Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

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Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
Systematics
Subdivision : Saccharomycotina
Class : Saccharomycetes
Order : Real yeast (Saccharomycetales)
Family : Saccharomycetaceae
Genre : Sugar yeast ( Saccharomyces )
Type : Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
Scientific name
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
E. Chr. Hansen

The yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis (bottom-fermenting yeast and lager yeast) is the brewing of bottom-fermented lagers used and was named after the great Danish brewery Carlsberg named, is also in the scientific field, for example in the study of sub-processes of glycolysis with new process using .

In more recent publications, the name S. pastorianus is mostly used instead ( suggested as early as 1870 by Max Rees from Wiesloch , Professor of Botany at the University of Erlangen , in honor of Louis Pasteur).

history

The founder's son, Jacob Christian Jacobsen, who could count among his friends and colleagues, Louis Pasteur , set up a laboratory in his father's brewery in 1875, which later became the Carlsberg Research Center . The first yeast cell was isolated in this laboratory in 1883. The discoverer was Emil Christian Hansen . Yeast cultivation in so-called "Carlsberg flasks" is still used in breweries today.

ancestry

The bottom-fermenting yeast has long been known as a hybrid between the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and another Saccharomyces species, at least since 1850. The genome of S. carlsbergensis is up to 60% larger than that of S. cerevisiae , as it contains parts of two genomes are. Initially, it was assumed that S. carlsbergensis is a hybrid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus because of phenotypic and genomic similarities to both species. Most of the genome should come from S. bayanus . Recently, however , the species S. eubayanus , newly discovered in 2011, has been accepted as a partner of S. cerevisiae , which in contrast to S. bayanus occurs naturally. This new species was first found in Argentina (Patagonia). The part of the bottom-fermenting yeast genome that does not come from S. cerevisiae is 99% identical to the genome of S. eubayanus . The origin of the bottom-fermenting yeast as hybrid S. eubayanus x S. cerevisiae ( S. pastorianus syn. S. carlsbergensis ) is thus identified with great certainty. The new species S. eubayanus has since been found in China, Tibet and Mongolia as well as in the US state of Wisconsin.

Internal system

There are two types of bottom-fermenting yeast, which are called Saaz (or type 1) and Frohberg (or type 2) according to the respective places of origin or breweries (after Paul Lindner 1909). Yeast strains of the Saaz type usually ferment faster and at colder temperatures, while those of the Frohberg type tend to weaken. Genome analyzes in 2014 showed that the Saaz type is triploid and, in addition to two sets of chromosomes from S. eubayanus, only has one from S. cerevisiae . This applies in particular to the two Saaz strains CBS 1513 (type for S. carlsbergensis ) and CBS 1503 (previously also referred to as S. monacensis ). The Frohberg type, on the other hand, is tetraploid ('true hybrid') and contains almost the entire genome of both parent species. These include the strains Weihenstephan WS 34/70 and the type strain of S. pastorianus CBS 1538. These results explain the observation that the fermentation behavior of the Saaz type is more similar to that of S. eubayanus , that of the Frohberg type more to that of S. cerevisiae .

At the moment it does not seem to be entirely clear whether the Saaz type emerged at an early point in time from the Frohberg type through genome reduction or whether each of the two types emerged from its own hybridization event. Mostly the latter is assumed, whereby the question then arises whether the two types should not have different species names: According to the type strains, for example S. carlsbergensis for the Saaz type and S. pastorianus for the Frohberg type.

outlook

Based on the new findings, it was possible in Finland at the beginning of 2015 to create several new lines of bottom-fermenting yeast through artificially generated hybridization of S. eubayanus with S. cerevisiae . It is hoped that a broad selection of starting strains of the two parent species will result in favorable properties not previously achieved for the new types: processing of maltotriose , production of higher alcohols as aromatic carriers, etc. New hybridizations of these two or other Saccharomyces species are to be expected that the range of bottom-fermented beers will expand significantly in the future, even if Saccharomyces eubayanus itself should not find commercial use.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ M. Rees: Botanical investigations on the alcohol fermentation mushrooms. 1870, pp. 29-30.
  2. ↑ What are yeast? ( Memento of the original from February 26, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on: yeastgenome.org @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.yeastgenome.org
  3. ^ Ann Vaughan Martini, Cletus P. Kurtzman: Deoxyribonucleic acid relatedness among species of the genus Saccharomyces sensu stricto. In: International journal of systematic bacteriology. 35.4, 1985, pp. 508-511. (engl.)
  4. ^ R. Montrocher et al .: Phylogenetic Analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Group Based on Polymorphisms of the rDNA Spacer Sequences. (PDF; 1.2 MB). In: Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. Vol 48, 1998, pp. 295-303.
  5. ^ Y. Tamai, T. Momma, H. Yoshimoto, Y. Kaneko: Co-existence of two types of chromosome in the bottom fermenting yeast, Saccharomyces pastorianus. PMID 9717238 . (engl.)
  6. ↑ Domestication: Modern brewer's yeast has South American roots. In: Spectrum of Science . August 22, 2011.
  7. ↑ Huu-Vang Nguyen et al: Deciphering the hybridization history leading to the lager lineage based on the mosaic genomes of Saccharomyces bayanus strains NBRC1948 and CBS380T. In: PloS one. 6.10, 2011, p. E25821. (engl.)
  8. ↑ Diego Libkind et al: Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108.35 2011, pp. 14539-14544. (engl.)
  9. ↑ EmilyClare Baker et al .: The genome sequence of Saccharomyces eubayanus and the domestication of lager-brewing yeasts. In: Oxford Journals: Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2015.
  10. ↑ Jian Bing et al .: Evidence for a Far East Asian origin of lager beer yeast. In: Current Biology. October 24, 2014, pp. R380-R381. (engl.)
  11. ↑ David Peris, Kayla Sylvester et al .: Population structure and reticulate evolution of Saccharomyces eubayanus and its lager-brewing hybrids. In: Molecular Ecology. 23, 2014, p. 2031. doi: 10.1111 / mec.12702
  12. ↑ a b Brian R. Gibson, Erna Storgårds et al .: Comparative physiology and fermentation performance of Saaz and Frohberg lager yeast strains and the parental species Saccharomyces eubayanus. In: Yeast. 30.7, 2013, pp. 255-266. doi: 10.1002 / yea.2960 (engl.)
  13. ↑ a b c About Saccharomyces eubayanus. In: Shanty Brewery. (engl.)
  14. ↑ Andrea Walther, Ana Hesselbart, Jürgen Wendland: Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, the World's First Pure Culture Lager Yeast. In: G3: Genes | Genomes | Genetics. 4.5, 2014, pp. 783-793.
  15. ↑ C. Monerawela, U. Bond: Brewing up a storm: The genomes of lager yeasts and how they evolved. In: Biotechnology Advances . Volume 35, number 4, 07 2017, pp. 512-519, doi : 10.1016 / j.biotechadv.2017.03.003 , PMID 28284994 (review).
  16. ^ A. Walther, A. Hesselbart, J. Wendland: Genome sequence of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis, the world's first pure culture lager yeast. In: G3. Volume 4, number 5, February 2014, pp. 783-793, doi : 10.1534 / g3.113.010090 , PMID 24578374 , PMC 4025477 (free full text).
  17. ↑ Lars Fischer: yeast evolution: lager was created twice in: spectrum of science. 11th August 2015.
  18. ↑ Alice Lanzke: Lager, Pils, Export: What researchers know about the evolution of beer . In: Welt Digital . 11th August 2015
  19. ^ J. Wendland: Lager yeast comes of age. In: Eukaryotic Cell. Volume 13, number 10, October 2014, pp. 1256-1265, doi : 10.1128 / EC.00134-14 , PMID 25084862 , PMC 4187645 (free full text) (review).
  20. ↑ Kristoffer Krogerus, Frederico Magalhães, Virve Vidgren, Brian Gibson: New lager yeast strains generated by interspecific hybridization. In: Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 42, 2015, p. 769. doi: 10.1007 / s10295-015-1597-6
  21. ↑ K. Krogerus, F. Magalhães et al. a .: Novel brewing yeast hybrids: creation and application. In: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . Volume 101, number 1, January 2017, pp. 65-78, doi : 10.1007 / s00253-016-8007-5 , PMID 27885413 , PMC 5203825 (free full text) (review).
  22. ↑ Shanty Brewery: Saccharomyces eubayanus , Brewing , Project , H41 (2016)

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