Crooked aniseed mushroom

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Crooked aniseed mushroom
Agaricus abruptibulbus.jpg

Crooked aniseed mushroom ( Agaricus essettei )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : Agaricomycetidae
Order : Mushroom-like (Agaricales)
Family : Mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae)
Genre : Mushrooms ( agaricus )
Type : Crooked aniseed mushroom
Scientific name
Agaricus essettei
Receipt

The crooked or flat bulbous aniseed mushroom or gerling ( Agaricus essettei ) is an edible mushroom from the family of mushroom relatives (Agaricaceae).

features

The fruiting bodies appear mostly gregarious and turn lemon or chrome yellow on the outside at the points of contact. The thin hat reaches 6 to 12 centimeters in diameter and is initially spherical and later spreads over a bell-shaped or hemispherical shape to a shape that is flat with age. The top is pure white, silky and finely scaled towards the edge. The edge of the hat is often hung with remains of velum in young specimens . The lamellae are pale gray when young, initially turn red with increasing maturity of the spores and finally become blackish. They stand close and free from the stem. The spores are purple-brown, broadly ellipsoidal in shape and have a smooth surface. They measure 6 to 8 by 4 to 5 microns. The stem, which is hollow with age, is cylindrical and slender, reaches heights of 7 to 12 centimeters and a diameter of between 1 and 2 (3) centimeters and has a usually offset, flat, edged, distinct bulbous thickening at the base. It is largely the same color as the hat and has a mostly simple, large, thin-skinned, drooping and ephemeral ring . The meat is white, does not discolour or yellows slightly and tastes and smells characteristic of aniseed oil or almonds. With potassium hydroxide (KOH) it turns yellow.

Species delimitation

The young fruiting bodies, in particular, are very similar to those of deadly poisonous capsicum mushrooms ( green capsicum mushroom , cone-capped capsicum mushroom ). These differ in their permanent white lamellas and spurs as well as a sheath around the peduncle.

The mushroom is very similar to related species such as the thin-fleshed aniseed mushroom , the white aniseed mushroom ( Agaricus arvensis ), the short-spore aniseed mushroom ( Agaricus osecanus ), the meadow mushroom ( Agaricus campestris ) and the carbolic mushroom . The slightly poisonous carbolic Egerling ( Agaricus xanthoderma ) has an unpleasant smell. The thin-fleshed aniseed Egerling ( Agaricus silvicola ) also grows outside of coniferous forests and has thinner fruit bodies with rather cream-colored hats.

Distribution and ecology

The crooked aniseed Egerling grows as a saprophyte in coniferous forests, especially in coniferous litter under spruce trees , and produces fruit from June to October. It can be found in Europe, North America and Japan.

ingredients

A certain mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde is probably responsible for the aniseed smell . The fungus accumulates cadmium from the substrate up to a 300-fold concentration. Cadmium also plays a role in his organism; Mycelium cultures grow better in the laboratory if the nutrient medium contains cadmium (100% increase with 0.5 milligrams of cadmium per liter compared to cadmium-free medium, the effect is no longer present at concentrations of 1 milligram / liter). It binds the cadmium by means of a special protein, the cadmium mycophosphatin or a similar substance.

use

The crooked aniseed Egerling can also be eaten raw and is a popular edible mushroom in Europe . Unlike some relatives, he is not suitable for cultivation.

Systematics and taxonomy

The official first description of Agaricus abruptibulbus, which is partly regarded as an independent species, comes from Charles Horton Peck , who described it as Agaricus abruptus . The European name Agaricus essettei goes back to a description by Marcel Bon . The mushroom is considered by different authors partly as an independent species, partly as synonymous with Agaricus abruptibulbus (name of North American origin) or the thin-fleshed aniseed Egerling ( Agaricus silvicola ).

According to a molecular-biological genetic examination from 2004, a definable group of closely related species still includes

swell

  1. ↑ Markus Flück: Which mushroom is that? 3. Edition. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-440-11561-9 , pp. 246 .
  2. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The great cosmos mushroom guide . All edible mushrooms with their poisonous doppelgangers. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6 , p. 270 .
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: Edible mushrooms and their poisonous doppelgangers . Collect mushrooms - the right way. Kosmos Verlags-GmbH, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10240-8 , p. 107 .
  4. ↑ Field Trip Reports. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 119, No. 1, 1992, p. 101.
  5. ^ LO Overholts: Notes on Fungi from the Lower Mississippi Valley. In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 65, No. 3, 1938, pp. 167-180.
  6. ↑ R. Romerleau, WB Cooke: IX International Botanical Congress: Field Trip No. 22: Québec Fungi. In: Mycologia. 56, No. 4, 1964, pp. 618-626.
  7. ↑ Agaricus abruptibulbus. In: Encyclopedia of Life.
  8. ↑ Sylvie Rapior, Sophie Breheret, Thierry Talou, Yves Pélissier, Jean-Marie Bessière: The anise-like odor of Clitocybe odora , Lentinellus cochleatus and Agaricus essettei . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 94 , no. 3 (May – June), 2002, pp. 373-376 , doi : 10.2307 / 3761770 ( full text ).
  9. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Meisch, Johannes A. Schmitt, W. Reinle: Heavy metals in higher mushrooms: cadmium, zinc and copper. In: Journal of Nature Research C . 32, 1977, pp. 172-181 ( PDF , free full text).
  10. ↑ GA Jackl, G. Reidel, WE Kollmer: Identification of the cadmium binding compounds in agaricus arvensis hyphae using 109Cd . In: International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part A. Applied Radiation and Isotopes . tape 38 , no. 6 , 1987, ISSN  0883-2889 , pp. 431-435 , doi : 10.1016 / 0883-2889 (87) 90095-5 .
  11. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Meisch, AR Scholl, Johannes A. Schmitt: Cadmium - a growth factor for the crooked anischampignon Agaricus abruptibulbus . In: Journal of Nature Research C . 36, 1981, pp. 765-771 ( PDF , free full text).
  12. ^ Hans-Ulrich Meisch, Johannes A. Schmitt: Mycophosphatin from the Mushroom Agaricus macrosporus . In: Environmental Health Perspectives . tape 65 , 1986, pp. 29–32 , PMC 1474717 (free full text) - (English).
  13. ↑ M. Jablonski: Isolation and characterization of cadmium-containing constituents from the fruiting bodies and mycelium of the crooked mushroom Agaricus abruptibulbus (Peck) Kauffmann . In: Diploma thesis, Saarbrücken University . 1981.
  14. ^ Marcel Bon : Novitates . Validations de taxons et combinaisons nouvelles. In: Société mycologique du Nord de la France (ed.): Documents Mycologiques . tape  13 , no. 49 , 1983, pp. 56 .
  15. ↑ József Geml, David M. Geiser, Daniel J. Royse: Molecular evolution of Agaricus species based on ITS and LSU rDNA sequences . In: Mycological Progress . tape 3 , no. 2 , May 2004, p. 157–176 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-006-0086-8 (English).

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