Discipline

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Discipline is a mediation process that should lead to self-discipline . In the traditional sense, discipline is associated with punishments or threats ; it is also a means of power . In practical pedagogical application it should change the inner attitude and lead to convincing behavior . During socialization , she ensures discipline and integration in social formations . In the penal system, it acts as an incentive to rehabilitate the prisoner . Interpersonal relationships are disciplined by gender-specific rules of conduct . In economics , one speaks of a restraint of competition when the price and quality of one's own performance are not subject to the discipline of a market rival. The confidence in parliamentary democracies sometimes an instrument of government to discipline the MPs. Totalitarian and dictatorial states put their power to good use by closely disciplining their officials . The discipline within the military is aimed at increasing combat readiness and conducting orderly battles .

The basics of modern disciplining measures and systems as well as the practical application of disciplining techniques can be traced back to the philosophers Michel Foucault and Theodor W. Adorno .

differentiation

The distinction between discipline and discipline lies in the nature of the terms. Even the definition of discipline reaches the limits of clarity, because it includes the areas from self-discipline to obedience . It is found in discipline and order, and in self-control , and is understood as a personal virtue . It is also reflected in “Breeding and Measure”. "Breeding is closely related to pulling, raising and educating and quickly slips into the term punishment . The word measure has also increasingly changed into a qualitative meaning and is no longer recognized as something that is “coming and corresponding”. These two words stand in the following sense for " temperantia ", as the virtue of discipline and measure ". Discipline is thus a personal, self-related quality that is experienced, learned and acquired.

In disciplining, measures are used that in the original sense lead to discipline, or establish or renew it. Before that, however, there must have been a lack of discipline or the absence of any discipline. The anti-authoritarian upbringing of earlier times rejected forms of discipline, the result was a de-discipline. This means that where there are no basic disciplines, there can be no discipline.

Foucault and Adorno

When Michel Foucault (1926–1984) and Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) analyze the disciplining techniques, similarities are unmistakable. Their views are related to the suppression of their own nature . Foucault calls them self-techniques. “The human body enters a machine of power that penetrates, dissects and reassembles it. [...] In this way, discipline fabricates subjugated and trained bodies, docile and docile bodies [...], while the compulsion to discipline links together increased suitability and deeper submission in the body [...]. "The agreement between the two analyzes is right at the beginning, namely with the fact of a rational discipline. In Foucault's work, the power of punishment is equivalent to the power type of discipline. The body, as Foucault writes in Surveillance and Punishment , is no longer tortured as it was in the times of the sovereign ; The mind is to be controlled by disciplining the body. It should become "flesh and blood" for the modern subject. Adorno, like Foucault and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), describes the internalization of this in the suppression of its own nature, which the subject accepts because it is not evident; in Adorno's word: the “delusion context”. Foucault also clearly has his repressive hypothesis as a deception to be revealed. “In the 17th and 18th centuries, an important phenomenon emerged: the appearance - or rather the invention - of a new power mechanism with very special processes, completely new instruments and completely different apparatus [...] This new power mechanism initially relates to the Body and more on what they do […]. ”Furthermore, there was agreement between Foucoult and Ardono in the definition of the techniques required for discipline, and furthermore there was agreement in that the discipline and order conveyed by the “ Integration ” through which society is monitored and wanted. Foucault, who, like Adorno, begins with terminology and reason, analyzes the power of discipline on the basis of historical development. "There are 2 major revolutions in the technology of power: the rediscovery of discipline and the discovery of regulation (here of population growth), the perfecting of an anatomical policy and that of a bio-policy."

Methods of disciplining in education

In pedagogy, the theory and practice of education and upbringing for children and young people, discipline should lead to discipline as a mediation process. Discipline must not only be enforced with sanctions or their threats, it should rather lead to a change in the inner attitude.

overview

  • In addition to the task of upbringing, Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (1746–1827) , for example, “is decisive in leading out of the natural over the social to the moral state”.
  • Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) understands the process of developing discipline as a connection between upbringing and education . His doctrine of education represents the path of the "incarnation" starting from nature , which requires discipline, to freedom .
  • The Montessori sees the discipline and discipline, two different contents, which sometimes be equated and confused. It also says: “Discipline means learning, not adapting. Learning is the essence of the discipline. Learning why you should come to dinner on time, rest at the right time, etc. is learning about the order in life ... We call a person disciplined when he is in control of himself and consequently can rule over himself wherever there is one To observe the rule of life ".
  • The method of disciplining according to Ernst Ergenzinger consists in not constantly warning and threatening disruptive students in the classroom, but instead discussing their private conversation and showing the students options for action in this situation.
  • In alternative schools , the method of disciplining does not use any means of coercion. It is based on understanding, insight and reason . Conflicts among children and adults create rules and boundaries that can be changed. Among the non-violent disciplinary measures with students one doubt the grading , the action of the youth in the statement is based, to come into a large dependence of notes by highly subjective judging teachers. "Many poorly graded young people see themselves as victims of the teachers' whims or whims and see grades as a means of discipline."

Social discipline

“Social discipline is a more or less violent influencing of population groups in the interest of a state and its policy to guide the population with the aim of achieving political goals. These goals can lie in maintaining the internal order of a state or a community of states or in foreign policy intentions. The possibilities of social discipline are diverse and range from tax collections to maintenance payments. The use of open violence is the sharpest means of social discipline and takes place when other means are no longer available or are ineffective. ”The clearest feature of radical social discipline towards a population group can be found in the Chinese one-child policy .

history

The servants' ordinances , which originated in the early modern era , provided rules for disciplining servants . It began with the Augsburg Police Regulations of 1530, with which the maximum wage and servants' certificates were introduced. The whereabouts and reporting requirements of the employees were also determined later . This was the state attempt to discipline the youth and at the same time to support the patriarchal rule that was allowed to practice domestic discipline. The practical methods of social disciplining and interventions in prison public execution belonged to the criminal violence in the form of Betzekämmerchen , kennel, kennel or cage fools. These measures served - according to the severity of the acts - solely to discipline the citizens.

Social descent

A particularly harsh method of discipline includes groups that stand out due to their type of employment . The affected workers believe they are constantly admonished and plan a " social decline ", by unemployment can be caused significant anxiety . They are not permanently employed, have contract worker status and find no integration approach; they are controlled socially by a mode of rule. "Instead of an involvement that was not exclusively, but essentially based on material and democratic participation, there are forms of integration in which the subtle effect of market-based disciplinary measures is significantly enhanced". The discipline of the workforce - that by the market , which in turn is regulated by supply and demand - can functionalize a multitude of hopes , fears and traditions in a rich society .

Gender differences

In many cultural areas , women enjoy a prominent role as mother , as they represent the “bearer of life”. You see her as a source of strength for society and yet she was and is excluded from some works. Even if one emphasizes the wife and mother through solemn Mother's Day , the idea of emancipation lags behind reality. With regard to discipline, women always stood between the moral and social demands of societies. “Moral behavior, self-control and self-compulsion in the sense of systematic discipline were the positive values ​​that were undisputed in the bourgeois world of the sex-hostile century. The repression of sexuality culminated in the fact that chastity was declared to be the most sacred good of women - and even little girls were brought up to deal with their bodies in a manner hostile to pleasure. "

Forced marriage

“Forced marriage is not a cultural or religious phenomenon, but the result of a patriarchal social or family structure. Forced marriage deprives the person concerned of the right to self-determination and thus violates the right to free marriage, which is anchored in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (Article 6, Paragraph 1). A forced marriage is also often associated with other forms of violence, such as B. verbal, psychological and / or sexual violence [...] Therefore, the interpretation suggests that the fear of loss of honor is used as a means to enforce decisions, to maintain the balance of power in the family and to discipline the daughters. "

- Ada shelter

The disciplining of marriageable children - this is not just a measure related to the daughters - has a cultural - ethnic background. Parents do not want to lose their children to different societies. In Germany based, is "to assume that these parents often hold due to lack of familiarity with the social and legal practices in Germany to their familiar practice from home in Germany." Even the rebellion, even the attempt, against the ordered marriage leads in many cases to disciplinary measures that strive for the goal of subordination. "Otherwise, the victims of forced marriage, usually women, will be forced to remain in social isolation and oppression, and sometimes to remain in a marriage characterized by massive violence ."

sexuality

The sexuality plays in the social power relations a crucial role, "on the one hand it serves to discipline the human body and on the other the reproductive " (see: sexuality dispositive by Foucault). Thus, "sexuality is constituted as physical behavior that is accessible to discipline techniques, on the other hand, due to the procreation associated with it, biological processes of the population are ascribed to it". Sex life is also a desire for pleasure and satisfaction that is not subject to any discipline in connection with love , passion and desire . "Because a person's sexual life affects or even interferes with the rights and concerns of fellow human beings (which is not only true for procreation), this area of ​​interpersonal relationships needs to be organized through social agreements." Men and women have the desire for sexual desires, they want to live out their erotic dreams. At the same time, they wonder how they can convey it to their partner in order to be able to live it out. The answer is sexual discipline: “Discipline rituals offer sex partners the opportunity to test out erotic tendencies and break their own taboos . Tolerance and respect are an unwritten basis of sexual discipline, it is not abnormal, it is just different and can lead to physical and emotional satisfaction and a new dimension of pleasure in the partnership. "The sexual partners, heterosexual , bisexual and homosexual , have understood that having an old mode of superiority and submission does not make you happy. But these partnerships are also about power issues; and despite all the difficulties, there has been change. The discipline arises from the social ideas and social framework conditions, they influence how the partners treat each other.

Penal system

In Germanic times, violations of the law led to private vengeance , while serious misconduct resulted in disregard or peace . With the growth of a state penal system, feuds and blood revenge were pushed back, in particular due to the civil peace legislation, and replaced by penance. The penal system in the Middle Ages and early modern times was cruel and extremely harsh. For example, so-called spinning houses were built in the 16th century , which usually housed women who were impoverished, begged or accused of engaging in prostitution . The name refers to the activity of spinning that the imprisoned women had to do. The imposed work was intended to serve discipline, since the underlying purpose of the institutions was the idea of rehabilitation rather than punishment. Spinning houses are seen as the beginning of modern penal systems. Until the 18th century were facilities such as Betzekämmerchen , also known as kennel, kennel and cage fool named term for social discipline and prison. Modern times were Betzekämmerchen to the Early widespread arrived since the era of the Enlightenment gradually into disuse and the Napoleonic were within the scope of 1810 Criminal Code abolished. In the 18th century, especially during the Enlightenment, a number of penal codes were created; they formed the basis for a personnel-related punishment that was implemented in the penal system.

The execution of sentences, today the penal system, shifted to prisons and required rules of conduct from the prisoners. If these are violated, disciplinary measures apply within the prison. “ There are five holding cells in the Bochum prison . It's much tougher there than in the normal cells. The arrest is intended for those who have violated the house rules particularly seriously or repeatedly in prison. They are supposed to be disciplined there. Anyone who has to go into this tight cell needs strong nerves - to endure anything at all. In the 'detention cell', as it is officially called, it is terribly bleak. This is also intended by the penal system, because those who are put there for a few days should be disciplined because they have massively violated the house rules. "

Patriarchal basics

The patriarchal influences on social developments were already mentioned when the forced marriage was discussed. Max Weber (1864–1920) classifies patriarchy as a personal form of traditional rule based on violence and obedience and declares that all relations of rule arise through socialization and social conditions.

“In the case of house authority, age-old natural situations are the source of a belief in authority based on piety. For all those subject to the house, the specifically close, personal, permanent coexistence in the house with its inner and outer community of fate. For the housewife woman the normal superiority of the physical and mental resilience of the man. "

- Max Weber

For example, the farming families of the Middle Ages were characterized by authority and dependence. They were in a certain state born, the specific behavior and habits. The woman was subordinate to the man, but could dominate the household to a certain extent. "If, however, they allowed their husbands to boss themselves around, [...] measures such as the" Haberfeld drift "were available to discipline them."

According to the Christian understanding, the maintenance and enlargement of the house was in the foreground in the middle of the 16th century. The “whole house” in the sense of the social group of relationships , interaction and belonging, including the family, comes under patriarchal rule. The man as the head of the household is responsible for the satisfaction of basic needs and for the health of the household members. With this requirement there is an emphasis on the superior position of the patriarch, to the fulfillment of his tasks the father figure of the Old Testament was used. "The householder the function of disciplining his subordinates is expressly attributed to [...] also the host was confronted with a comprehensive catalog of virtues." When disciplining way was it the practical handling of the house breeding are available that grant him exhortations, warnings and punishment in prescribed dimensions .

In addition to the domestic-patriarchal discipline, a stately industrialization developed in parallel , the company owner took over, similar to the father of a family, a welfare and poor relief that was characterized by the application of discipline and supervision. The domestic workers and factory workers were strictly controlled and their lives were dictated to them. The so-called " provisional " performed their tasks completely independently and had extensive decision-making powers. "Here Christian patriarchal forms of care and charity were combined with the social disciplining strategies of capitalist society."

Discipline within the military

After the defeat in the Battle of Long Island in 1776, George Washington (1732–1799) withdrew his troops in order to reorganize them to recover and reunite forces. Uniform disciplinary and organizational structures did not exist. Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1730–1794), who served as a German officer under Washington, gathered the available forces in Valley Forge , introduced discipline, renewed the organization and practiced the firefight of an army . His first great success was on June 28, 1778 in the Battle of Monmouth , in which he was able to keep the British forces at a distance. That was the hour of birth of military discipline, with which one achieved success through discipline and order.

Prussia

In the Prussian forces of everyday life consisted mainly of drill , training and drill . According to contemporary usage, the soldiers were not trained, but “trained”. “The main purpose of the compulsory military system was to discipline the soldiers . Draconic punishments like running the gauntlet , which could also be fatal, were the order of the day. The soldiers were drilled into automatons which, on command, had to carry out various hand movements according to rhythm and pace . In battle they acted as cogs in a whole. With a few meters of visibility in the smoke of the rifles and the unwinding of the daily exercises they had no leeway or opportunity to distinguish themselves through personal bravery. ”With the soldier king Friedrich Wilhelm I (1688–1740), discipline became the main characteristic of militarism . The huge army - and for the first time a standing army - symbolized the power of the king. “And the military is changing the character of the country. Discipline and order develop into the new dominant culture, the soldier proliferates in everyday life. The soldiers are quartered in town houses , even when they are not on duty they have to wear a military coat , hat or necktie and the whole uniform on Sundays . The military clothing, identical everywhere, the same commands everywhere and the unconditional obedience to the supreme command of the king arouse the feeling of belonging to a state in the people for the first time - especially among the rural subjects, who until now have been subordinate to their landlord . "

“Soldier discipline can certainly not be created through criminal law. It is shaped from the spirit and will to live of the people and from their soldier skills. It needs to be cultivated by the constant living example of the military leaders and every single man. But it must be protected against the unworthy. The strict requirements of a soldier's life must be enforced with the necessary severity against any kind of human error. Military life does not show any consideration for the individual. "

- Eberhard Schmidt

armed forces

In the “Educational Measures” decree, which is valid in the Bundeswehr , it says for the “purpose and significance”: “Educational measures serve to train soldiers. Soldier education is part of contemporary leadership . It is based on the principles of Inner Guidance with the model of the citizen in uniform . Their yardstick is the values ​​and norms of the Basic Law and the duties and rights of the soldiers laid down in the Soldiers Act ... Soldier education shapes the self-image of the soldiers and enables them to fulfill their mission out of conviction - even under the special stresses of deployment ... Soldier education works primarily through the personal example of superiors , through instruction, encouragement, recognition, but also through admonition, reprimand and reprimand. ”Disciplinary measures are applied in the Bundeswehr according to the military disciplinary code. It regulates the appreciation of special achievements through formal recognition and the punishment of service offenses through disciplinary measures. Both the educational measures and the disciplinary measures serve essentially to establish and maintain discipline. With the threat of these disciplinary measures, the soldiers should be made aware of the sanctions they face in the event of an infringement.

Animal education and training

The methods of training animals, other than domestic animals , have been and are often used with the use of force. In animal training in the circus and partly in zoological gardens, in addition to praise, confusion, and coercive measures are used as an educational method to force a certain behavior or a trained movement. With these disciplining methods, the animals should become eager and attentive, as well as be challenged to special performances. Bad behavior should be brought under control and strengthen the conditioned behavior of the animal.

The modern, species-appropriate disciplining of animals, especially dogs, is in contrast to the forceful methods used in the 19th century. “Strong compulsion was an integral part of dog training for decades. In the 70s the whip was no longer in use, but the traditional view of using a spiked collar or an endless chain strangler and disciplining by shaking the neck fur was often used as a guide . ”Today, dogs are disciplined towards a pack concept . This includes four elements, adapted to the respective age of the dog: benevolent consistency (a dog never freaks out the way people do when dealing with each other or with dogs), educational taboo (blocking without hitting), species-appropriate discipline and educational play .

In horse training, “the reprimands should be designed as horse-friendly as possible, that is, based on the natural social behavior in the herd . The question of how a horse of a higher rank would behave in the situation to be corrected in order to achieve a solution helps. "

Script, language and mass media

With the invention of writing in the middle of the 4th millennium BC, the most important prerequisite for the emergence of a high culture was created. This event coincided with the settling down of the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia . It developed into a system of signs with which a language can be recorded and made legible. The further development of writing then led in the cultural history of mankind from pictorial writing to word and syllabary writing to letter writing . The language developed over the millennia as an expression of feelings , volitions and thoughts to articulated sounds. Eventually it became the most important means of communication for humans. An art of language developed that allows us to give lectures , to convey stories and to spread news from an artistic point of view . The artistic freedom allows the language to be lived out, while word forms and techniques are essential in technical language . In both cases developments did not proceed without rules and regulations. The language regulations established contain forms of discipline.

Mass media are means of communication for distributing content to the public , media for communication with a large number of people. The mass media include both the traditional printed media (now specifically called print media, e.g. newspapers , magazines , posters , leaflets ) and electronic media ( radio , television and online services ). Targeted discipline is in the early stages; recently the so-called electronic social networks ( Facebook , Twitter and others) have been encouraged - and reinforced by threats of sanctions - to contribute to the discipline in their forums ; this is the discipline of the mass media. The mass media also use disciplinary measures to influence consumers . The aim of these new media is to “discipline perception”; so with the introduction of a new medium existing media, and the bodies of are recipients disciplined, creating new possibilities of perception and knowledge dissemination can occur [...] Even with the introduction of radio and television also temporal and spatial disciplining of the recipients will be held, which also has a strong has a social component.

Sport as an object of discipline

Sport is the totality of all physical exercises and games , its origin lies in ancient Greece . But sport was also practiced in other countries in ancient times. In the Middle Ages, sport faded into the background and only experienced a revival in the 18th and 19th centuries. Now it gained more and more importance and also became of political interest for state systems.

As early as the German Empire , sport was used as a tool for educational, regulatory and health policy. By 1933, the German gymnastics and sports clubs had over 8 million members, compared with the workers' sports associations (e.g. BSG company sports association and denominational sports clubs (e.g. DJK sports association )) with significantly fewer members . In 1933 the Nazi regime smashed all workers and denominational sports associations. Sport was only practiced under political control or in Nazi organizations. The SA and the Reich Labor Service carried out paramilitary exercises called "military sport", while the Nazi organization Kraft durch Freude were responsible for popular sport. The National Socialist Reich Association for Physical Exercise organized club and competitive sports for adults, to which the SS also opened up . Young people trained in the Hitler Youth , where physical exercise was a duty, as one HJ slogan put it: "Your body belongs to your nation, because you owe your existence to it, you are responsible for your body."

In the 20th century, sport emerged as a class struggle ; the “ capitalist ” and the “ Marxist ” idea of ​​sport faced each other. From the point of view of Marxism, sport aims at physical culture, while under capitalism sport serves the interests of the ruling class. “The Marxist criticism interpreted sport as a social instrument of discipline, with the help of which people are“ fit ”for the exploitation interests of capitalism, i. H. to be made compliant objects of exploitation. "

review

The critics will complain that the framework for discipline has not been clearly defined. In addition, they believe that some personality traits will be missing or not covered in detail. A clear demarcation is not possible, because the subject of discipline takes place in many living spaces , and it would be an exaggeration to claim that it takes place in all social and personal environments. There is also advertising , manipulation and propaganda to be mentioned. In these areas, too, an attempt is made to discipline the persons concerned to a certain behavior or an opinion. Ultimately, the state-controlled discipline of civil servants and citizens also has great potential to lead and influence people.

On the subject of discipline it could be said that “the scientific train of thought consists in breaking down an event into cause and consequence in order to formulate a rule , indeed a law , from the connections that may have been found . If such a law is available and if this law is good, that is, if it enables successful applications, then problem situations can usually be influenced in the long term in the desired sense, and even 'solved' under certain circumstances. "

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

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