Rustication (architecture)

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Upper floor: rustication; lower floor: rustica. Florence, Palazzo Medici Riccardi

The surface of a structural member is called rusticated if it is structured by strong joints or bands , usually in connection with roughening, so that the impression of "peasant" coarseness is created ( opus rusticum , peasant work). As Rustika (f) is called coarse, rough-faced masonry made of stones breaking or hump (so-called Bossenwerk ). The usage of the language is not uniform. The word rustica is used both to denote rustica in the narrower sense (rough, joint-accentuated, also embossed fair-faced masonry) and rustication (joint accentuation and / or banding of smooth exposed masonry or plastered facades), or as a synonym only for rustication.

Word origin

The word rustify or rustify is derived from rustic (Latin opera rustica , rural work), and means “provided with a rusticated surface”.

Translations:

language Word forms
German Rustika rustify (rustify) Band rustics (band rustics)
English rustication to rusticate banded rustication
French le bugnato
Italian il bugnato rustico il bugnato liscio
Spanish el almohadillado almohadillar

Rustication

When the joints between the layers of exposed or plastered masonry reach a striking thickness, the masonry is referred to as rustified.

The actual or (in the case of plaster masonry) simulated stone layers form horizontal bands. Correspondingly strong joints also have a band-forming effect, especially when they take up the space of an entire stone layer, so that the impression is created as if every second stone layer has been left out. Rustication can therefore be a variant of banding.

Due to the structure of the ribbons , rusticated structural members are also referred to as banded , although the term banding also includes other forms of appearance.

Rustica ( bosswork ) and rusticated exposed masonry differ in the face of the stones that make up the masonry. In the case of Rustika, the end faces are very roughly hewn and simulate an almost unworked condition. With rusticated masonry, the end faces are more or less flat and have a clearly recognizable processing. Typically, the transitions are fluid, but are also often used as a style element, such as the characteristic style of the Italian Renaissance palazzi with coarse masonry in the lower area and smooth in the upper area. This applies to real natural stone masonry as well as imitation plaster .

Bandrustika

Bandrustika: Nideggen , Former Gasthaus Zur Post

Ribbon rustics are a special form of rusting. Ribbon rustics are plaster surfaces that are divided into continuous plaster strips by joints. The linguistic usage is not uniform, however, both terms are also used synonymously for rusticated surfaces in which the plaster strips are not continuous.

Rustication and tape rustication differ in the vertical joints that are missing in tape rustication. Apart from the inconsistent use of language, in borderline cases, e.g. B. For narrow pillars, use both terms side by side.

Plate rustics

Plate rustics: Siena , Palazzo Spannocchi

The flat variety of rustica is called slab rustica or stone cut ashlar. The cuboids are flat and smooth on their front side (mirror cuboids) and only separated from one another by joints, or the masonry is clad with panels on the outside.

This variant is less related to the rusticated bosom than to wall cladding with marble slabs ( incrustation ), as has been handed down from antiquity and the Proto-Renaissance . Modern natural stone facades can also be executed as slab rustics.

Corner rustication

With corner rustication, rustication is limited to the corners of a building. In rare cases it consists of stone. More often the corners are brought into the desired shape with plaster profiles or painting or sgraffito techniques are used.

Usage and structural members

Rustication was a popular stylistic device in architecture during the Renaissance , Mannerism , Neo-Renaissance and Historicism .

It was mainly used for facades and could extend to the whole facade, to individual floors or to individual structural elements of a facade ( pilaster strips , corner pilaster strips , pilasters , blind columns, window and door frames).

In addition to facades and facade elements, free structural elements such as B. pillars and columns rusticated.

See also

literature

  • Wolf Stadler (overall management): Lexicon of Art: Painting, Architecture, Sculpture . Volume 6, Leipzig 2004.
  • Glossary . In: Ulrich Fürst: School of Seeing - New Media in Art History: Introduction to Renaissance and Baroque Architecture . Online without place and year [1] .
  • To the plate rustics . In: Ulrich Fürst: School of Seeing - New Media in Art History: Introduction to Renaissance and Baroque Architecture . Online without place and year [2] .

Web links

Commons : Bosswork  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "rustication ( opus rusticum . Bäur work) ... masonry fracture or hump stones." Koepf, Hans: Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Stuttgart 1974
  2. ↑ In general dictionaries, encyclopedias and encyclopedias and art reference works, the keyword rustica is explained on a case-by-case basis, but the terms rustication and rusticated (in the architectural sense) are not taken into account. The same is true for band rustics and band rustics . The presentation given here relates to the usual use of the terms in art historical literature. In the Lit. Lexicon of Art , the word rusticated is used in context under the keyword Rustika , but not defined.
  3. ↑ See glossary , keyword Rustika .
  4. ↑ See Lit. Glossary , keyword Rustika .
  5. ↑ Partly copied verbatim from the section " Plattenrustika" in Lit. Online course by Ulrich Fürst .
  6. ^ Helmut Gebhard: Farmhouses in Bavaria . Hugendubel, Munich 1999, ISBN 978-3-89631-369-0 , pp. 380 .