Sword elephant

Sword elephant
	Sword elephant ( Pentanema ensifolium )
Systematics
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Asteroideae
Tribe :	Inuleae
Genre :	Pentanema
Type :	Sword elephant
Scientific name
	Pentanema ensifolium
	( L. ) D. Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & MMMart.Ort.

The sword-Elecampane ( Pentanema ensifolium ), also sword leaf Elecampane or narrow leaf Elecampane called, is a species of the genus Pentanema within the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae).

description

Habitus

Sword-shaped leaves with parallel nerves

Achenes with pappus

Vegetative characteristics

The sword elephant is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 10 to 40, sometimes up to 50 centimeters, with an upright stem .

The somewhat stiff, pointed, dark green leaves are almost entire and ciliate at the edge, but bare on the surfaces. In contrast to other Pentanema species, the leaf blades have parallel veins . The central, seated stem leaves are elongated-lanceolate with a width of 3 to 8 millimeters.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period lasts from June to August. Each stem usually has only one cup-shaped inflorescence , which has a diameter of 25 to 50 millimeters. The flower head contains golden-yellow tubular flowers on the inside and golden-yellow ray-flowers on the edge, which protrude far beyond the envelope.

The almost bare achenes are 2 to 2.5 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

Flower head
Open flower head

Illustration of the kind

Illustration of the hybrid Inula ensifolia × Inula salicina

Distribution and location requirements

The distribution area of the sword elephant is mainly in east- central , east and south- east Europe . In the German-speaking area he is at home in Austria. In Germany he may only be a neophyte .

In Austria, the sword-elephant occurs frequently in the Pannonian area , otherwise rarely on calcareous dry grassland of the colline altitude . The occurrences are limited to the federal states of Vienna , Lower Austria , Burgenland and Carinthia . In Upper Austria , the species that is endangered throughout Austria and endangered in the northern foothills of the Alps has become extinct. The sword elephant is a character species of the association Cirsio-Brachypodion, but also occurs in plant communities of the association Geranion sanguinei.

Taxonomy

The first publication took place in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Inula ensifolia by Carl von Linné . According to Gutiérrez-Larruscain et al. In 2018, some species from the genus Inula were added to the genus Pentanema . A new combination to Pentanema ensifolium (L.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E.Rico & MMMart.Ort. in David Gutiérrez-Larruscain, Maria Santos-Vicente, Arne A. Anderberg Enrique Rico, M. Martínez-Ortega: Phylogeny of the Inula group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): evidence from nuclear and plastid genomes and a recircumscription of Pentanema. In: Taxon , Volume 67, Issue 1, March 2018 on page 159.

Hybrids

The sword elephant forms hybrids with other Inula species, including:

Inula × vrabelyiana A. Kern . = Inula ensifolia × Inula salicina

literature

Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 . , taking into account the corrections to the 3rd edition (2008) of the excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol in addition to the list in Neilreichia 5 (2008) , In: Neilreichia 6 , pp. 297-325 (2011).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 922 .
↑ David Gutiérrez-Larruscain, Maria Santos-Vicente, Arne A. Anderberg Enrique Rico, M. Martínez-Ortega: Phylogeny of the Inula group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): evidence from nuclear and plastid genomes and a recircumscription of Pentanema. In: Taxon , Volume 67, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 149–164. doi : 10.12705 / 671.10
↑ Pentanema ensifolium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 24, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Sword- elephant ( Pentanema ensifolium ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Inula ensifolia L., sword elephant. In: FloraWeb.de.
Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Inula ensifolia L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved April 22, 2016.
Distribution in the northern hemisphere according to Hultén
Distribution map Euro + Med
Thomas Meyer: Alant Inula ensifolia data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )
Data sheet with photo at Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich (Natural History Museum Vienna).

[Oberdorfer2001-1] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 922 .

[Gutiérrez-Larruscain2018-2] David Gutiérrez-Larruscain, Maria Santos-Vicente, Arne A. Anderberg Enrique Rico, M. Martínez-Ortega: Phylogeny of the Inula group (Asteraceae: Inuleae): evidence from nuclear and plastid genomes and a recircumscription of Pentanema. In: Taxon , Volume 67, Issue 1, March 2018, pp. 149–164. doi : 10.12705 / 671.10

[GRIN-3] Pentanema ensifolium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 24, 2019.