Sathmarschwäbisch

Sathmarschwäbisch
Spoken in	Settlement area of the Sathmar Swabians: ; Romania (districts Satu Mare , Bihor , Sălaj and Maramureș ) ; Hungary (communities Vállaj , Mérk and Zajta )
speaker	about 200
Linguistic ; classification	Indo-European Germanic West Germanic Standard German Upper German West Upper German Swabian Sathmarschwäbisch ;

Sathmarschwäbisch (proper name: Schwǫbisch , Romanian : Şvaba sătmăreană , Hungarian : Szatmari sváb ), the dialect of the Donauschwaben counting Sathmar Swabians . It is in the settlement area of Satu Mare Swabians in Satu Mare area (around Großkarol / Carei and Satu Mare / Satu Mare ) and in the counties of Bihor , Salaj and Maramures in the north-west of Romania and in the three communities Wallei ( Vállaj ) , Memory( Mérk ) and Saiten ( Zajta ) are spoken in northeastern Hungary . It belongs to the Swabian-Alemannic dialects and is similar to the Upper Swabian dialect from the region around Biberach and Ravensburg . The Swabian dialect from Bad Schussenried or its southeastern town of Otterswang is most similar to Sathmarschwäbischen .

Sathmarschwäbisch is spoken today only by the older generation and is increasingly being displaced by the Hungarian and Romanian languages in everyday life. The dialect is therefore considered to be directly endangered and could soon become extinct.

Distribution map showing the proportion of Romanian Germans in the population (2011 census). The orange and yellow colored fields in northwest Romania belong to the Sathmarschwäbischen language area.

Emergence

The Sathmar Swabians are descendants of the farmers who immigrated mainly from Upper Swabia in the 18th century . Between 1712 and 1815 Count Alexander Károlyi and his descendants recruited colonists from the Kingdom of Württemberg . Many emigrants came from today's districts of Ravensburg and Biberach .

Regional differences

The area around Sathmar and Großkarol is almost uniformly shaped by Upper Swabia. Nevertheless, there is an Alemannic dialect in Kriegsdorf ( Hodod ) , which is similar to that in Saderlach ( Zădăreni ) in the Banat , whereas in Neupalota a Palatine-Moselle-Franconian dialect is spoken, which is similar to Banat Swabian . In Großtarna ( Tarna Mare ) and Batartsch ( Bătarci ) a Bavarian-Austrian dialect is spoken, which is related to that of the Zipser in Oberwischau ( Vișeu de Sus ) .

Furthermore, there are differences in the pronunciation of some words from place to place:

	eye	crow	Handkerchief
Shame	Aage	Graa	Snuff i achle
Sukunden	eye	Grej	Halst i achle

Characteristics

Sathmar Swabian primarily has the characteristics of Swabian, supplemented by some special features: Striking primary sound and form phenomena of Swabian were often replaced by dialect characteristics of the Franconian or Bavarian settlers.

The following features are characteristic of all dialects of Sathmarschwäbischen:

Diminutive suffix -li (pl. Also -lin): en Äpfeli, Maidli, Wiebli ‚Weiblein '(in Erdeed and the Buchengebirge -le (-lin) : Bäsle, Mädle, Gätterle‚ Gassentürchen')
st also appears internally and externally as scht : luschtege Schwobe, Wurscht, he isch (t)
The dative is indicated by inserting an i , for example: Mr. hond's i ihr gia (we gave it to her) or: Se gait i de Saue Beer (she gives the pigs corn berries).
Words that begin with e are prefixed with a j . For example: eat → jeassa, something → jeames or jeapes.
Unit plural on -et : mer, you, she: chatter, winch, sing
Insertion of a weak i before an e: Feld → Fieald, Weg → Wieag, Nest → Niearst, Leder → Lieader, her → hiear ,self → siealber. The i is spoken briefly.
Preservation of the diphthongs and triphthongs: ie, iea, ue, ui, oi, uoi, uei : siëß, diëane, Fiëanschter, liëab, guat, luege, hui 'heim', 's isch hoiß, i wuois it waa' I don't know what ', Stuoi' stone ', Flueisch' meat '
Intervocal plosives b, d, g are preserved: Schwobe, blibe, widr, fliage, Gwander
Shortening of the article leading to d ' : d'Mareibäs, d'Baure, d'Ohre
Shortened pronominal forms i 'ich', mi 'mich', where i also expresses the dative: i dieam Bauer 'dem Bauern'; likewise ui 'you' and ujer 'your'
The prefix overall fall before plosive from: brocht brought 'knows, known'. The Alemannic, as a subgroup of Swabian, has z. B. in Kriegsdorf or in the Banat Saderlach linguistic features of the Upper Rhine or Durlach settlers.
Most consistent p → pf shift, even in forms like: Seipfe
Shift of k → ch : Chopf, chrankch, Chriëslibluescht 'cherry blossom'
Preservation of the diphthongs ie, uo, üe and ei as: ia, ue, ia, ai ; Bliamli, Mueter, Briëdr
Old monophthongs: î, û, iu remain as ie, uu, ie : Huus ('house'), Hieser, Ziet
Verbal forms in e : bless 'say', you hesch 'you have', you het 'you have'

Compare with Swabian and Standard German

Sathmarschwäbisch	Swabian	Standard German
i	i	I
you	you	you
me	me	weather
it	ned	not
much	vil	much
White	Woi	Wine
Sucks	Wurschd	sausage
know	able	can
legend	saga	to say

Influences from other languages

The influence of the Hungarian on the Sathmarschwäbische dialect around Großkarol and the Romanian language especially in Erdeed , Sukunden , Unterhamroth and Burlescht is mainly limited to a few loanwords of the official, commercial and technical language as well as to the name property. Otherwise, the dialect of the Sathmar Swabians remained almost unaffected compared to Upper Swabian, which was ousted by High German, especially under the influence of the school.

Words borrowed from other languages:

Romanian

Sathmarschwäbisch	Romanian	German
Temitz	temniță	Dungeon

Hungarian

Sathmarschwäbisch	Hungarian	German
Batsche	bácsi	uncle
Garille	kerülő	detour
Kontsche	kancsó	jug
Pokroz	pokróc	ceiling
Neither	vödör	bucket

Language example

Sathmarschwäbisch	Standard German
Mr winches a golden table, A every four corners a breaded fish, Z'mitlede no red and white white, That the cousin and the bass can be eaten.	We wish you a golden table, a fried fish on all four corners, a chilled red wine in the middle, so that the cousin and the cousin are funny.

Web links

Audio samples in Sathmarschwäbisch on the website of the Austrian Academy of Sciences

Remarks

↑ In contrast to Sathmarschwäbisch, Banatschwäbisch is not a Swabian dialect , but a dialect close to the Palatinate and Saarland .
↑ In High German also the cousin and the cousin

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Sathmar Swabian. In: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Accessed July 31, 2021 .
^ ^A ^b Hans Gehl: The Sathmarschwäbischen dialects and their language carriers. In: Diakronia.ro. Institutul de Filologie Română "A. Philippide ”, accessed July 31, 2021 .
↑ Klarisza Koroknai, Anetta-Stefania Szakaszti National College Kölcsey Ferenc Sathmar: Sathmarer Swabians: On all four corners a fried fish . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed July 31, 2021]).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Helmut Berner: The dialect of the Sathmarer Swabians along with some of their peculiarities. September 24, 2015, accessed July 31, 2021 .
^ Csilla-Anna Szabó: Speech contact phenomena in the Sathmarschwabian village of Petrifeld. In: Diacronia.ro. Mirton Verlag, accessed August 1, 2021 .
^ District office Ravensburg : The Sathmar Swabians - The changeful fate of German settlers in northwest Romania ( memento of February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) of October 17, 2010, accessed on May 20, 2010
↑ Sathmarer Schwaben - Nuremberg cultural advisory board for immigrant Germans. Accessed July 31, 2021 (German).

[7] In contrast to Sathmarschwäbisch, Banatschwäbisch is not a Swabian dialect , but a dialect close to the Palatinate and Saarland .

[9] In High German also the cousin and the cousin

[:2-1] Sathmar Swabian. In: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Accessed July 31, 2021 .

[:0-2] A ^b Hans Gehl: The Sathmarschwäbischen dialects and their language carriers. In: Diakronia.ro. Institutul de Filologie Română "A. Philippide ”, accessed July 31, 2021 .

[3] Klarisza Koroknai, Anetta-Stefania Szakaszti National College Kölcsey Ferenc Sathmar: Sathmarer Swabians: On all four corners a fried fish . In: FAZ.NET . ISSN 0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed July 31, 2021]).

[:1-4] Helmut Berner: The dialect of the Sathmarer Swabians along with some of their peculiarities. September 24, 2015, accessed July 31, 2021 .

[5] Csilla-Anna Szabó: Speech contact phenomena in the Sathmarschwabian village of Petrifeld. In: Diacronia.ro. Mirton Verlag, accessed August 1, 2021 .

[6] District office Ravensburg : The Sathmar Swabians - The changeful fate of German settlers in northwest Romania ( memento of February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) of October 17, 2010, accessed on May 20, 2010

[8] Sathmarer Schwaben - Nuremberg cultural advisory board for immigrant Germans. Accessed July 31, 2021 (German).