German University of Physical Culture

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sports association DHfK standard.svg

The German University for Physical Culture ( DHfK ) was a German sports university in Leipzig . It was founded in 1950 and dissolved in 1990 after it became known that its affiliated Research Institute for Physical Culture and Sport (FKS) was involved in the state-run forced doping system of the GDR .

history

DHfK for its 15th anniversary on October 22, 1965
The main entrance to the former DHfK, 2007
DHfK swimming pool on a GDR Olympic stamp from 1976

The German University for Physical Culture emerged from the Institute for Physical Education , founded in 1925 , which was the first institution of its kind in Germany and also occupied the first professorship in sports science with Hermann Altrock .

In January 1950 the SED decided to set up "a central institute for physical exercise and sport". The “Law on the Systematic Promotion of Youth and Sports” passed in the following month provided the legal foundation for the German University for Physical Culture, which the German Sports Committee was commissioned to establish. In the run-up to the establishment of the DHfK, the Institute for Physical Education at the Martin Luther University in Halle had taken a negative stance , which at the time was the leader in the field of teacher training in East Germany.

The DHfK started training on October 22, 1950. According to Ernst Horn , the head of the German Sports Committee, the university should “serve the anti-fascist-democratic order”. Since only teachers who were politically affiliated to the system could be used, committed scientists from other subjects were also employed at the beginning, who applied their respective profession to sport. This resulted in a wide range of subjects methodologically based in the mother sciences.

The DHfK facilities were located on an area of ​​approx. 200,000 m², which is immediately south of the Sportforum Leipzig . The buildings were erected between 1952 and 1957 according to designs by the architects Hanns Hopp and Kunz Nierade . In a second construction phase, the sports medicine institute building was completed in 1964. In addition to the location in Leipzig, the DHfK had several branch offices, for example in Rostock , Karl-Marx-Stadt , Magdeburg , Dresden , Berlin and Erfurt , which also maintained consultation bases at competitive sports centers (for example in Neubrandenburg , Frankfurt (Oder) , Jena and Oberhof ).

In 1955 the university was granted the right to award doctorates, and in 1965 the right to habilitation. In 1956, the Institute for Physical Culture at the University of Leipzig was incorporated into the DHfK. From 1959 the scientific journal of the DHfK was published. In 1961 the university became a member of the World Council for Physical Education and Sport (CIEPS). From 1970 the DHfK was authorized to award the doctorate B and the teaching qualification.

In 1989 and 1990, as in many other parts of the GDR, there were movements at the DHfK, among others of a grassroots democratic nature, who publicly spoke out in favor of change. The sports scientist Jochen Hinsching named in his 1996 essay "East German Sport Science before and after 1990" in this regard the initiative group "Society for Sports Science of the GDR", which had been formed at the DHfK and, according to Hinsching's assessment in a position paper published in January 1990, among other things “Sports science abused by party politics and forced to self-isolate internationally” complained.

Most recently, around 2,000 students (including around 1,000 direct students) were enrolled at the university and around 1,050 employees (half of them teaching). From 1987 to 1990 Gerhard Lehmann was rector. The last and, at the same time, first freely elected rector of the DHfK was Helmut Kirchgässner (July to December 1990), who was then the founding dean of the sports science faculty in the process of being founded at the University of Leipzig.

Closure of the university

The Saxon State Government in the person of Science Minister Hans Joachim Meyer and Arnold Vaatz (Head of State) announced December 11, 1990 compared to a delegation of DHfK the closure of the university as well as its intention, a successor institution within the University of Leipzig build (namely in the form of the Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig, which was later founded on December 8, 1993 ). Several hundred DHfK employees had previously demonstrated in front of the headquarters of the Saxon state government in Dresden against the threat of closure. The new sports science faculty of the University of Leipzig took over the infrastructure and a small part of the staff of the DHfK. Hundreds of DHfK employees were unemployed. According to Meyers, the closure or partial transition to the new sports science faculty at the University of Leipzig took place as a result of the decision of the Saxon state government to close institutes, sections and scientific areas, "whose courses do not meet the requirements of a free society, a democratic constitutional state and a place social market economy in teaching and research ”. On the day after the announcement of the closure, students and employees of the DHfK announced that they would present a concept for the establishment of a reformed sports university in Leipzig with around 120 teachers and apply for financial help from the federal government for this request. According to Helmut Kirchgässner , the last rector of the DHfK, "all efforts were initially aimed at founding an independent sports university", but this failed for financial reasons. In a letter that he addressed to the then Saxon Prime Minister Kurt Biedenkopf , Eric F. Broom (Chairman of the International Society for Physical Culture and Sport (ISCPES)) sat down with the words "To close it would be a crime" for the Receipt of the DHfK. In German sports politics, Erika Dienstl “was the only one of the leading sports officials of the DSB ” to speak out in favor of maintaining the DHfK.

In March 1991, Dietmar Keller ( PDS / Linke Liste ) , a member of the Bundestag, appealed to the federal and state governments not to give up the DHfK “after it was re-profiled.” Keller argued that the former DHfK “would degenerate as an institute of Leipzig University”, Leipzig University has other worries and problems than taking care of sport ”.

The dissolution was then regulated in § 145 § 145 (Administration of economic and personnel matters, liquidation) of the Saxon University Renewal Act of July 25, 1991, in which it was stated that "the institutions and sub-institutions of the universities listed in the annex to this law by the Free State of Saxony "were not taken over. The universities and institutions listed - including the DHfK - were "dissolved with effect from January 1, 1991" and "the tasks they performed" were discontinued. The DHfK's records were transferred to the Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig as part of the partial integration and were subject to the "reservation of the Free State of Saxony".

The handling of the DHfK was assessed differently: According to an assessment by Norbert Rogalski , who was a lecturer in sports policy at the DHfK until 1990, it was not a doping involvement (see section on doping research ), but financial reasons that were just as decisive as the motive that led to the dissolution of the DHfK a competitor of the German Sport University Cologne disappeared. The former sports sociology professor at the DHfK, Fred Gras , criticized in 2015 that the dissolution of the university was due to "political-ideological considerations". The former DHfK professor of the theory and practice of training, Horst Röder , criticized the fact that, from his point of view, the dissolution of the university was "obviously due to political motives, competitive thinking and the arrogance of those responsible".

The former DHfK rector Gerhard Lehmann called the closure a "serious mistake". According to the Federal Government, as it announced in December 1993, it had been ensured that “the renowned former German University for Physical Culture (DHfK) in Leipzig could continue as the sports science faculty of the University of Leipzig”. Rogalski called the liquidation of the university “a disguised description of the liquidation of this university institution”. Helmut Kirchgässner stated in December 1992 that with the dissolution of the DHfK and the establishment of the sports science faculty at the University of Leipzig, a “new phase of life” had begun for sports science in Leipzig, and that “qualified sports teachers and Olympians” had been trained at the DHfK, while the profile sports science at the University of Leipzig is now “much broader”. DHfK processing and the re-establishment of the Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig overlapped in time, Kirchganger spoke of “a complicated and stressful multi-year start-up phase for everyone involved” and described the difficulties in retrospect in 1993 as follows: “From a university that is recognized worldwide - despite all reservations over 1,000 employees to gradually come to a structural unit of 90 employees ... In a short time, the fate of hundreds of members of the former DHfK had to be found and decided ”.

In the work “German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950–1990”, published in 2007, the editors commented: “The political 'winding up' of this university could only meet with incomprehension. Many personalities from abroad have spoken out against it. ” Günter Schnabel , long-time professor at the DHfK, assessed the“ development before and with the establishment of the sports science faculty ”as a“ certain revaluation ”for the field of movement / sports motor skills recognized as a core discipline in sports science ”. In an essay published in 2009 by the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) as part of the series of articles “November 1989: On the way to sporting unity”, the dissolution of the DHfK is viewed critically: “Even today it remains incomprehensible why one in the technical area Internationally recognized and highly valued sports training institution that works at a high level, such as the Leipzig German University for Physical Culture (DHfK), was practically wound up, instead of being available for the training of qualified sports teachers and coaches for the unified Germany after being freed from the undoubtedly existing ideological ballast. "

Structure and tasks

The university was the "most prominent and largest training and further education facility for GDR sport".

Its main tasks were recorded in 1986:

  • Education and training of sports teachers and management staff, especially for the German Gymnastics and Sports Association of the GDR (DTSB)
  • Education and training of young scientists
  • continuous further training of the cadres from the individual sub-areas of physical culture
  • Research and securing the scientific advance for physical culture and sport as well as for the further development of the disciplines of sport science
  • Cooperation with sports science institutions of the USSR and other socialist countries in teaching and research as well as scientific cooperation with international institutions and organizations in the field of physical culture and sport
  • Education and training of foreign sports teams
  • Support of sporting, scientific and cultural life in the city and the district of Leipzig

The certified sports and physical education teachers have been trained for use in school, amateur and competitive sports as well as at academic and functionary level, including numerous employees of the German Gymnastics and Sports Association . The four-year basic course "Sports Science" was completed as a certified sports teacher, within the course there was a specialization in one of the four areas "Competitive Sports", "Mass Sports" (from 1985), "Military Exercise" and "Management of Physical Culture". Sports teachers for school lessons were not trained at the university with the implementation of the competitive sports decision from 1969. Two thirds of the sports teachers trained at the DHfK were in the field of competitive sports.

The curriculum laid down, among other things, the principles of an orientation from general to particular, from theory to practice, a unit of theoretical and practical training and the inclusion of the acquired knowledge of sport science in the professional requirements. From 1966 onwards, during their specialist training as sports medicine practitioners, doctors completed a sports pedagogical training course at the DHfK, and from this year onwards, “the systematic further training of sports trainers and officials” took place at the university. In 1973 the university took over the areas of young talent research and game sports research from the FKS.

According to Norbert Rogalski, the DHfK was "integrated into the socialist objectives of the state and the resulting political and social practice of the GDR in the respective periods of time" and, like other areas and bodies of sports science in the GDR, experienced "generous ideal and material support Support ”from the government. "This happened mainly against the background that physical culture and sport were anchored in the constitution of the GDR as a social claim for the population," explained Rogalski. In an article published in the weekly newspaper Die Zeit in 1975, the university's curriculum was assessed in such a way that “graduates have to fulfill a missionary and agitatory task in the service of the SED”. The DHfK curriculum stated: "The students are educated and trained to become socialist personalities who, on behalf of the working class and its Marxist-Leninist party, fulfill the social tasks in shaping the developed socialist society with a high degree of state consciousness". Jochen Hinsching, sports historian and a student at the university in the 1950s, noted in retrospect in 1996 “that at that time both sports students and sports students who were matriculated at the DHfK were obliged to be members of the army and to complete military training parallel to their studies According to Hinsching's assessment, there were “excellent conditions for studying and training, for living and working as a student”.

Until 1963, the DHfK had its own workers and farmers faculty , which led to the Abitur in a three-year course. A total of around 1,800 graduates acquired the university entrance qualification for the diploma sports teacher training, but also for studying at other universities and colleges. Thanks to the close connection between teaching and research and between theory and practice, the DHfK Leipzig also achieved high international recognition. Around 16,000 students, including around 3,700 foreigners from more than 100 countries, graduated here, around 8,000 of them distance learning . The traditional badge of the DHfK in bronze, silver or gold was awarded for services to the development and reputation of this sports university.

From September 1953 there was the possibility of completing a five-year distance learning course at DHfK leading to a degree as a certified sports teacher. Courses were held at the university's branch offices and consultation bases. At the beginning it was mostly people who did voluntary work in sport who completed the distance learning course “in the sense of a part-time further education”, in the 1970s and 1980s it was mainly competitive athletes. Since the Olympic cadre athletes among the competitive athletes, according to the last director of distance learning, Eckart Henker, “officially had an amateur status, they also officially did not operate as distance students, but as direct students of the DHfK branch offices”. It is assumed that around half of the 16,000 DHfK graduates obtained their degrees via distance learning. Well-known graduates of DHfK distance learning are Olaf Ludwig , Henry Maske , Roland Matthes and Jutta Müller . According to a press release from the University of Leipzig in September 2003, distance learning “was at the time an almost ideal opportunity for active competitive athletes to pursue a sporting career and professional training in parallel.”

The DHfK was also referred to by the population as the “Red University”, which, according to the assessment of Lutz Thieme , who was enrolled at the university from 1988, was due, among other things, to “the personal intervention of Walter Ulbricht” and “active public appearance by university members at demonstrations and political actions '“Was due. Thieme writes of "sometimes massive state intervention in the university until 1989". According to an assessment by Günter Erbach (from 1956 to 1963 rector of the DHfK), the university was to be classified "as the central teaching and research facility for physical culture and sport in the GDR with a worldwide impact", whose scientific structure "also set international standards". Horst Röder classified the university as a "globally recognized teaching and research facility". In a report published in 1975, the news magazine Der Spiegel called the DHfK the “nucleus of the GDR sports miracle” and the “medal laboratory” of the GDR.

International trainer training

From 1959 to 1963 several trainer courses for trainers from African countries were held at the DHfK as part of a pilot phase, and in 1964 the first official international trainer course was held in which 28 participants from eight African and Asian countries were trained. The international sporting successes of the GDR and the "growing sport-scientific results of the DHfK" ensured that many countries were interested in having instructors trained at the university. The courses were described as “demanding, practical training and further education”. In 1972 the Institute for Foreign Studies was set up, which was headed by Lothar Kalb . A total of 2,415 people from 94 countries had been trained in these courses by 1990. Kalb called the courses in his book “Sendboten Olympias: the history of foreign studies at the DHfK Leipzig” “sports science help for self-help for over 90 countries” and spoke of “solidarity with GDR sport and sport science”. After the end of the GDR and the dissolution of the DHfK, the courses were continued by the Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig and financed by the Foreign Office . According to Daniel Eckert-Lindhammer , who was responsible for the courses as Administrative Director of the International Relations Department of the Sports Science Faculty at the University of Leipzig from 2012 onwards, sports science knowledge was also imparted during the foreign courses during the DHfK times, “in order to bind partner countries and strengthen international relations. Externally, the coaching courses in Leipzig were apolitical, but in fact the sport in this case was highly political ”.

Well-known participants were the later President of the National Olympic Committee for South Africa, Sam Ramsamy , Hassan Moustafa (Chairman of the International Handball Federation), Ben Mokhtar (General Director of the Algiers Sports University) and Jorge Brancacho (Rector of the Havana Sports University).

Doping research

The DHfK was the headquarters and stronghold of the state-run forced doping system in the GDR . The research in this area was carried out by about 20 employees of the endocrinological laboratory of the Research Institute for Physical Culture and Sport, which was secret until 1989, with a total of 600 employees. From 1968 to 1972, the first experiments on the effects of anabolic steroids were undertaken as part of a pilot study with competitive athletes from the SC DHfK .

Helmut Kirchgässner contradicted the classification of the DHfK as a stronghold of anabolic steroids due to the research institute for physical culture and sport, which is closely linked to the university, both technically and locally (quoted in Brigitte Berendonk's 1991 book Doping Documents: From Research to Fraud ): “The Rector of DHfK after der Wende, Prof. Helmut Kirchgässner, has recently repeatedly emphasized that only the VCS, but not the DHfK, carried out doping and doping research on the shared campus. (...) Doping research in Leipzig was carried out exclusively at the VCS ”. Berendonk countered this in the same publication: “That is untrue. The fact is that the FKS is an inner bud of the DHfK. The head of the 'uM' topic group, who is centrally responsible for the entire doping program at the VCS, Prof. Dr. A. Lehnert, for example, was formerly prorector of the DHfK. Historically, the DHfK even seems to be the mother of anabolic doping in the GDR ”. In 2003, Kirchgässner emphasized that linking the DHfK with doping was "unrealistic and wrong". In his opinion, the DHfK was a “'normal' university” at which the subject of doping was “absolutely taboo for reasons of secrecy”. In the opinion of sports historian Michael Krüger , the DHfK “played a major role in fulfilling the state plan, a doping promotion plan of the GDR. In a sense, a decree that supporting funds should also be used to promote competitive sport ”.

Sporting successes

The sports club SC DHfK Leipzig (later SC Wissenschaft DHfK), which was formerly affiliated to the DHfK, was and is the most successful club in sports history worldwide. The association, founded in 1954, was subordinate to the rector of the DHfK. It was founded in order to bring together athletes from all over the country and prepare them for the 1956 Olympic Games. Above all in the disciplines of athletics , swimming , rowing , canoe racing , handball and cycling , athletes in this club made the world class. They won 93 Olympic medals and 136 world titles by the fall of the Berlin Wall .

After the dissolution of the DHfK

The abbreviation “DHfK” also has the water watch (OV water watch DHfK), the university sports association HSG DHfK and the DHfK carnival in the name.

In May 2003, the PDS parliamentary group submitted an application to the Saxon state parliament to initiate the establishment of the German University for Physical Culture in Leipzig by the 2005/06 academic year at the latest. This demand was justified, among other things, by the fact that the closure of the DHfK was "to be judged as a wrong decision" and the German Sport University Cologne was not in a position to carry out the "necessary tasks of sports science teaching and research for the entire federal territory". The application was rejected by the Saxon State Minister for Science and Art, Matthias Rößler , on the grounds that a new establishment of the DHfK could not be advocated for either technical or economic reasons. He argued that the sports science faculty at the University of Leipzig, founded in 1993 as a result of the winding up of the DHfK, had "developed successfully". According to Kirchgässner in 2003, a new DHfK would have "not been able to be integrated into the current university structure". The university should be understood as part of the GDR's sports system. The demand for a start-up is Kirchgässner's assessment of "unrealistic and probably to be classified as populist". Former professors and teaching staff of the DHfK complained in the years after the dissolution of the DHfK partly publications about the university, which contained "half-truths, distorted images of reality and various lies" (Rogalski), as well as "one-sided representations of tasks and achievements" of the DHfK.

Lecturers, outgoing trainers and other graduates

Foreign graduates:

Rectors

Surname Term of office
1950-1952 Joachim Lohmann
1952-1955 Günther Stiehler
1955-1956 Willi Nitschke
1956-1963 Günter Erbach
1963-1965 Heinz Schwidtmann
1965-1967 Hans Schuster
1967-1972 Günther Wonneberger
1972-1988 Günther Stiehler
1978-1987 Hans-Georg Herrmann
1987-1990 Gerhard Lehmann
07 / -12 1990 Helmut Kirchgässner

literature

  • Gerhard Lehmann et al. (Ed.): German University for Physical Culture 1950–1990. Development, function, way of working. Meyer & Meyer, Aachen et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-89899-286-2 .

Web links

Commons : German University for Physical Culture  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ sportmuseum-leipzig ( Memento from March 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ a b The DHfK: Quality mark of GDR sports and sports science. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Günther Wonneberger: German University for Physical Culture (DHfK) 1950–1990 - overview . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 14 .
  4. ↑ 1945-1990.htm. In: pursued-schueler.org. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  5. ↑ Arnd Krüger , Paul Kunath: The Development of Sports Science in the Soviet Zone and the GDR, in: W. BUSS & C. BECKER u. a. (Ed.): Sport in the Soviet Zone and the early GDR. Genesis - structures - conditions . Schorndorf: Hofmann 2001, 351 - 366.
  6. ^ Gerhard Lehmann: Academic Senate and Scientific Council . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 32 .
  7. ↑ a b c Frank Reichelt: The system of competitive sports in the GDR - representation of the structure and the structure using selected examples . Diplomica, 2001, ISBN 3-8324-2960-3 , pp. 55 f .
  8. ↑ Scientific journal of the German University for Physical Culture. WZ. 1, 1958-31 , 1990, ISSN  0457-3919 .
  9. ^ Gerhard Lehmann: Brief timetable of the DHfK. (PDF) In: The German University for Physical Culture - a university with a worldwide reputation. On the 65th anniversary of the establishment of the DHfK. Sport working group of the Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support, 2015, accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  10. ↑ a b Jochen Hinsching: East German Sports Science before and after 1990. (PDF) In: DVS-Information 4/1996. German Association for Sports Science, 1996, accessed on February 11, 2019 .
  11. ↑ a b The new profile is much broader (new Germany). December 17, 1992, accessed January 23, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Jürgen Krug: Personnel: Former Dean Professor Helmut Kirchgässner celebrated his 75th birthday on October 8, 2013 . In: Leipzig sports science contributions . S. 192-194 .
  13. ^ Rectors of the DHfK . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 12 .
  14. ↑ OLYMPICS OFFICER OF THE UNI LEIPZIG BECOMES 65. In: Universität Leipzig. October 8, 2003, accessed January 23, 2019 .
  15. ↑ a b Chronik 1990. (PDF) In: City of Leipzig. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  16. ↑ Günther Wonneberger: German University for Physical Culture (DHfK) 1950–1990 - overview . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 24 .
  17. ↑ a b Foundation of the Sports Science Faculty. (PDF) In: Universität Leipzig, issue 1/1994. Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
  18. ↑ Michael Müller: From the foundation to the liquidation crime (new Germany). Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Berndt Barth: Voilà, une dame: facets from the life and work of Erika Dienstl . Meyer & Meyer Sport, 2007, ISBN 978-3-89899-313-5 , pp. 48 .
  20. ↑ Stenographic report, 18th session, plenary minutes 12/18. (PDF) German Bundestag, March 21, 1991, accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  21. ↑ Saxon University Renewal Act, historical version was valid from July 31, 1991 to September 30, 1992. Saxon State Chancellery, accessed on February 14, 2019 .
  22. ^ Reply of the Federal Government: Coordination, expansion and priorities of sports research. (PDF) German Bundestag, June 24, 1992, accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  23. ↑ a b The German University for Physical Culture - a university with a worldwide reputation for the 65th anniversary of the establishment of the DHfK. (PDF) 2015, accessed on January 23, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Friedrich-Wilhelm Gras: An educational institution with a worldwide reputation must go. (PDF) In: Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support. Retrieved January 23, 2019 .
  25. ^ A b Horst Röder: On competitive sport research and the scientific institutions involved. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  26. ↑ 65th birthday of the DHfK in Leipzig: Handling a "serious mistake" - Thomas Fritz | torial. Retrieved on January 23, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Printed matter 12/6504: Answer of the federal government to the major question of the delegates Dr. Dorothee Wilms, Dr. Volkmar Köhler (Wolfsburg), Karl Lamers, Dr. Wolfgang Freiherr von Stetten, other MPs and the CDU / CSU parliamentary group as well as MPs Ulrich Irmer, Gerhard Schüßler, Dieter-Julius Cronenberg (Arnsberg), Wolfgang Mischnick, Gerhart Rudolf Baum, Marita Sehn, Arno Schmidt (Dresden), Dr. Bruno Menzel, Dr. Sigrid Semper, Dr. Margret Funke-Schmitt-Rink, Jörg van Essen, Dr. Olaf Feldmann and the FDP parliamentary group (PDF) In: http://dipbt.bundestag.de/ . German Bundestag, December 22, 1993, accessed on January 23, 2019 .
  28. ↑ Preface . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 9 .
  29. ↑ Günter Schnabel: 50 years of the Institute for Movement Studies at the DHfK . In: Leipzig sports science contributions . tape 48 (2007) 1 , pp. 98-115 .
  30. ↑ November 1989: On the way to athletic unity (5). In: German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB). November 11, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
  31. ↑ a b Federal Labor Court ruling v. 07.09.1995, Az .: 8 AZR 658/93. In: jurion.de. Wolters Kluwer Deutschland GmbH, accessed on February 14, 2019 .
  32. ↑ a b ULRICH WILLE: Sport in the GDR. (PDF) In: Contributions to the history of sport, issue 11. 2000, accessed on February 11, 2019 .
  33. ↑ a b Norbert Rogalski: Dr. Karsten Schumann: Always connected to his former university, the DHfK . January 2016.
  34. ↑ 50 years ago - the research center was founded at the DHfK. (PDF) In: Contributions to the history of sports on 22nd 2006, accessed on 10 February 2019 .
  35. ↑ a b Publications on the German University of Physical Culture (DHfK) Leipzig - Annotated incomplete bibliography -. (PDF) In: The German University for Physical Culture - a university with a worldwide reputation. On the 65th anniversary of the establishment of the DHfK. Sport working group of the Society for Legal and Humanitarian Support, 2015, accessed on February 10, 2019 .
  36. ↑ DIE ZEIT (archive): Breeding institute for sport idols? In: The time . November 21, 2012, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed February 10, 2019]).
  37. ↑ a b c Norbert Rogalski: Distance learning at DHfK - a success story - Also a model for competitive sports today? - . In: Freundeskreis der Sport-Seniors Berlin, GRH, Sport work group (ed.): Experienced sport history - then and now . Berlin 2017.
  38. ↑ a b Volker Schulte: RETURN OF SPORTY FAMOUS. In: University of Leipzig. September 11, 2003, accessed February 11, 2019 .
  39. ^ Editing of Neues Deutschland: "We had to leave as a competitor" (Neues Deutschland). Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
  40. ↑ Lutz Thieme: Review: German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950 - 1990 . In: Leipzig sports science contributions . tape 49 (2008) 1 , 2008, pp. 167-170 .
  41. ↑ : Move yourselves, carry on . In: Der Spiegel . tape 44 , October 27, 1975 ( spiegel.de [accessed February 10, 2019]).
  42. ↑ a b c d Jürgen Krug & Daniel Eckert-Lindhammer: 50 years of the International Trainer Course (ITK) - a success story with a lot of future . In: Leipzig sports science contributions . tape 55 (2014) 2 , pp. 83-87 .
  43. ↑ GB International Relations (ITK). In: Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  44. ^ Gerhard Lehmann: Brief timetable of the DHfK. (PDF) In: grh-ev.org. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  45. ↑ Friedrich-Wilhelm Gras: An educational institution with a worldwide reputation must go. (PDF) Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  46. ↑ Lothar Kalb: Sendboten Olympias: The history of foreign studies at the DHfK Leipzig . Leipziger Uni-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-86583-241-2 , p. 44 .
  47. ^ Information from the Federal Government: 9th Sports Report of the Federal Government; 9.3 Sports Relations with Third World Countries. (PDF) German Bundestag, October 26, 1999, accessed on February 14, 2019 .
  48. ↑ Team - International trainer courses. In: Faculty of Sports Science, International Relations Division at the University of Leipzig. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  49. ^ Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com): Trainer "Made in Saxony" | DW | 07/20/2015. Retrieved February 10, 2019 .
  50. ↑ Leipzig Marx Relief: Charly is back at the university , Der Spiegel , August 18, 2008
  51. ^ Brigitte Berendonk : Doping. From research to fraud. rororo, Reinbek 1992, ISBN 3-499-18677-2 , p. 113
  52. ↑ See Uwe Müller / Grit Hartmann: Forward and forget! Cadres, informers and accomplices - The dangerous legacy of the SED dictatorship , Berlin 2009, p. 212.
  53. ^ A b Kaderschmiede The German University for Physical Culture in Leipzig: Doping and the end , MDR
  54. ^ A b Brigitte Berendonk: "Doping Documents: From Research to Fraud" . Springer-Verlag, 1991, ISBN 3-540-53742-2 , pp. 96 .
  55. ↑ a b "We are ready to help shape" . In: Journal. Communications and reports for family members and friends of the University of Leipzig . Issue 5/2003, 2003.
  56. ↑ Due date - May 17, 1952: Laying of the foundation stone for the "German University of Physical Culture". In: Westdeutscher Rundfunk. May 17, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2019 .
  57. ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH: Sports City Leipzig: Fall from Olympus . August 4, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  58. ↑ process no. 8559: New establishment of the German University for Physical Culture and Sport (DHfK) in Leipzig; Response PDS May 28, 2003 Drs 3/8559. In: Saxon State Parliament: Parliamentary Documents. Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
  59. ↑ process no. 8559: New establishment of the German University for Physical Culture and Sport (DHfK) in Leipzig; Positions SMWK 06/19/2003 Drs 3/8559. In: Saxon State Parliament: Parliamentary Documents. Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
  60. ↑ Preface . In: Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950-1990 . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 10 .
  61. ↑ Gerhard Lehmann, Lothar Kalb, Norbert Rogalski, Detlev Schröter and Günther Wonneberger (eds.): German University for Physical Culture Leipzig 1950–1990 - Development, Function, Working Method - . Meyer & Meyer, Aachen 2007, ISBN 978-3-8403-0034-9 , pp. 12 .

Coordinates: 51 ° 20 ′ 24 ″  N , 12 ° 21 ′ 6 ″  E