Séralini affair

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The controversy surrounding the publication, withdrawal and republication of a study by the molecular biologist Gilles-Éric Séralini is called the Séralini affair .

The Séralini affair began in September 2012 with the publication of a study carried out by a group led by Gilles-Éric Séralini. It was a feeding study in which rats were fed Roundup -resistant maize from Monsanto and the herbicide Roundup itself. According to Séralini and co-workers, the study showed that Roundup-resistant maize and Roundup themselves are carcinogenic . The study was widely criticized in academia. The criticism related to both the research design and Séralini's interpretations of the results. The study was also rejected by many regulatory agencies. Other publicly funded long-term studies showed no negative health effects from Roundup-resistant maize or Roundup.

The journal Food and Chemical Toxicology , in which the study was published, withdrew it about a year later, in November 2013, on the grounds of serious deficiencies, after the author refused to withdraw it himself. On June 24, 2014, the study was republished in the journal Environmental Sciences Europe .

In parts of the scientific community, not only Séralini's scientific work was criticized, but also his dealings with the public.

background

Gilles-Eric Séralini is Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Caen . He is President of the Scientific Council of the Comité de recherche et d'information indépendantes sur le génie génétique (CRII-GEN), which he co-founded , which claims to conduct independent research on genetic engineering and its effects. Séralini founded CRII-GEN because, in his opinion , the existing studies on the safety of genetically modified organisms are often flawed.

In 2004 Monsanto applied for approval of the transgenic maize variety MON863 in the European Union . As a result, there was considerable controversy about the quality of the registration studies. Séralini, who was on the committee that examined MON863 on behalf of the French government, was one of the protagonists of this controversy.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended the approval of MON863 in 2004. The EFSA report showed that there had been certain changes in the blood count and kidneys of the test animals in Monsanto's registration study . Thereupon Greenpeace sued for the data to be released. Monsanto refused, citing trade secrets. In 2005 a German court ruled that the data should be released. Referring to the now known data, Séralini and other critics questioned the concept of substantial equivalence on which the regulatory authorities rely when assessing the risk of genetically modified foods. Abandoning this concept would make the approval of genetically modified foods considerably more difficult.

Séralini's previous studies

In 2007, Séralini and two other authors published a study funded by Greenpeace, which was based on data from the Monsanto registration study.

The authors concluded that MON863 caused a number of health problems in rats. It is necessary to conduct experimental studies over a period of time longer than 90 days in order to evaluate the safety of the maize variety, since organ damage usually takes a longer period of time. Greenpeace quoted the study in a press release and called for MON863 to be completely withdrawn from the world market. In addition, a thorough review of the test methods was required.

As a result of this study, EFSA undertook an extensive re-evaluation of MON863. EFSA concluded that the changes in the blood count and kidneys of the test animals were not significant. and that the study used incorrect statistical methods. The French Commission du Génie Biomoléculaire (AFBV) was also critical of the study. The joint Australian and New Zealand regulatory authorities concluded that all statistical differences in the data were within normal biological variance.

In 2009 the Séralini group published another study examining the three transgenic maize varieties NK603 , MON810 and MON863 . The authors came to the conclusion that all three maize varieties caused damage to the liver, kidneys and hearts of the test animals (rats). According to EFSA, however, the study data did not allow such conclusions. The agency criticized that many of the statistical shortcomings of the previous 2007 study also applied to this new study. The French Haut Conseil des biotechnologies (HCB) also completely rejected Séralini's conclusions. The HCB also questioned Seralini's independence. The joint Australian and New Zealand regulatory authorities concluded that the results of the study were random.

A meta-study conducted in 2011 under the direction of Séralini came to the conclusion that genetically modified foods had negative effects on the livers and kidneys of laboratory animals. The demand for long-term approval studies was raised again.

The 2012 study

The long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize published in 2012 by Séralini et alii is titled Long-term toxicity of a round-up herbicide and a round-up resistant genetically modified maize variety . The study was published in the peer-reviewed journal Food and Chemical Toxicology . It is a two-year feeding study on the effects of the Roundup-resistant maize variety NK603 produced by Monsanto, with rats as test animals. The abstract of the study reads:

"The health effects of a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize (from 11% in the diet), cultivated with or without Roundup, and Roundup alone (from 0.1 ppb in water), were studied 2 years in rats. In females, all treated groups died 2-3 times more than controls, and more rapidly. This difference was visible in 3 male groups fed GMOs. All results were hormone and sex dependent, and the pathological profiles were comparable. "

(The health effects of Roundup-resistant genetically modified corn (11% in diet) grown with or without Roundup, and Roundup alone (0.1 ppb in water) were studied in rats over a period of two years. All females of the experimental groups died faster and two to three times more often than the females of the control groups. In the males, this difference occurred in three experimental groups. All results were dependent on hormones and sex, the pathological findings were comparable.)

Scientific evaluation

The study, published in 2012, was widely criticized. Several aspects were criticized here. The strain of rats (Sprague-Dawley) used by Séralini has a life expectancy of about three years, which is well beyond the length of the study, and is highly susceptible to cancer. The probability that the animals in Séralini's study would eventually develop cancer in a “natural” way would be high from the outset. The standard procedure according to the scientific consensus defined by the OECD guidelines to control this statistical noise would have required each group to be populated with at least 20 animals. Séralini tested 10 animals from different groups.

Tom Sanders from King's College London criticized the fact that the study did not provide any information on the feeding and growth rates of the rats. The nutritionist Marion Nestle was critical of the study. The biologist Maurice Moloney accused the authors of suggestive imaging of the study, which showed many images of animals with tumors, but none of animals without tumors.

The study was investigated and rejected by many regulators and licensing authorities. Reiner Wittkowski , Vice President of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , judged: "The study has weaknesses in both design and statistical analysis, so that the conclusions of the authors are incomprehensible." In a joint report by the three relevant Canadian regulatory authorities, significant shortcomings are identified identified in the design, implementation and reporting. The French Food Safety Authority, the Belgian Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Denmark's Technical University , the joint licensing authority of Australia and New Zealand, the Brazilian National Technical Commission for Biosafety, and EFSA came to similar conclusions . The EFSA comes to the conclusion that the poor quality of the study does not allow it to be used for safety assessments.

Six French academies of science (agriculture, medicine, pharmacy, science, technology and veterinary science) issued a joint statement condemning the study and the publication body. The study was described as an academic "non-event".

The European Federation of Biotechnology, an organization of which Monsanto is a member, called for the study to be withdrawn. The organization spoke of a dangerous failure in the peer review process.

Replies

Séralini defended the design of the study, the interpretation of the results and the way it was published. Séralini was supported by the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER), of which CRII-GEN is a member. ENSSER accused Séralini's opponents of applying double standards and stressed that Séralini was only the bearer of bad news. A comparative study of rat feeding studies with genetically modified maize came to the conclusion that neither the manufacturer studies on which the EFSA's declaration of safety for genetically modified maize varieties was based, nor the Séralinis study met the EFSA criteria.

Séralini continued to receive support through an open letter signed by 130 scientists, scholars and activists and published by Independent Science News , a project of the Bioscience Resource Project , an organization that claims to be committed to independent research into genetic engineering and its risks.

At the end of 2012, a letter signed by 140 scientists was published in the French newspaper Le Monde , in which the scientists strongly condemn the attacks on Séralini and call for research into genetically modified foods to be expanded.

Official reactions

Shortly after the 2012 study was published, French Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault stated that the French government would advocate an EU-wide ban on the maize variety if the results of the study were confirmed. The European Commission commissioned EFSA to review the study. In September 2012 the Russian government imposed a temporary import ban on the maize variety. In November 2012, the Kenyan government imposed a general ban on the import of genetically modified food. This happened without prior consultation with the Kenyan biosafety authority responsible for this.

Reactions in the media

The press conference led to extensive media coverage, which mobilized GenTech critics, especially in Europe. The Nouvel Observateur headlined following the publication: “Oui, les OGM sont des poisons!” (Yes, GM foods are poisonous!). Forbes noted that Séralini's study contradicts previous peer-reviewed rat feeding studies with the same Monsanto products, including long-term studies. Henry I. Miller wrote in an article, also for Forbes, that the authors' failure to publish all data from the study constituted scientific misconduct. Séralini replied that he would only make all the data available to the authorities if they in turn published all the data on which the recommendation for the approval of NK603 in 2003 was based. In the meantime, it has become known through internal emails that Miller apparently regularly published snappy comments in Forbes magazine at Monsanto's request. These were subsequently deleted by Forbes and the collaboration ended due to conflicts of interest. The New York Times spoke in connection with the study of the "single-study syndrome" and stated that Séralini was following an agenda with the study.

The Guardian advocated taking the study seriously and not sweeping it under the carpet, even if it was misused in many ways. Hervé Kempf from Le Monde raised the question of why a renowned university professor like Séralini had to find money from private foundations for a research project of public interest, instead of government agencies commissioning state-based researchers to carry out neutral and in-depth research on the topic. Institutions such as the Center national de la recherche scientifique or the Institut national de la recherche agronomique have repeatedly relied on studies - controlled by agricultural corporations - whose complete data set has often not been disclosed due to business secrets. Séralini made this problem public through his actions in the media. Kempf also sees this scientific debate as an argument about money and truth.

In the context of the Monsanto Papers 2017, Der Spiegel came to the conclusion that Séralini had been the victim of a Monsanto discrediting campaign. Although his study had methodological weaknesses, he had done what would essentially have been Monsanto's job, namely to conduct a feeding study that included both Roundup and GM maize contaminated with glyphosate.

Criticism of public relations

On the same day the study was published, Séralini hosted a press conference announcing the publication of a book and documentary about the study. Before the press conference, the study was made available to selected journalists. Séralini demanded a written assurance from them that they would not seek any comments on the study from other scientists in advance (as is otherwise common practice), combined with very high penalties for violations. This approach has been criticized as very unusual and inadmissible.

Agence France-Presse noted that Séralini's approach represented a break with long-established traditions of science journalism. In an editorial in the science journal Nature it was emphasized that in view of the strong claims made by the Séralini's group in the study, and in view of the predictably strong echo, this particular care should have been taken in presenting the results, which the group had missed. In the editorial, Séralini was accused of a "public relations offensive".

The publicist Carl Zimmer described the publication practice of Séralini as disgusting ( rancid ) and corrupt. The bioscientist and journalist Elizabeth Finkel described the process as "extraordinary" ( extraordinary ) and exclude criticized Séralinis intention critical voices. The ethics committee of the French national research center CNRS called Séralini's publication practice inappropriate and stressed the need to be particularly careful when publishing controversial research results.

Withdrawal and republication of the study

In November 2013, Elsevier , which publishes the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology , announced that it would withdraw the Séralini study after he refused to withdraw the study on his own initiative. On the basis of a review of the raw data of the study, the editors stated that they did not provide any conclusive evidence of the influence of NK603 or glyphosate on mortality or carcinogenicity in the test animals. Cesare Gessler , genetic engineer at the ETH Zurich, described the withdrawal of the article as "extraordinary" because the basis of many other studies was not more solid, but criticism of this extent was not given. John Fagan, director of the Earth Open Source Institute , described the Séralini affair as exemplary of a trend in which disputes overshadow the normal scientific process.

The Süddeutsche Zeitung sees shortcomings in Séralini's study, but considers the extent of the indignation over it to be completely exaggerated. She relies on documents from the 2017 California trial that became public on the occasion of several class actions against Monsanto and glyphosate. These suggest that Monsanto had initiated a concerted letter to the editor in cooperation with Wallace Hayes , the then editor-in-chief of the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology . In an email from Monsanto employee David Saltmiras on September 26, 2012, it said that Hayes urgently needed more concrete reader reactions in order to be able to do something. Half a year before the publication of the study was withdrawn, the Food and Chemical Toxicology had appointed US nutritionist Richard E. Goodman , a former Monsanto employee, to its editorial board. In 2017, Monsanto was exerting influence in a class action lawsuit in which lawyers forced disclosure of internal company files. The published documents suggest that Monsanto contributed to the fact that the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology withdrew the study published by Séralini with a glyphosate-critical result in 2013.

Séralini published the study again in June 2014 in the open access journal Environmental Sciences Europe . The publication contains a slightly changed analysis and raw data from the study, but comes to the same result. Enrivonmental Sciences Europe did not subject the scientific statements to any additional peer review and published the study according to its own admission in order to make the experimental data available to the public in the long term and thus to contribute to the scientific discussion.

In July 2015, the IARC assessed the Séralini work in the version from June 2014 in the 92-page glyphosate monograph, which came to the conclusion that glyphosate is probably carcinogenic. The conclusion to the work states that the study would be inadequate for an evaluation ( “inadequate for evaluation” ).

2014 pesticide study

In 2014, the Séralini group published a study entitled Major Pesticides Are More Toxic to Human Cells Than Their Declared Active Principles in the journal BioMed Research International . The life scientist Ralf Reski , who was one of the editors of the journal until 2014, criticized that the study was more politically than scientifically motivated. As with the 2012 study, Séralini reached out to the public again before the study was peer-reviewed and published in a journal. This was also criticized by Reski. Reski resigned as editor of BioMed Research International in protest against the publication of the study .

Whistleblower price

In 2015 Séralini was awarded the Whistleblower Prize for this study by the Association of German Scientists and the International Association of Lawyers against Nuclear Arms , as he was the first in the context of a two-year feeding experiment with rats to examine the toxicity and tumor-inducing effects of the glyphosate- based herbicide " Roundup ", described in animal experiments.

The jury included the lawyer Gerhard Baisch, the federal judge Dieter Deiseroth , the climate researcher Hartmut Graßl , the lawyer Christine Vollmer and the agroecologist Angelika Hilbeck . She is a member of the Science Council of CRIIGEN and Chair of the European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gilles-Eric Séralini, Emilie Clair, Robin Mesnage, Steeve Gress, Nicolas Defarge, Manuela Malatesta, Didier Hennequin, Joël Spiroux De Vendômois: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize . In: Food and Chemical Toxicology . 50, No. 11, 2012, pp. 4221-31. doi : 10.1016 / j.fct.2012.08.005 . PMID 22999595 .
  2. ↑ a b Marcel Kuntz: Why the postmodern attitude towards science should be denounced . In: EMBO Reports . 14, No. 2, 2013, pp. 114–6. doi : 10.1038 / embor.2012.214 . PMID 23306654 . PMC 3566841 (free full text).
  3. ↑ a b c d G. Arjó, M. Portero, C. Piñol, J. Viñas, X. Matias-Guiu, T. Capell, A. Bartholomaeus, W. Parrott, P. Christou: Plurality of opinion, scientific discourse and pseudoscience: an in depth analysis of the Séralini et al. study claiming that Roundup ™ Ready corn or the herbicide Roundup ™ cause cancer in rats. In: Transgenic research. Volume 22, Number 2, April 2013, ISSN  1573-9368 , pp. 255-267, doi: 10.1007 / s11248-013-9692-9 . PMID 23430588 .
  4. ↑ a b Agnès E. Ricroch: Assessment of GE food safety using '-omics' techniques and long-term animal feeding studies . In: New Biotechnology . 30, No. 4, 2013, pp. 349-54. doi : 10.1016 / j.nbt.2012.12.001 . PMID 23253614 .
  5. ↑ Steinberg, Pablo et al .: Lack of adverse effects in subchronic and chronic toxicity / carcinogenicity studies on the glyphosate-resistant genetically modified maize NK603 in Wistar Han RCC rats. In: Archives of Toxicology (Springer). February 12, 2019, accessed February 14, 2019 .
  6. ↑ a b c Elsevier Announces Article Retraction from Journal Food and Chemical Toxicology . Elsevier. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  7. ↑ Séralini et al .: Republished study: long-term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize . In: Environmental Sciences Europe . 26, 2014, doi: 10.1186 / s12302-014-0014-5 .
  8. ↑ DB Resnik: Retracting Inconclusive Research: Lessons from the Séralini GM Maize Feeding Study. In: Journal of agricultural & environmental ethics. Volume 28, number 4, August 2015, pp. 621-633, doi: 10.1007 / s10806-015-9546-y , PMID 26251636 , PMC 4524344 (free full text).
  9. ↑ E. Barale-Thomas: The SFPT feels compelled to point out weaknesses in the paper by Séralini et al. (2012). In: Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. Volume 53, March 2013, pp. 473-474, doi: 10.1016 / j.fct.2012.10.041 , PMID 23165156 .
  10. ↑ F. Schorsch: Serious inadequacies regarding the pathology data presented in the paper by Séralini et al. (2012). In: Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. Volume 53, March 2013, pp. 465-466, doi: 10.1016 / j.fct.2012.10.043 , PMID 23142396 .
  11. ↑ a b Avis des Académies nationales d'Agriculture, de Médecine, de Pharmacie, des Sciences, des Technologies, et Vétérinaire sur la publication récente de GE Séralini et al. sur la toxicité d'un OGM ( Memento from April 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 215 kB)
  12. ↑ "HH" CRIIGEN, 12 November 12, 2008 Présentation du CRIIGEN - CRIIGEN, Comité de Recherche et d'Information sur le génie Indépendantes Génétique
  13. ↑ Tim Carman: French scientists question safety of GM corn . Washington Post. September 19, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
  14. ↑ French study finds tumors in rats fed GM corn . Reuters. September 19, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2013.
  15. ↑ Seralini bio on CRIIGEN
  16. ↑ a b Gilles-Eric Séralini, Robin Mesnage, Emilie Clair, Steeve Gress, Joël De Vendômois, Dominique Cellier: Genetically modified crops safety assessments: Present limits and possible improvements . In: Environmental Sciences Europe . 23, 2011, p. 10. doi : 10.1186 / 2190-4715-23-10 .
  17. ↑ a b EFSA Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms: Opinion of the Scientific Panel on genetically modified organisms [GMO] on a request from the Commission related to the safety of foods and food ingredients derived from insect-protected genetically modified maize MON 863 and MON 863 x MON 810, for which a request for placing on the market was submitted under Article 4 of the Novel Food Regulation (EC) No 258/97 by Monsanto . In: The EFSA Journal . 50, 2004, pp. 1-25. doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2004.50 .
  18. ↑ a b MON863 maize: Court orders disclosure of all documents: No secrets in safety matters ( Memento of the original from October 24, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gmo-safety.eu
  19. ↑ Monsanto, 2002. 13-Week Dietary Subchronic Comparison Study with MON 863 Corn in Rats Preceded by a 1-Week Baseline Food Consumption Determination with PMI Certified Rodent Diet # 5002 ( Memento from November 9, 2005 in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ Jeffrey M. Smith January 2008. Study reveals GM threats ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Biophile Magazine, Issue 6. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / biophile.co.za
  21. ^ A b Gilles-Eric Séralini, Dominique Cellier, Joël Spiroux De Vendomois: New Analysis of a Rat Feeding Study with a Genetically Modified Maize Reveals Signs of Hepatorenal Toxicity . In: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . 52, No. 4, 2007, pp. 596-602. doi : 10.1007 / s00244-006-0149-5 . PMID 17356802 .
  22. ↑ GM maize MON863: French scientists doubt safety . GMO Compass. March 16, 2007. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved November 11, 2010. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.gmo-compass.org
  23. ↑ Rady Ananda: Three Approved GMOs Linked to Organ Damage Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. (PDF) In: Z Magazine . 23, No. 3, 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2010. "The data 'clearly underlines adverse impacts on kidneys and liver, the dietary detoxifying organs, as well as different levels of damages to heart, adrenal glands, spleen, and haematopoietic system, 'reported Gilles-Eric Séralini, a molecular biologist at Caen University. "
  24. ↑ Regulatory systems for GE crops a failure: the case of MON863 (PDF) Greenpeace . Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2010: “Greenpeace demands an immediate and complete recall of MON863 from the global market. We also call upon governments to undertake an urgent reassessment of all other authorized GE products and a strict review of current testing methods. "
  25. ↑ Statement on the analysis of data from a 90 ‐ day rat feeding study with MON 863 maize by the Scientific Panel on genetically modified organisms (GMO) . In: EFSA Journal . tape 5 , no. 6 , 2007, doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2007.753 .
  26. ↑ European Food Safety Authority: EFSA review of statistical analyzes conducted for the assessment of the MON 863 90-day rat feeding study . 2007. doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2007.19r . Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  27. ↑ Les Organismes Génétiquement modifies, Annexe B. Avis de la commission du génie biomoléculaire sur l'étude statistique du CRIIGEN du maïs MON863 ( Memento of 13 July 2011 at the Internet Archive ) report prepared for the French Prime Minister by the Center d'Analyze Strategique, July 20, 2007. Retrieved May 31, 2013
  28. ↑ Review of the report by Séralini et al., (2007): "New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity" . FSANZ final assessment report. Archived from the original on September 2, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  29. ↑ FSANZ reaffirms its risk assessment of genetically modified corn MON 863 . FSANZ fact sheets 2007. July 25, 2010. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  30. ↑ De Vendômois, Joël Spiroux (2009). "A Comparison of the Effects of Three GM Corn Varieties on Mammalian Health". International Journal of Biological Sciences: 706.
  31. ^ EFSA Minutes of the 55th Plenary Meeting of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms Held on January 27–28, 2010 IN Parma, Italy, Annex 1, Vendemois et al. 2009 . European Food Safety Authority report. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  32. ↑ Opinion relating to the deposition of December 15, 2009 by the Member of Parliament, François Grosdidier, as to the conclusions of the study entitled "A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health" . English translation of French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee document. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  33. ↑ Feeding studies and GM corn MON863 . Food Standards Australia New Zealand. July 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
  34. ↑ a b c d e f Declan Butler: Hyped GM maize study faces growing scrutiny . In: Nature . 490, No. 7419, 2012, p. 158. doi : 10.1038 / 490158a . PMID 23060167 .
  35. ↑ Life expectancy according to the University of Albany , accessed March 2, 2016
  36. ^ Mortality and In-Life Patterns in Sprague-Dawley . Huntingdon Life Sciences. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 26, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.huntingdon.com
  37. ^ Sprague Dawley . Harlan. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved October 26, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.harlan.com
  38. ↑ Study on Monsanto GM corn concerns draws skepticism by Ben Hirschler and Kate Kelland at Reuters , accessed March 2, 2016.
  39. ^ French scientists question safety of GM corn - All We Can Eat , Tim Carman for the Washington Post. Retrieved September 19, 2012
  40. ↑ Amos, Jonathan: French GM-fed rat study triggers furore . BBC News . September 19, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
  41. ↑ BfR: Study by the University of Caen does not give rise to a reassessment of glyphosate and genetically modified maize NK603
  42. ^ Staff, Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada; Animal Feed Division, Animal Health Directorate, Canadian Food Inspection Agency; Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada. October 25, 2012 Health Canada and Canadian Food Inspection Agency statement on the Séralini et al. (2012) publication on a 2-year rodent feeding study with glyphosate formulations and GM maize NK603
  43. ↑ Staff (22 October 2012) French panel rejects study linking GM corn to cancer. ( Memento of February 1, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Agence France Presse . Retrieved 23 October 2012.
  44. ↑ Staff (8 October 2012) VIB concludes that Séralini study is not substantiated VIB Life Sciences Research Institute, Belgium. Retrieved October 14, 2012
  45. ↑ Staff (October 2012) ( page no longer available , search in web archives: The Technical University of Denmark National Food Institute's assessment of a new long-term trial with genetically modified maize NK603 and spray Roundup ) (In Danish) Technical University of Denmark, Danish National Food Institute, accessed October 23, 2012@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.food.dtu.dk
  46. ↑ Response to Séralini paper on the long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize . In: FSANZ website . October 2012. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved on November 13, 2013.
  47. ^ Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation: Considered Opinion . Cibiogem.gob.mx. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
  48. ^ A b European Food Safety Authority: Final review of the Séralini et al. (2012a) publication on a 2-year rodent feeding study with glyphosate formulations and GM maize NK603, online on September 19, 2012 in Food and Chemical Toxicology . In: EFSA Journal . 10, No. 11, 2012, p. 2986. doi : 10.2903 / j.efsa.2012.2910 .
  49. ↑ Avis des Académies nationales d'Agriculture, de Médecine, de Pharmacie, des Sciences, des Technologies, et Vétérinaire sur la publication récente de GE Séralini et al. sur la toxicité d'un OGM Communiqué de presse 19 octobre 2012 ( Memento of April 17, 2015 in the Internet Archive ).
  50. ^ Agence France-Presse. October 19, 2012. Six French academies dismiss study linking GM corn to cancer (Update 2) .
  51. ↑ EFB (2013) Members
  52. ↑ Gilles-Eric Séralini, Robin Mesnage, Nicolas Defarge, Steeve Gress, Didier Hennequin, Emilie Clair, Manuela Malatesta, Joël Spiroux De Vendômois: Answers to critics: Why there is a long term toxicity due to a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize and to a Roundup herbicide . In: Food and Chemical Toxicology . 53, 2013, pp. 476-83. doi : 10.1016 / j.fct.2012.11.007 . PMID 23146697 .
  53. ^ Matin Qaim : Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development . In: Christopher B. Barrett (Ed.): Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy . Palgrave Macmillan , 2016, ISBN 978-1-137-40572-2 , pp. 155 , doi : 10.1057 / 9781137405722_7 .
  54. ^ Transparency register of the EU: European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility. Retrieved January 4, 2017 .
  55. ↑ Staff, ENSSER. Page last modified: 10-18-2012. ENSSER Comments on Séralini et al. 2012 ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ensser.org
  56. ^ European Network of Scientists for Social and Environmental Responsibility (ENSSER) (2012). Questionable biosafety of GMOs, double standards and, once again, a “shooting-the-messenger” style debate ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ensser.org
  57. ↑ Hartmut Meyer, Angelika Hilbeck: Review Rat feeding studies with genetically modified maize - a comparative evaluation of applied methods and risk assessment standards in Environmental Sciences Europe 2013, 25:33 from December 1, 2013
  58. ↑ Independent Science News (2012) Seralini and Science: an Open Letter , Oct 2 2012
  59. ^ Bioscience Resource Project website
  60. ^ Andalo C, Chercheuse AHS, Atlan A, Auclair D, Austerlitz F, Barot S. Science et conscience
  61. ^ A b Declan Butler for Nature News. September 25, 2012 Council study sparks GM furore
  62. ↑ Staff, Phys.org. September 26, 2012 Russia suspends Monsanto corn imports
  63. ↑ Emily Willingham for Forbes. December 9, 2012. Seralini Paper Influences Kenya Ban of GMO Imports
  64. ↑ EXCLUSIF. Oui, les OGM sont des poisons! - Le Nouvel Observateur . Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. Retrieved August 20, 2013.
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  91. ↑ Whistleblower Prize Winner. Retrieved March 9, 2016 .
  92. ↑ http://www.criigen.org/user/pdf/CV_Hilbeck.pdf
  93. ↑ “No scientific consensus on GMO safety” statement published in a peer-reviewed journal. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on January 10, 2017 ; accessed on January 6, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ensser.org

literature

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