Joy: The two faces of society for sport and technology. GNN, Schkeuditz 2002, ISBN 3-89819-111-7 .
- ↑ Ringo Wagner: The forgotten sports association of the GDR: the society for sport and technology. P. 68.
- ↑ Bodo Müller: Fascination Freedom - the most spectacular escape stories. P. 213 ( books.google.it ).
- ^ Jörg Mückler: German-German border flights. In: Flieger Revue Extra. No. 16, Möller, Berlin 2007, ISSN 0941-889X , p. 25.
- ↑ The Chronicle of Klix Airfield
- ^ The chronicle of the Aeroclub Pirna eV