Sathmarschwäbisch
Sathmarschwäbisch | ||
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Spoken in |
Settlement area of the Sathmar Swabians: Romania (districts Satu Mare , Bihor , Sălaj and Maramureș ) Hungary (communities Vállaj , Mérk and Zajta ) |
|
speaker | about 200 | |
Linguistic classification |
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Sathmarschwäbisch (proper name: Schwǫbisch , Romanian : Şvaba sătmăreană , Hungarian : Szatmari sváb ), the dialect of the Donauschwaben counting Sathmar Swabians . It is in the settlement area of Satu Mare Swabians in Satu Mare area (around Großkarol / Carei and Satu Mare / Satu Mare ) and in the counties of Bihor , Salaj and Maramures in the north-west of Romania and in the three communities Wallei ( Vállaj ) , Memory( Mérk ) and Saiten ( Zajta ) are spoken in northeastern Hungary . It belongs to the Swabian-Alemannic dialects and is similar to the Upper Swabian dialect from the region around Biberach and Ravensburg . The Swabian dialect from Bad Schussenried or its southeastern town of Otterswang is most similar to Sathmarschwäbischen .
Sathmarschwäbisch is spoken today only by the older generation and is increasingly being displaced by the Hungarian and Romanian languages in everyday life. The dialect is therefore considered to be directly endangered and could soon become extinct.
Emergence
The Sathmar Swabians are descendants of the farmers who immigrated mainly from Upper Swabia in the 18th century . Between 1712 and 1815 Count Alexander Károlyi and his descendants recruited colonists from the Kingdom of Württemberg . Many emigrants came from today's districts of Ravensburg and Biberach .
Regional differences
The area around Sathmar and Großkarol is almost uniformly shaped by Upper Swabia. Nevertheless, there is an Alemannic dialect in Kriegsdorf ( Hodod ) , which is similar to that in Saderlach ( Zădăreni ) in the Banat , whereas in Neupalota a Palatine-Moselle-Franconian dialect is spoken, which is similar to Banat Swabian . In Großtarna ( Tarna Mare ) and Batartsch ( Bătarci ) a Bavarian-Austrian dialect is spoken, which is related to that of the Zipser in Oberwischau ( Vișeu de Sus ) .
Furthermore, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words from place to place:
eye | crow | Handkerchief | |
---|---|---|---|
Shame | Aage | Graa | Snuff i achle |
Sukunden | eye | Grej | Halst i achle |
Characteristics
Sathmar Swabian primarily has the characteristics of Swabian, supplemented by some special features: Striking primary sound and form phenomena of Swabian were often replaced by dialect characteristics of the Franconian or Bavarian settlers.
The following features are characteristic of all dialects of Sathmarschwäbischen:
- Diminutive suffix -li (pl. Also -lin): en Äpfeli, Maidli, Wiebli ‚Weiblein '(in Erdeed and the Buchengebirge -le (-lin) : Bäsle, Mädle, Gätterle‚ Gassentürchen')
- st also appears internally and externally as scht : luschtege Schwobe, Wurscht, he isch (t)
- The dative is indicated by inserting an i , for example: Mr. hond's i ihr gia (we gave it to her) or: Se gait i de Saue Beer (she gives the pigs corn berries).
- Words that begin with e are prefixed with a j . For example: eat → jeassa, something → jeames or jeapes.
- Unit plural on -et : mer, you, she: chatter, winch, sing
- Insertion of a weak i before an e: Feld → Fieald, Weg → Wieag, Nest → Niearst, Leder → Lieader, her → hiear ,self → siealber. The i is spoken briefly.
- Preservation of the diphthongs and triphthongs: ie, iea, ue, ui, oi, uoi, uei : siëß, diëane, Fiëanschter, liëab, guat, luege, hui 'heim', 's isch hoiß, i wuois it waa' I don't know what ', Stuoi' stone ', Flueisch' meat '
- Intervocal plosives b, d, g are preserved: Schwobe, blibe, widr, fliage, Gwander
- Shortening of the article leading to d ' : d'Mareibäs, d'Baure, d'Ohre
- Shortened pronominal forms i 'ich', mi 'mich', where i also expresses the dative: i dieam Bauer 'dem Bauern'; likewise ui 'you' and ujer 'your'
- The prefix overall fall before plosive from: brocht brought 'knows, known'. The Alemannic, as a subgroup of Swabian, has z. B. in Kriegsdorf or in the Banat Saderlach linguistic features of the Upper Rhine or Durlach settlers.
- Most consistent p → pf shift, even in forms like: Seipfe
- Shift of k → ch : Chopf, chrankch, Chriëslibluescht 'cherry blossom'
- Preservation of the diphthongs ie, uo, üe and ei as: ia, ue, ia, ai ; Bliamli, Mueter, Briëdr
- Old monophthongs: î, û, iu remain as ie, uu, ie : Huus ('house'), Hieser, Ziet
- Verbal forms in e : bless 'say', you hesch 'you have', you het 'you have'
Compare with Swabian and Standard German
Sathmarschwäbisch | Swabian | Standard German |
---|---|---|
i | i | I |
you | you | you |
me | me | weather |
it | ned | not |
much | vil | much |
White | Woi | Wine |
Sucks | Wurschd | sausage |
know | able | can |
legend | saga | to say |
Influences from other languages
The influence of the Hungarian on the Sathmarschwäbische dialect around Großkarol and the Romanian language especially in Erdeed , Sukunden , Unterhamroth and Burlescht is mainly limited to a few loanwords of the official, commercial and technical language as well as to the name property. Otherwise, the dialect of the Sathmar Swabians remained almost unaffected compared to Upper Swabian, which was ousted by High German, especially under the influence of the school.
Words borrowed from other languages:
Romanian
Sathmarschwäbisch | Romanian | German |
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Temitz | temniță | Dungeon |
Hungarian
Sathmarschwäbisch | Hungarian | German |
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Batsche | bácsi | uncle |
Garille | kerülő | detour |
Kontsche | kancsó | jug |
Pokroz | pokróc | ceiling |
Neither | vödör | bucket |
Language example
Sathmarschwäbisch | Standard German |
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Mr winches a golden table, |
We wish you a golden table, |
See also
Web links
- Audio samples in Sathmarschwäbisch on the website of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Remarks
- ↑ In contrast to Sathmarschwäbisch, Banatschwäbisch is not a Swabian dialect , but a dialect close to the Palatinate and Saarland .
- ↑ In High German also the cousin and the cousin
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Sathmar Swabian. In: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Accessed July 31, 2021 .
- ^ A b Hans Gehl: The Sathmarschwäbischen dialects and their language carriers. In: Diakronia.ro. Institutul de Filologie Română "A. Philippide ”, accessed July 31, 2021 .
- ↑ Klarisza Koroknai, Anetta-Stefania Szakaszti National College Kölcsey Ferenc Sathmar: Sathmarer Swabians: On all four corners a fried fish . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed July 31, 2021]).
- ↑ a b c d Helmut Berner: The dialect of the Sathmarer Swabians along with some of their peculiarities. September 24, 2015, accessed July 31, 2021 .
- ^ Csilla-Anna Szabó: Speech contact phenomena in the Sathmarschwabian village of Petrifeld. In: Diacronia.ro. Mirton Verlag, accessed August 1, 2021 .
- ^ District office Ravensburg : The Sathmar Swabians - The changeful fate of German settlers in northwest Romania ( memento of February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) of October 17, 2010, accessed on May 20, 2010
- ↑ Sathmarer Schwaben - Nuremberg cultural advisory board for immigrant Germans. Accessed July 31, 2021 (German).