Roundup

Roundup
owner	Bayer AG
Introductory year	1974
Products	Herbicides
Markets	worldwide
Website	www.bayer.com/en/glyphosate-homeowner-use.aspx

Since 1974 a range of broad-spectrum herbicides has been sold under the brand name Roundup in over 130 countries. These are used in agriculture and are also used by hobby gardeners. Broad spectrum herbicides are unspecific against many plant species .

Until 2000 Roundup was the inventor and patent holder Monsanto , which in a takeover in June 2018 part of the group Bayer AG was prepared, or licensed. In the private consumer sector, Roundup is marketed exclusively in the USA and almost all European countries by The Scotts Miracle-Gro Company (German subsidiary: Scotts Celaflor GmbH, Mainz ).

In March 2017, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) did not classify the substance glyphosate contained in most Roundup products as carcinogenic. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a sub-organization of the World Health Organization (WHO), classified glyphosate in March 2015 as "probably carcinogenic". The “Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues” (JMPR), which is also part of the WHO, comes to the conclusion, according to the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), as well as assessment authorities in the EU, the USA and Canada, that according to the current status of Science, if glyphosate is used as intended, no health risk for humans is to be expected. The Joint FAO / WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) also agreed. According to its evaluations, the residues of glyphosate ingested with humans are unlikely to be genotoxic or carcinogenic.

composition

The active ingredient is glyphosate , which is toxic to almost all plant species . It inhibits the vegetable 5-enolpyrovylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) and thus the synthesis of aromatic amino acids. The individual Roundup products differ in the salt formulation , the medium (solution in water or as granules) and the glyphosate concentration. Examples of salt formulations are the glyphosate ammonium salt and the glyphosate isopropylammonium salt. In order to achieve better adhesion to the plants, wetting agents are used. In most cases these are multiple ethoxylated tallow amine (ger .: polyethoxylated tallow amine , POEA extinct, also Tallowamin ), which account for up accounts with Roundup to 15%.

The Roundup product "Roundup AC" without glyphosate has also been on the market since December 2016. This is where the active ingredient acetic acid comes into play. It is not known whether other excipients will be used.

Use in agriculture

Classic weed control

Round-up operation in a field north of Dresden

Roundup use as an alternative to keeping the tree grate free from vegetation with mechanical or thermal means

In agriculture , Roundup has been used since 1974 to kill weeds or competing crops from fields before sowing the crop ( pre-emergence herbicide ).

Roundup only works through green parts of the plant and not through the roots. It is thus possible to fight weeds in one operation and also to plant fresh seeds (" pre-emergence "). Their germination and growth are not negatively affected. Roundup is also used in viticulture to keep the area under the vines free. As long as no leaves of the vines are hit during the application, this application does not harm the vines.

Use with genetically modified plants

At the same time as Roundup, Monsanto and other companies sell genetically modified maize , soybean , rapeseed and cotton seeds that are resistant to the herbicidal effects of glyphosate.

The plant DNA is modified by the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a gene ferry so that either the genetic information for a glyphosate-insensitive EPSP synthase from Salmonella is transferred or only the activator or promoter for the EPSP synthase gene is transmitted by a much stronger one is replaced. The plant survives the use of Roundup.

The introduction of herbicide-resistant crops led to an expansion of ploughless farming, which is said to have reduced soil erosion , fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. For farmers in developing countries, there should be a tendency towards yield and income increases, in industrialized countries above all labor savings. In addition, reports from India have reported a decrease in pesticide poisoning among users of genetically modified cotton.

Problem of resistance development

Amaranthus palmeri ; the plant is one of the most famous superweeds and hasdeveloped glyphosate resistance

According to the organization WeedScience, there were a total of 21 glyphosate-resistant weeds worldwide in 2011. In the case of ALS inhibitors (acetolactate synthase, e.g. chlorsulfuron ), which form the basis for other chemical weed control agents, there are 113 observed resistances. According to weed researchers at Iowa State University, this rather low rate for glyphosate after more than 30 years of use could be at risk if Roundup is used exclusively, which is why they recommend a differentiated control model, for example switching to other herbicides.

Rules for hobby gardeners

In Germany, Roundup products in quantities of one liter or more may only be used by people with a certificate of competence . Individual Roundup products are also approved for home and allotment gardens, provided they are only sold in very small containers. According to Section 6 (2) PflSchG , plant protection products may only be used on open-air areas if they are used for agricultural, forestry or horticultural purposes. Herbicides must also not be used in or directly on surface waters and coastal waters. In addition, the use on sealed surfaces, which include paved or asphalted paths and terraces, is only permitted with the approval of the competent authority. In the event of a violation, fines of up to € 50,000 are foreseen.

The following prohibitions apply in Switzerland:

3 m around field hedges
3 m around the tillering of forest edges
3 m to 6 m around surface bodies of water such as ponds and streams
in zone S1 of groundwater protection areas
on terraces and roofs
on or on paths and roads
on embankments and grass verges

In France, there has been a sales ban through garden centers since June 2015. The then Environment Minister Ségolène Royal referred to the occupational diseases that are recognized in farmers and vineyard workers.

Use of Roundup by cities and municipalities

In the course of the discussion about the health risks of glyphosate, the Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of the Environment banned the use of herbicides containing glyphosate on public areas in Rhineland-Palatinate in July 2015. In other regions of Germany, too, attempts are being made to reduce the use of Roundup. The increasing abandonment of Roundup in the public sector has led to increased discussions at the local level about which standards should apply to weed control and which alternative methods of weed control should be chosen. While some of the municipalities in some cases prepared to forego Roundup at an early stage and in some cases accepted lower standards for weed control, other municipalities report practical problems with alternatives to the use of Roundup, in particular about additional costs and occasionally also about increased criticism increased weeds on public green spaces.

In March 2019, the Los Angeles District Government issued a ban on all of its agencies with immediate effect. The city of Miami had previously put a ban on public facilities in force.

toxicology

A number of studies and animal experiments in the 1990s initially found no evidence of a carcinogenic effect of glyphosate. The Environmental Protection Agency rates glyphosate as low in toxicity. If Roundup is used according to the instructions for use, toxic effects are unlikely. A comprehensive risk assessment was published in 2000 and saw no health risks from Roundup or any of the ingredients "under current and expected conditions of use". The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment evaluated the main statements (see also Séralini affair ) of the long-term study "Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize " published on September 19, 2012 by Gilles-Éric Séralini et al. as "insufficiently documented". An equally critical appraisal of the work was carried out by the IARC in July 2015, which classified the Séralini work in the glyphosate monograph as inadequate for an evaluation ( “inadequate for evaluation” ). The Federation of German Scientists , however, conferred with the IALANA for the study Séralini 2015, the Whistleblower Award .

According to Monsanto scientists, Roundup has a higher toxicity than glyphosate, especially in aquatic animals, due to the added wetting agents. The original Roundup product is considered non-toxic to the honey bee and compost worm, slightly toxic to the rat and Virginia quail, and moderately toxic to rainbow trout, bluegill and water flea. At the end of 2008, the German Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL) therefore made an "urgent recommendation" to the approval holders of Roundup and other plant protection products to which tallowamine is added to replace this additive with another by the end of 2010 . Monsanto has appealed against the request.

The toxicity of glyphosate to amphibians was tested for 20 species from three continents. According to Monsanto scientists, the lowest established lethal dose (in the most sensitive species in the most sensitive developmental stage) is 0.88 mg ae / l (ae for acid equivalent) for the clawed frog . The lowest value from approval studies is 1.7 mg / l for a fish species. Toxic substances are only approved if the expected exposure is at least ten times (USA) or 100 times (EU) less than the lowest lethal dose found in approval studies. Protection for fish thus also covers amphibians.

However, according to a study by scientists from Monsanto, actually observed exposure values are well below the lowest lethal doses. The maximum exposure value measured in a study of 51 bodies of water in the US Midwest in 2002 was 8.7 µg ae / l and 95% of the values were between 0.45 and 1.5 µg ae / l. At 30 locations in southern Ontario investigated in 2004 and 2005, the maximum observed exposure value was 40.8 µg ae / l. In wetlands with known amphibian populations, the values are typically below 21 µg ae / l. The exposure values measured in nature are thus well below the lethal doses determined in the laboratory.

Health hazards for humans

As part of the approval process for glyphosate, a classification proposal was submitted to ECHA , which was decided on March 15, 2017 by the ECHA Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) as follows: Eye Damage 1 , H318 and Aquatic Chronic 2 , H441. According to the RAC, the available scientific knowledge does not meet the criteria of the CLP Regulation for classification as specifically organ- toxic , carcinogenic , mutagenic or toxic to reproduction . The ECHA classifications are based on the hazard ( "Hazard") and tighten exposure and risk out of the question.

The wetting agent tallowamine has a cell-damaging effect. According to one study, the lethal dose of Roundup for human placental cell cultures is 2.52 g / l, for other human cell cultures it is between 0.01 and 0.001% dilution.

An evaluation by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in March 2015 concluded that there was limited evidence in humans of the carcinogenic potential of glyphosate, while the evidence would be sufficient that the substance leads to tumors in rats and mice. IARC therefore classifies glyphosate in category 2A (probably carcinogenic for humans, probably carcinogenic to humans ).

The maximum systemic exposure observed in detailed farmer exposure studies is 0.004 mg / kg, according to Monsanto scientists. The maximum value without toxic effects (NOEL) is 175 mg / kg.

The "Environmental Working Group" (EEC) August published in 2018 a study entitled "Roundup for Breakfast?" (Roundup for breakfast?) According to EEC occupied independent studies have shown that in many breakfast products such as Cheerios , Quaker Oats , General Mills and Kellogg's from Oats in the US contain glyphosate. So much so that it was above the threshold value permitted by the EEC for child health. The limit value was exceeded in 43 of 45 product samples examined.

In a study in 2019, it was shown that the myelin biomembrane in animal cell cultures is broken down by herbicides containing glyphosate and its regeneration is prevented. This could encourage diseases of the peripheral nervous system .

Controversy

In 2005 a series of studies by Relyea et al. in which the effect of a non-aquatic formulation of Roundup on amphibians was tested. The authors interpret the low survival rates as a significant contribution to global amphibian extinction. Tadpoles in a tank were sprayed with the agent every four days, which led to the death of all animals after three weeks. The studies were criticized for various aspects. The Roundup used contains the wetting agent Polyethoxylated Tallowamine (POEA) - precisely because of the toxicity of this wetting agent, the Roundup formulation is not approved for aquatic applications. The extremely high dose is also unrealistic. From the experiments it cannot be concluded that glyphosate-containing herbicides are responsible for a global decline in amphibians. Monsanto also criticized the study because of conditions and assumptions that were not met when using Roundup.

The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of progesterone in mouse cell cultures is according to a study at 24.4 mg / l for Roundup. According to an experiment, the hatching of sea urchin embryos was delayed by 128 minutes after treatment with 0.2% Roundup, and the first cell divisions are disturbed by concentrations of Roundup from 8–12 mM. The scientists derive from this the recommendation not to breathe Roundup, as this could cause cancer.

According to the former Federal Minister for Consumer Protection, Aigner , the authorities are aware of the cell culture tests with regard to the cell-damaging effects of glyphosate. The recently carried out assessment of this had shown that the test arrangements were not carried out under realistic or expected conditions and the animal experiments carried out to assess human toxicity had not provided any indications of harm to humans “when handled appropriately and as intended”. There is therefore “currently no objective reason to withdraw approvals and prohibit the use of these agents”. Regarding the POEA -containing co-formulants, however, the authorization holders were requested by the BVL to submit further studies and information. In June 2010, the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety imposed the requirements VV 207 (“Do not feed harvested material / cuttings in the treatment year”) or VV 208 (“Harvested material / cuttings in the first treatment year) for all glyphosate-containing pesticides that contain POEA Do not feed use after treatment. ") Awarded.

In June 2011, the non-governmental organization Earth Open Source accused the EU Commission of studies by Paganelli et al. a. or Carrasco et al. a. Ignoring those who showed that Roundup and glyphosate are carcinogenic , teratogenic , neurotoxic and endocrine disrupting . When rejecting these results, the EU Commission essentially relied on assessments by German authorities. Monsanto wrote in an initial response that Earth Open Source did not bring any new toxicological evidence and would ignore extensive data that had shown the safety of Roundup. Carasco et al. a. have constructed unrealistic and irrelevant exposure scenarios, according to Monsanto. Earth Open Source had previously stated that the European Food Safety Authority lacks independence. EFSA stated that the authors of Earth Open Source were subject to a number of fundamental misconceptions about the agency's work. The Agency for Health and Food Safety and the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety see the publications by Benachou and Seralini (2009) or Paganelli et al. a. (2010) did not provide any new findings on the potential toxicity of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides. Various methodological deficiencies are to be blamed for the studies, for example the informative value of cell culture experiments is very low.

In the ZDF documentary “Das Stille Poison” from May 2013, it was criticized that the advisory commission for pesticides and their residues at the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety was not neutral, as it was also made up of representatives of the pesticide manufacturers. The approval procedure for plant protection products was also described as intransparent, since the essential studies on the hazard potential are carried out by the industry. Its content is classified as a trade secret and cannot be viewed by the public.

In August 2018, the Federal District Court for Northern California in San Francisco upheld the action brought by the former caretaker of a school district Dewayne Johnson against the agricultural company Monsanto (now Bayer AG) for damages because of the lymph gland cancer suffered due to the weed killer Roundup with the controversial active ingredient glyphosate, which has been used for several years and fined Monsanto to pay $ 289 million. The jury considered it proven that the user was not adequately informed about the dangers.

In a third US trial in 2019, Brent Wisner, the lawyer for the cancer-stricken couple Pilliods, suspected a “manipulation and falsification of science” in the sale of the substance. He presented numerous internal Monsanto documents to Oakland Court on May 8th. Accordingly, the company has not only tried to have glyphosate removed from the list of "likely carcinogens" of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by paying certain scientists for courtesy reports. The mail traffic between Monsanto's top scientist William Heydens and other Monsanto researchers, which Wisner presented to the court, shows, in his opinion, that in the run-up to the negative WHO decision on glyphosate, the company's own writers tried to ghostwriting studies for other, allegedly "independent" To write experts: "We would keep the costs low if we (Monsanto) take over the letter and you just edit and, so to speak, put your name on it," said Heyden in a message submitted to the court in February 2015.

Effect in the environment

In addition to glyphosate, the various Roundup formulations also contain other chemicals, which is why there are different effects on the environment . Basically in Germany, when using Roundup, distance requirements to water bodies and landscape elements must be observed; in some German federal states these are reserved in special areas (e.g. in the marshland that is criss-crossed with ditches, which is why no distance can be maintained there). Two amphibian studies from 2016 examined how herbicides containing glyphosate influence the development of tadpoles at different water temperatures. It was found that the effect of Roundup LB Plus and Roundup PowerFlex was stronger at 15 ° C than at 20 ° C. In the experiments with Roundup PowerFlex, the diversity of aquatic algae was also changed at both temperature levels and all concentrations. The common toad tadpoles showed tail deformations only at 15 ° C, but not at 20 ° C. The authors of the study point out the far-reaching importance of this temperature-dependent herbicidal effect. Usually herbicidal effects are tested at a standard temperature of 20 ° C; However, if climate change leads to greater temperature fluctuations, this can lead to serious misjudgments of the herbicidal side effects.

Compared to other herbicides, glyphosate usually has a lower mobility, lifespan and less toxicity towards animals. For example, its low volatility and high density prevent it from evaporating and dispersing with the wind or remaining in the air. Glyphosate is stable to hydrolysis in natural surroundings and to photolysis in natural light sources. Glyphosate is biodegradable , but only 2% is degraded in 28 days; it is broken down by microorganisms under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions into carbon dioxide and the main metabolite AMPA . AMPA is also broken down to carbon dioxide by the soil microflora, but at a slower rate. Studies show that 79–86% of glyphosate is broken down to carbon dioxide after 6 months. In 93 field trials conducted in Europe and North America, the half-life was less than 1 year and typically less than 38 days in all cases. In addition, glyphosate does not accumulate and has low soil activity. The uptake of glyphosate by subsequent crops of the crop rotation was less than 1% in all studies available.

The wetting agent POEA typically used at Roundup is also biodegradable, 55% after 28 days and 72% after 42 days, according to a safety data sheet . The half-life in water is according to a study by scientists from Monsanto less than a day. Due to strong soil adsorption , soil mobility is estimated to be around 2%.

advertising

Monsanto advertised its Roundup UltraMax and Roundup Turbo products in Germany in 2007 with the following words:

"Maximum effect with only minimal impact on the environment"
"Due to the strong adsorption of the active ingredient on soil particles, there is no shift into the groundwater and this is completely degraded within 30 to 40 days ( DT ₅₀ value )."

Purely arithmetically, this information can be used to determine a period of 210 to 280 days, during which the concentration should have fallen below 1% of the original value.

In New York in 1996, Monsanto issued a cease and desist letter to the Attorney General. In it, Monsanto undertook, among other things, to no longer label glyphosate-containing pesticides in New York State as safe, non-toxic, harmless, risk-free, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, ecologically beneficial or practically non-toxic. One of the reasons for this was that the information in the safety data sheet contradicted these advertising statements.

In France, a round-up product for garden use, despite its biodegradability, has not been allowed to be advertised as " biodegradable " since 2007 . The Fifth Criminal Division of the Lyon District Court fined two Monsanto and Scotts France executives in January 2007 for misleading advertising . The court justified its ruling that customers of the label captions "biodegradable" a bird on the packaging to believe may be misled and "environmentally and soil-friendly" and the image that Roundup as completely and directly environmentally friendly and biologically quick to view degradable. Studies conducted by Monsanto showed that Roundup only biodegrades 2% after 28 days. The convicts appealed; the Court of Appeal in Lyon and the Court of Cassation in Paris upheld the judgment. In their justification, the two higher authorities stated, among other things, that the wetting agent used and the degradation product AMPA are degraded more slowly than the active ingredient glyphosate itself.

In 2014, buyers were advertised with the statement: "... if you use Roundup, the weeds have been controlled and will not sprout again."

Movies

Monsanto, with poison and genes (original title: Le monde selon Monsanto ). Documentary, 2008, directed by Marie-Monique Robin .
Roundup, the process . France, 2017, 90 minutes, directed by Marie-Monique Robin. In: Arte on October 17, 2017 (online from October 17 to December 16, 2017).

Web links

Individual evidence

↑ ECHA: ECHA press release of March 15, 2017 , accessed on March 15, 2017.

↑ WHO authority classifies five pesticides as different carcinogenic , Ärzteblatt , March 23, 2015

↑ BfR: Questions and answers on the health assessment of glyphosate. Updated FAQ of the BfR from July 17, 2015, accessed on July 24, 2015. http://www.bfr.bund.de/de/fragen_und_ Answeren_zur_gesundheitlichen_versicherung_von_glyphosat- 127823.html .

^ Report of the Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts on Pesticide Residues in Food and the Environment and the WHO Core Assessment Group on Pesticide Residues Rome, Italy, 20–29 September 2004

^ Joint FAO / WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Geneva, 9.-13. May 2016. Summary Report. May 16, 2016.

↑ ^a ^b glyphosate . In: Lexicon of Biology . Spectrum, Heidelberg 2006, p. V.

↑ TALLOW AMINES GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATIONS (English)

↑ ^a ^b John P. Giesy, Stuart Dobson, Keith R. Solomon: Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup Herbicide . In: George W. Ware (Ed.): Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology . Springer, New York 2000, ISBN 978-1-4612-7026-3 , pp. 35–120 ( online [PDF; accessed January 8, 2013]).

↑ GartenGnom.net - Monsanto's new roundup without glyphosate is vinegar from May 10, 2017

^ Monsanto: History 1960–1975

↑ Shahzad Kouser, Matin Qaim: Impact of Bt cotton on pesticide poisoning in smallholder agriculture: A panel data analysis . In: Ecological Economics . 70, No. 11, September 15, 2011, pp. 2105-2113. doi : 10.1016 / j.ecolecon.2011.06.008 .

↑ Herbicide Resistant Weeds Summary Table (accessed October 24, 2011).

↑ Managing the risk of glyphosate resistant weeds - Summary of three modeling papers ( Memento of the original of July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF, English; 91 kB) @1@ 2

↑ Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety: Directory of approved plant protection products - standard search (search for Roundup)

↑ The ban on herbicides on paths and squares is largely unknown to garden owners

↑ Segolene Royal declare la guerre au Roundup, le désherbant star de Monsanto , usinenouvelle.com, June 15, 2015

↑ Rhineland-Palatinate prohibits the use of glyphosate Report of July 2, 2015 on the SWR television homepage, accessed on June 19, 2016

↑ How cities in North Rhine-Westphalia have managed without glyphosate for years, report of the Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung of May 18, 2016, accessed on June 19, 2016

↑ Grevenbroich: Still no remedy against weeds in cemeteries Report in the Neuss-Grevenbroicher newspaper of June 17, 2016 about criticism of the business operations of the city of Grevenbroich that after the abandonment of the use of Roundup the weeds on the cemetery paths have increased significantly on June 17, 2016

↑ No roundup at the cemetery Report of the daily newspaper Die Rheinpfalz from May 24, 2016, accessed on June 19, 2016

↑ Glyphosate - is the danger of cancer lurking in the weed killer? Report of the Rhein-Zeitung of November 13, 2015, accessed on June 19, 2016

↑ Glyphosate (General Fact Sheet), National Pesticide Telecommunications Network, November 2000 PDF ( Memento of the original from December 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
^ Gary M. Williams, Robert Kroes, Ian C. Munro: Safety Evaluation and Risk Assessment of the Herbicide Roundup and Its Active Ingredient, Glyphosate, for Humans . In: Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . tape 31 , no. 2 , April 2000, p. 117–165 , doi : 10.1006 / rtph.1999.1371 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 8, 2013]). online ( Memento of the original from November 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Gilles-Eric Séralini et al. a .: Long term toxicity of a Roundup herbicide and a Roundup-tolerant genetically modified maize . In: Food and Chemical Toxicology . tape 50 , no. 11 , November 2012, p. 4221–4231 , doi : 10.1016 / j.fct.2012.08.005 .
↑ Opinion No. 037/2012 of the BfR of September 28, 2012 (PDF; 63 kB)
↑ IARC monograph on glyphosate, p. 35, right column , as of July 2017
↑ Article on heise.de: Whistleblower Prize 2015: "Stich ins Wespennest", accessed on March 5, 2016
↑ PDF: Long statement of the jury for awarding the Whistleblower Prize to Prof. Dr. Gilles-Eric Séralini ( Memento of the original from February 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 5, 2016 @1@ 2

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Gerald M. Dill, R. Douglas Sammons, Paul CC Feng, Frank Kohn, Keith Kretzmer, Akbar Mehrsheikh, Marion Bleeke, Joy L. Honegger, Donna Farmer, Dan Wright, Eric A. Hauptfear: Glyphosate : discovery, development, applications, and properties . In: Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds . Wiley, 2010, p. 1–33 ( online [PDF; accessed January 8, 2013]).

↑ BVL Advisory Board on Natural Resources, minutes of the 23rd meeting on 25/26 February 2009 in BVL Braunschweig, Item 10.6: Co-formulants in plant protection products containing glyphosate (tallowamine problem); Abridged version , (PDF)

↑ Dangerous Cocktail ( Memento of the original from September 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Süddeutsche Zeitung , July 7, 2009. @1@ 2

^ Monsanto herbicide under fire , Agrarzeitung Online, July 9, 2009.

↑ ECHA: ECHA press release of March 15, 2017 , accessed on March 15, 2017.

↑ Nora Benachour, Gilles-Eric Séralini: Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells: Chem. Res. Toxicol., 2009, 22 (1), pp 97-105 doi : 10.1021 / tx800218n

↑ Sophie Richard, Safa Moslemi, Herbert Sipahutar, Nora Benachour, Gilles-Eric Seralini: Differential Effects of glyphosate and Roundup on Human Placental Cells and aromatase . In: Environmental Health Perspectives . tape 113 , no. 6 , June 2005, p. 716–720 , doi : 10.1289 / ehp.7728 , PMC 1257596 (free full text).

↑ Nora Benachour, Gilles-Eric Séralini: Glyphosate Formulations Induce Apoptosis and Necrosis in Human Umbilical, Embryonic, and Placental Cells . In: Chemical Research in Toxicology . tape 22 , no. 1 , January 19, 2009, p. 97-105 , doi : 10.1021 / tx800218n .

↑ Die Tageszeitung: Weeds pass away, so does man , March 23, 2015, accessed: March 23, 2015

^ IARC press release of March 20, 2015 IARC Monographs Volume 112: evaluation of five organophosphate inscecticides and herbicides , accessed on March 23, 2015

↑ Breakfast With a Dose of Roundup?

↑ Weedkiller found in wide range of breakfast foods aimed at children , The Guardian, August 16, 2018

↑ Etats-Unis: du glyphosate dans des céréales pour enfants , CNEWS, August 16, 2018

^ Report Finds Traces of a Controversial Herbicide in Cheerios and Quaker Oats

↑ Glyphosate Breakfast Cereal Controversy: Is It Safe To Feed My Children Cereal For Breakfast? , August 20, 2018

↑ Daniela Albat: Does glyphosate damage the nerves? Glyphosate-based crop protection products promote the breakdown of cells in the nervous system. In: scinexx.de. December 3, 2018, accessed June 9, 2019 .

↑ Rick A. Relyea: The Lethal Impact of Roundup on Aquatic and Terrestrial Amphibians . In: Ecological Applications . tape 15 , no. 4 , August 2005, p. 1118–1124 , doi : 10.1890 / 04-1291 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 8, 2013]). online ( memento of the original from January 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Rick A. Relyea, Nancy M. Schoeppner, Jason T. Hoverman: Pesticides and amphibians: The importance of community context ' . In: Ecological Applications . tape 15 , no. 4 , August 2005, p. 1125-1134 , doi : 10.1890 / 04-0559 .
^ Safe Use of Glyphosate-containing Products in Aquatic and Upland Natural Areas .
^ Rick A. Relyea: The Impact of Insecticides and Herbicides on the Biodiversity and Productivity of Aquatic Communities . In: Ecological Applications . tape 15 , no. 2 , April 1, 2005, p. 618–627 , doi : 10.1890 / 03-5342 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 8, 2013]).
^ Walsh LP, McCormick C, Martin C, Stocco DM: Roundup inhibits steroidogenesis by disrupting steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression . In: Environ. Health Perspect . 108, No. 8, August 2000, pp. 769-776. PMID 10964798 . PMC 1638308 (free full text).
↑ Julie Marc, Magali Le Breton, Patrick Cormier, Julia Morales, Robert Bellé, Odile Mulner-Lorillon: A glyphosate-based pesticide impinges on transcription . In: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . tape 203 , no. 1 , February 15, 2005, p. 1-8 , doi : 10.1016 / j.taap.2004.07.014 , PMID 15694458 .
↑ Julie Marc, Odile Mulner-Lorillon, Sandrine Boulben, Dorothée Hureau, Gaël Durand, Robert Bellé: Pesticide Roundup Provokes Cell Division Dysfunction at the Level of CDK1 / Cyclin B Activation . In: Chemical Research in Toxicology . tape 15 , no. 3 , March 1, 2002, p. 326–331 , doi : 10.1021 / tx015543g , PMID 11896679 ( online [accessed January 8, 2013]).
↑ Julie Marc, Odile Mulner-Lorillon, Robert Bellé: Glyphosate-based pesticides affect cell cycle regulation . In: Biology of the Cell . tape 96 , no. 3 , 2004, p. 245-249 , doi : 10.1016 / j.biolcel.2003.11.010 , PMID 15182708 .
↑ Answer from Ilse Aigner to abstellungenwatch.de
↑ bvl.bund.de: Requirements to protect consumers with glyphosate-containing plant protection products and additives ( Memento of May 11, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
↑ Michael Antoniou, Mohamed Ezz El-Din Mostafa Habib, C. Vyvyan Howard, Richard C. Jennings, Carlo Leifert, Rubens Onofre Nodari, Claire Robinson, John Fagan: Roundup and birth defects: Is the public being kept in the dark . In: Earth Open Source . June 2011 ( online at scribd [accessed January 8, 2013]).
^ Report by ORF on the Earth Open study .
↑ Monsanto's statement on the Earth Open study ( memento of the original from August 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
^ Sudden Interest in Dated Argentine Research on Glyphosate. Monsanto, October 1, 2010 ( Memento of the original from March 10, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2

^ Claire Robinson: Europe's pesticide and food safety regulators - Who do they work for? April 2011 ( PDF , accessed June 27, 2013)

↑ EFSA addresses factual errors and misunderstandings of report on “Europe's pesticide and food safety regulators”. Letter to Earth Open Source, April 14, 2011.

↑ AGES on glyphosate toxicity. AGES website ( Memento of the original from December 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2
↑ Alejandra Paganelli, Victoria Gnazzo, Helena Acosta, Silvia L. López, Andrés E. Carrasco: Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Produce Teratogenic Effects on Vertebrates by Impairing Retinoic Acid Signaling . In: Chemical Research in Toxicology . tape 23 , no. 10 , October 18, 2010, p. 1586–1595 , doi : 10.1021 / tx1001749 ( online [PDF; accessed on January 8, 2013]).
↑ ZDFZOOM: The silent poison .
↑ Glyphosate in herbicides: Bayer subsidiary Monsanto has to pay compensation. In: Deutsche Welle . August 10, 2018, accessed August 10, 2018 .
↑ https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/VC/roundupmdl
↑ according to ntv , May 9, 2019
↑ Fabian Baier, Mathias Jedinger, Edith Gruber, Johann G. Zaller: Temperature-Dependence of Glyphosate-Based Herbicide's Effects on Egg and Tadpole Growth of Common Toads . In: Agroecology and Land Use Systems . January 2016, p. 51 , doi : 10.3389 / fenvs.2016.00051 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Fabian Baier, Edith Gruber, Thomas Hein, Elisabeth Bondar-Kunze, Marina Ivanković: Non-target effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide on Common toad larvae (Bufo bufo, Amphibia) and associated algae are altered by temperature . In: PeerJ . tape November 4 , 2016, doi : 10.7717 / peerj.2641 , PMID 27833808 , PMC 5101619 (free full text).

↑ Stephen O. Duke, Stephen B. Powles: Glyphosate: a once-in-a-century herbicide . In: Pest Management Science . tape 64 , no. 4 , 2008, p. 319-325 , doi : 10.1002 / ps.1518 .

^ Antonio L. Cerdeira, Stephen O. Duke: The current status and environmental impacts of glyphosate-resistant crops: a review . In: Journal of environmental quality . tape 35 , no. 5 , October 2006, p. 1633-1658 , doi : 10.2134 / jeq2005.0378 .

^ Material Safety Data Sheet, 2005.

↑ Roundup Compendium as PDF at roundup.de (as of 2007)

↑ The declaration of cease and desist documented at mindfully.org ( memento of the original from July 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .