Shanghai World Financial Center

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Shanghai World Financial Center
Shanghai World Financial Center
Basic data
Place: Shanghai , People's Republic of ChinaChina People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China 
Construction time : 1997-2008
Status : Built
Architect : Kohn Pedersen Fox
Use / legal
Usage : Hotel, office
Technical specifications
Height : 492 m
Height to the roof: 492 m
Top floor: 474 m
Rank (height) : 6th (World)
3rd (China)
2nd (Shanghai)
Floors : 101
Floor area : 377,300 m²
Building material : Structure: steel , reinforced concrete ;
Facade: glass

The Shanghai World Financial Center (German: Weltfinanzzentrum Shanghai; Chinese (simplified): 上海 环球 金融 中心; Chinese (traditional): 上海 環球 金融 中心; pinyin: Shànghǎi huánqiú jīnróng zhōngxīn) is a 492 meter high skyscraper in Shanghai and thus after the 632 meter high Shanghai Tower the second tallest building in the city. The building opened on August 28, 2008.

description

The height of the building is 492 meters, so the building is higher than the adjacent Jin Mao Tower (420.5 meters) and the striking Oriental Pearl Tower , a 468 meter high television tower, and was thus the highest opened building in the People's Republic of China and at the time the sixth tallest building in the world . Since the Shanghai Tower , which was built next to the SWFC and the Jin Mao Tower, reached its final height of 632 meters in August 2013 , this tower has towered over it.

The viewing platform in the Shanghai World Financial Center is 474 meters above the earth's surface, the second highest in the world, ahead of the 447 meters of the upper Sky Pod viewing platform of the CN Tower in Toronto and the 452 meters viewing height of the Burj Khalifa, which was completed in 2010 . Before the building was completed in 2008, it was the highest in the world. The viewing platform of the Mecca Royal Clock Tower Hotel in Mecca, which was completed in December 2012 and is located at a height of 558 meters, wrested this status from it. In future, the viewing platform on the Shanghai Tower will also be higher, namely at a height of 561.3 meters. This means that the neighboring building will have the highest public viewing platform in the world.

concept

The architecture firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) in New York and the local East China Architectural Design & Research Institute Co. Ltd. were engaged for the concept of this prestigious project, which was also intended to symbolically demonstrate China's financial strength. The appearance of the building is postmodern and, despite its gigantic dimensions, shows architectural lightness. The basic shape of a square prism with a side length of 58 meters was erected on the foundation. From the 30th floor onwards, the square prism is cut at opposite corners by two gently curved profile arches that taper as the building height increases and ultimately run in a single diagonal line at the top at a height of 492 meters. The intersection of the profile arches creates a vertically developing, six-sided building facade. This concept optimizes the use of the building, from the large floor space for offices on the lower floors to the straight, top floors for hotel operations.

The combination of earth and sky intended by the Shanghai World Financial Center made it necessary to select the cladding materials particularly carefully in order to reflect the harmonious contrast of the natural elements. The base of the SWFC was clad with raw granite up to a height of 24 meters, which gives the impression of stability and anchors the tower in the ground. In contrast, the main body of the skyscraper is clad with a glass curtain wall that reflects the sky and gives the impression of lightness. The architecture firm KPF has used a heat-insulating glass with a special high-performance coating in order to meet the highest demands on aesthetics , ergonomics and environmental friendliness.

The facade, the structure and the mechanical systems of the building are designed as a modular system, which is repeated every 13 floors, which simplifies the manufacture and assembly of the components, shortens the construction time and reduces the discard and structural inefficiencies. Its most striking feature is the approximately 50-meter-wide trapezoidal portal on the top floors, which reduces the enormous wind load on the top of the building. Its unusual shape also earned the building the unofficial nickname “bottle opener”.

Structural engineering

Detail of the top
SWFC at night
View from below of the building
Shanghai World Financial Center in an urban context

The first structural plan was designed for a 94-story building with a height of 460 meters. In 2000, the Mori Building Company changed the building design in its capacity as builder. The new building height was set at 492 meters and 101 floors. The company Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) was commissioned to work out an alternative structural design for the new plan. As the foundation was built for the original 460 meter building height and demolishing the foundation was out of the question for time and cost reasons, another solution had to be found. The new SWFC should now be 32 meters higher and have an additional seven floors. According to the new construction data, LERA calculated that the existing foundation could only continue to be used by reducing the weight of the building by more than 10 percent and by redistributing the increased lateral loads from wind and earthquakes to the foundation pillars. In 2001 LERA presented a new structural plan. The revised plan provided for a modified support structure and increased safety precautions. The structure consists of a core in concrete with four mega-columns at the corners, which are connected to one another by half-timbered belts and stiffening members with the concrete core. These mega columns consist of a core welded together from heavy plate with a concrete coating. Such a construction was chosen in order to be able to operate in the event of a disaster, e.g. B. in earthquakes to ensure the stability of the building by the loads acting on the building are transferred directly to the foundation via the mega columns. This type of structural system made it possible to lower construction costs and shorten the construction time compared to conventional systems in the construction industry.

To reduce the weight of the building, the thickness of the concrete walls of the inner core had to be reduced. The reduction in wall thickness could only be achieved with a simultaneous reduction in the wind and earthquake-induced lateral forces on the concrete walls. This was taken into account in the newly designed structural planning, so that not only a decrease in the concrete wall thickness, but also a reduction in the weight of structural steel in the outer walls was made possible.

The diagonal beams, which form part of the substructures, consist of welded steel box profiles that have been filled with concrete for reinforcement in order to create non-linear and damping structural properties. The pillars of the megastructure are also composite structures made of structural steel and reinforced concrete. The steel is used to transfer the vertical component of the load acting on the diagonal beams to the composite columns. The overall structure and its components have been designed so that the failure of one of the components or, if necessary, replacement of one of the components does not lead to the collapse of the structure.

Steel construction elements

The steel profile Jumbo W 14 "x 16" was used for the first time in China for the steel construction elements of the mighty structure . This steel profile complies with the Histar® ASTM A913 Grade 50 standard . It is a high-strength steel with 0.23 percent maximum carbon content, a minimum yield strength of 345 MPa (megapascals) and a tensile strength of 450 MPa . The ASTM A913-Grade 50 steel is particularly suitable for applications in earthquake-prone areas. HISTAR steels (High Resistance Steel) are structural steels with a low alloy content, which, together with high strength and good toughness, also have excellent weldability. These material properties were previously considered to be incompatible. The production of HISTAR steels was made possible by the innovative "inline heat treatment" QST (Quenching and Self-Tempering), which was developed by the steel company ArcelorMittal in conjunction with the Center de Recherches Métallurgiques research center in Liège . The QST process enables the economical production of high-strength steels. For the various applications there are HISTAR steels with guaranteed toughness for temperatures down to −50 ° C.

Another type of steel that was used in the construction of the Shanghai Financial Center is the DI-MC 460 . This is a thermomechanically rolled fine-grain structural steel. Due to its chemical composition, it has a low carbon equivalent (max. 0.15%) and is therefore very suitable for welding. This steel has a minimum yield strength of 460 MPa (megapascals) and a tensile strength of 540 MPa to 720 MPa. All steel types used correspond to the standard of ASTM International (originally American Society for Testing and Materials ). The use of steel grades of the higher quality classes saved approx. 25 percent in relative material weight and approx. 15 to 20 percent in relative material costs compared with standard steel, whereby the time required for welding work and assembly is reduced. At the same time, the emissions associated with the manufacture of the steel and its transport have also been reduced. HISTAR steels with high yield strength were used in the execution of tensile steel struts in the SWFC framework. These HISTAR steels helped to save material costs; the profiles could be made significantly slimmer due to the lower dead weight of the framework, which reduced manufacturing costs.

Effects of wind power

An important risk factor for Leslie E. Robertson & Associates (LERA) was the wind forces acting on the Shanghai World Financial Center. In the case of very high houses, a perfect combination of sufficient elasticity and necessary stability in the wind is of great importance. Due to the structural changes to the building, the wind engineering also had to be adapted in order to determine the wind-induced behavior of the SWFC structure. For this project, a detailed analysis of the local weather and wind conditions for Shanghai and the location of the SWFC was carried out. With the data obtained, such as the prevailing wind direction and maximum wind strength, extensive model tests could then be carried out in the wind tunnel.

The Alan G. Davenport Wind Engineering Group set up and carried out a four-phase program for the wind tunnel test series for the SWFC project. First: the force balance test for structural loads. Here the behavior of the structure and the dynamics were tested in order to offer the future building users a tolerable level of comfort (fluctuations in the building). Second: a pressure test for the development of the stationary and dynamic loads. This test had an influence on the design of the building facade. Third: the environmental test. Here, the effects of wind speeds as well as the wind turbulence caused in the streets and canyons within a radius of eight kilometers around the location of the Shanghai World Financial Center were determined. Fourth: the aeroelastic test for the structural loads and dynamics of the SWFC.

A true-to-scale Plexiglas model from the SWFC was used for the wind tunnel tests in which Shanghai conditions were simulated. This model was wired with six hundred tiny sensors with relays to relay information to the computer about how the structure would behave under changing wind conditions. Since both the existing and the future buildings in the vicinity of the Shanghai World Financial Center will influence the wind pattern, a true-to-scale model of all buildings in the Shanghai-Pudong district as well as those already under construction had to be created. This model was tested from all sides in the wind tunnel. Since all models were made on a scale of 1: 500, a simulated wind of hundreds of kilometers per hour could be generated.

The wind tunnel tests revealed that when the wind power hits the planned 90 ° corners of the four mega-pillars at an acute angle, there is a strong turbulence in the air on the building facade. The 90 ° corners were then converted into zigzag corners (W profile), which reduced air turbulence.

The Shanghai World Financial Center had to be flexible to withstand an earthquake. However, this flexibility could not exceed a certain value, otherwise it would have become susceptible to excessive wind fluctuations. Leslie E. Robertson & Associates solved this problem by installing a damping device. This was installed on the 90th floor of the SWFC and consists of two diagonally opposite mass dampers with a counterweight of 150 tons each. Each mass damper consists of the mounting frame and the two pendulum frames. The computer-controlled base plate of the damper is built into the mounting frame, which limits the system to two degrees of freedom. The function of the damping device is to monitor the direction and speed of the wind that is causing the building to fluctuate, in order to then reduce the low and high frequency vibrations. The function of a damper is based on a spring-weight system, which counteracts the disturbing vibrations (wind forces or earth movements) and thereby calms them down. By installing the damping device, the fluctuation frequency of the Shanghai World Financial Center was reduced by 40 percent. This damper device was used for the first time in a building.

The wind tunnel test series showed that the building structure was only loaded with 50 percent of the permissible limit values ​​by the wind forces. An oscillating movement (building moves back and forth) of the SWFC took place in 6½ seconds real time. This value showed that the building structure is very stiff, which ensured comfortable use of the SWFC by the building tenants. This result was achieved through the post-modern form concept as well as the building's megastructural system.

Effects of an earthquake

The Mori Building Company designed the Shanghai World Financial Center according to Japan's anti-seismic regulations, so it was overly protected for Shanghai as no earthquakes have occurred in the area for over a century.

The Shanghai World Financial Center was classified as a vertically irregular structure with a mega-truss system according to local building codes. This framework is a construction made up of several bars that are connected to each other at both ends. This principle only creates compressive and tensile forces in the individual elements, which creates the high load-bearing capacity of the framework construction. This construction method achieves a high level of earthquake security. Up to the 93rd floor, the SWFC was constructed as a reinforced concrete and steel structure. From the 94th floor to the 101st floor, the building was continued as a steel framework construction. The trapezoidal portal was enclosed by a kind of steel column tie, thus creating a massive steel cage as a frame, which was designed to absorb the seismic energy during an earthquake.

According to the Chinese building regulations, the SWFC exceeded the maximum permitted height for a composite frame or reinforced concrete core structure by 190 meters. This led to the construction of a reinforced concrete structure (SRC) and steel structure (S). The aspect ratio of the height to width of the SWFC also exceeded the local building code limit for the seismic design intensity of magnitude 7. Therefore, Chinese engineers paid particular attention to the seismic test series. A 1:50 scale SWFC model was made for performing this series of tests. The model was tested by shaking it under a series of one- and two-dimensional low excitations with incrementally increasing acceleration. The dynamic properties, the seismic responses and the failure mechanism of the building structure were shown. The test results showed that the structural system of the SWFC was a good solution to withstand an earthquake. The structure has been designed to ensure the resilient permanent mode throughout the life of the building. The overall behavior of the building met the requirements of the Chinese draft planning regulations. In addition, weak locations were found among rare earthquakes of the seismic design intensity of magnitude 8 based on the visible damage to the test model. These weak points were improved by engineering design changes to the structure under extremely strong earthquakes. As the building details were subject to many changes during the planning phase, Tekla Structures software was used for the project, particularly for quick updates of the 3D model and construction drawings.

Effects of a plane crash

Comprehensive security tests, simulations and calculations preceded the construction of the Shanghai World Financial Center. The engineers and structural engineers on this project had also considered the possibility of a plane crash. From past experience, measures have been taken to protect the building from plane crashes, terrorist attacks and other disasters.

Computer simulations of engines crashing into the building have been performed because the engine is the heaviest part of an aircraft. The damage to the building was analyzed, in particular the damage to the mega columns. The comparisons with the investigations of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center showed the same damage pattern at the same impact speed, only with the difference that the steel pillars filled with concrete survived the impact better. For safety reasons, dozens of groups of obstacle displays have been installed, which are supposed to warn low-flying aircraft with lights.

A series of tests were also carried out to take into account how the structure would behave in the event of a fire resulting from an airplane crash. In the event of a fire, the temperature rises to over 700 ° C - at a temperature of around 500 ° C, steel loses 50 percent of its strength. Since the structure of the Shanghai World Financial Center was built using a mixture of steel and concrete, suitable project planning ensured optimal fire protection and the entire steel structure was given a resistance to impact.

Fire protection precautions

The SWFC (center back) at night with the newly built Shanghai Tower (left) in December 2014

While all high-rise buildings are designed to withstand earthquake and wind damage, it is the risks and consequences of fire that pose the greatest danger to a building. In order to protect the Shanghai World Financial Center against the risk of fire, fire-resistant materials according to the Standard Test Method for Air Erosion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials (SFRMs) were used. With regard to fire protection, the emergency exits and the spread of fire and smoke were dimensioned by computer simulation for a level of security that exceeds the legal requirements, which resulted in some project planning changes to improve the evacuation times of the building. Three independent stairwells with wide stairs were installed so that those to be evacuated can go down and the fire fighters can go up without obstructing each other. The building exits were placed in such a way that each section can leave the building by the shortest possible route.

The security of the building was taken into account from the first planning phase. Evacuation zones have been set up on floors 6, 18, 30, 42, 54, 66, 78 and 89 in which inmates can seek refuge in an emergency. An important aspect of the evacuation plan is the use of two evacuation elevators located on the opposite diagonal of the SWFC. These elevators, originally intended for use between the ground floor and the observation deck floors, have been redesigned so that they automatically stop at every 25th floor where the evacuation floors are located. These floors consist of large open spaces which, in the event of an emergency, are able to accommodate all occupants arriving from the 24 other floors, with a space requirement of one square meter per person. This means that an inmate has to walk a maximum of 25 floors up the stairwell and only 13 floors if he goes to the nearest evacuation zone. A pressurized flame-retardation system uses the outside air to prevent smoke from entering the evacuation zones in the event of a fire. The same system was used for the elevators.

The Shanghai World Financial Center was equipped with a computer-controlled sprinkler system throughout. High-performance feed pumps with copper-plated gears were used to supply the fire extinguishing system with water. The use of copper prevents corrosion of the gears and thus failure of the pumps. Corresponding hose systems with fire extinguishers as well as foam and powder extinguishers in sufficient numbers on the individual floors are available for fire fighting. Due to the height of the building, flexible water pipes, flexible couplings, fittings and valves had to be installed for the fire fighting systems in order to guarantee the necessary freedom of movement for the system. This prevents leaks at the pipe connections. Corresponding valves ensure a faster water supply to the fire protection systems when the lowest operating pressure is used. Check valves prevent the water from flowing back.

Since the structure of the Shanghai World Financial Center was built using a mixture of steel and concrete, suitable project planning ensured optimal fire protection and the entire steel structure was given a resistance to impact.

Building technology and security systems

An open system was used for the HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and electrical systems for the Shanghai World Financial Center. In the past, only partial systems (HVAC, electrical, safety, etc.) were operated in the buildings or they were looked after by an expensive maintenance system that is connected to a single human-machine interface. An open system integrates all these systems into a simplified control that can be accessed locally on a network or operated by remote control. The control center / security center (building management) for all fire protection, security, heating, ventilation, air conditioning and electrical systems is located on the 24th floor of the Shanghai World Financial Center.

The entire building is equipped with motion sensors on the lighting system, the security systems, the HVAC systems and in the lift systems. These continuously pass on their information to the control center. As part of the water control infrastructure, around 300 pumps were installed in the Shanghai World Financial Center. Water leak detection systems have been installed to prevent water disruption in sensitive areas of the building, such as data centers, IT rooms, kitchens, etc. A total of four kilometers of water sensor cables were laid and 80 electronic control modules were installed to protect the building from water damage.

The Shanghai World Financial Center has three underground floors that are used as parking lots. Shops and restaurants are also housed in the first two underground floors up to the third floor. The forum (conference rooms, etc.) is located on the 3rd to 5th floors. The office space extends from the 7th to the 77th floor. The security center is on the 24th floor and the media center is on the 28th and 29th floors. A sky lobby is set up on the 52nd and 53rd floors at a height of 240 meters. The Park Hyatt Shanghai Hotel is the tallest hotel in the world and has 174 hotel rooms as well as restaurants and other service facilities on the 79th to 93rd floors. The SWFC's damper system is on the 90th floor. A viewing and multi-purpose hall is on the 94th floor. The observatory with the viewing platforms is located from the 97th to the 100th floor. The Shanghai World Financial Center holds 12,000 people.

The project is said to have cost about $ 850 million.

planning

Shanghai World Financial Center under construction

Original planning

Before the Second World War, Shanghai was not only the center of Asia for finance, but above all for trade. In the mid-1980s, Shanghai was given the pioneering role in modernizing China by the Chinese central government, which led to a huge increase in industrial production and foreign investment. In 1990 the Pudong Special Economic Zone , the financial district of Shanghai, was established. Pudong is considered to be the new economic and high-tech district in Shanghai, with economic growth averaging over 20 percent since 1990. To date, over $ 40 billion has been invested in Pudong by companies outside of China. The Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone is home to international financial institutions and numerous skyscrapers.

In 1993, Minoru Mori of Japan , President and CEO (Chief Executive Officer) of Mori Building Co. Ltd, visited Shanghai city. He had previously visited various cities such as Moscow , Jakarta , Ho Chi Minh City and Shenzhen in southern China to find a suitable location for the construction of a financial center. The huge increase in industrial production and foreign investment in Shanghai won him over. Mori also wanted to invest in this city.

Back in Tokyo , Minoru Mori announced his decision to build a financial center in Shanghai. His compatriots were very sensitive to his idea of ​​investing in China. They feared the political risk in China and that Sino-Japanese relations could jeopardize the project. Despite negative reviews of his plan, Mori wanted to realize his project. First the financing of the financial center had to be realized. Minoru Mori had the idea to award this project to China as part of the official development aid from Japan. In talks with the President of the Overseas Fund for Economic Cooperation, it was decided that around 70 percent of the reserves would be provided by the overseas fund and that Mori Building Co. Ltd would finance the remaining 30 percent. This ensured partial public funding that was accepted and approved by China.

After funding for the project was secured, Mori Building Co. Ltd hired Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates in 1993 to design the Shanghai World Financial Center on condition that they build the tallest building in the world.

Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (also known by the acronym KPF) is an international architecture firm based in New York , London and Shanghai that carries out urban development of building projects and master planning for public authorities and private companies. All concept work as well as the creation of the conceptual construction plans for the SWFC were created by the company Ove Arup & Partners in New York. Then in Tokyo, in cooperation with Shimizu Corporation, the construction plans were supplemented with the architecture.

The Shanghai World Financial Center was planned as a high-rise building with mixed use of offices, hotel rooms, conference rooms, viewing platforms and shops on the ground floor. The original plan was for a building with 94 floors and a building height of 460 meters.

Until 1995, the production of the foundation pillars was outsourced to companies and the structural package of the Shanghai World Financial Center was completed. The earthworks of the Shanghai World Financial Center began on August 27, 1997 and the foundation was completed in August 1998.

Interruption of construction

The financial, currency and economic crisis in East Asia in 1997 and 1998, as well as the simultaneous economic crisis in Japan, cast their shadows on the SWFC project as the demand for office space sank rapidly. While the People's Republic of China and Taiwan were largely unaffected by the crisis, the gross domestic product (GDP) in Japan fell by 2.8 percent. After years of strong growth, Asian countries were faced with a sudden plunge into deep recession in 1998 . Investors then and in the future were skeptical about the region's prospects and reacted accordingly. The consortium that financed the construction consisted of 36 insurance companies, banks and other companies. A total of $ 850 million was invested in the SWFC project. The completion or further financing was unsecured, whereupon a construction freeze on the SWFC project was imposed in August 1998. Construction work only continued on February 13, 2003.

Construction planning

After the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States , there was a major debate about the safety of skyscrapers. The development of high-rise projects had to be rethought, so that the developers of the Shanghai World Financial Center revised the structural strength of the project and incorporated further security considerations. These changes alone increased construction costs by $ 200 million.

As the demand for IT facilities such as data centers and additional floors increased, the Mori Building Company changed the building design in 2000. Instead of the previous building height of 460 meters and 94 floors, the new plan envisaged a building height of 492 meters and 101 floors. Leslie E. Robertson Associates (LERA) was commissioned to develop an alternative structural design. Since the foundation was built for the original building height of 460 meters and demolishing the foundation was out of the question for time and cost reasons, another solution had to be found. Many designers doubted that this goal could be achieved. In 2001, LERA presented a new structural plan that took into account 15 percent more floor space and the 25 percent increase in the overturning moment due to the wind forces while maintaining the concept. LERA was only able to meet this requirement through innovative technology.

The delay caused by the construction freeze robbed the Shanghai World Financial Center of the chance to become the tallest building in the world as it was originally planned. Mori Building Corporation proposed another structural design change to increase the building's final height to 510 meters. This change in structure would allow Taipei 101 in Taiwan (508 meters) to surpass it as the tallest building in the world, if only for a short time until it would be surpassed by the Burj Khalifa. However, the local authorities in Shanghai rejected this idea because city building regulations limited the height of a building to less than 500 meters. This regulation was strictly followed to protect the skyline views on both sides of the Huangpu River.

The architectural style of the Shanghai World Financial Center is widely considered postmodern due to its very symbolic nature, the references to its surroundings and its stylized shape. His style is embedded in the Chinese symbolism, which is indicated by the square base and the initially intended circle. These properties reflect the Chinese conception of the earth as a square and the sky as a circle. The design attempts to integrate Chinese architectural traditions by including the use of a circular moon gate 46 meters in diameter at the top of the SWFC. This circular aperture not only paid homage to Chinese mythology, but also reduced the structural loads caused by wind pressure.

This first draft of the moon gate caused a stir among Chinese patriots, including the mayor of Shanghai. They were of the opinion that the circular moon gate bears a resemblance to the appearance of the rising circular sun in the Japanese national flag. Architect Pedersen suggested adding a bridge to the underside of the circular opening to make it less circular. This proposal found no support from the Chinese. On October 18, 2005, Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) presented an alternative design. The circular moon gate will be replaced by a trapezoidal shape, which makes the construction easier and cheaper. In addition, a viewing platform could now be planned as the final form on the 100th floor.

construction

The China Architecture General Engineering Company and the Shanghai Construction (Group) General Company Association were responsible for the construction phase of the Shanghai World Financial Center. The responsibility of the China Architecture General Engineering Company was the planning and installation of the facade systems made of glass, steelwork and concrete work for commercial applications. She was also responsible for the design and installation of the connected roofs and roof systems. The Shanghai Construction (Group) General Company Association was responsible for providing construction and engineering services, contracts with industrial companies and government agencies, public utilities, etc.

foundation

The result of the soil samples for the foundation construction was satisfactory. Since there was a stable building site, the building load could be borne by a combined pile and slab foundation. With the combined pile and slab foundation, the vertical load is transferred proportionally from the pile head plate and the piles to the subsoil. Since the piles transfer their load shares into deeper soil layers, the overall settlement and the settlement differences of the foundation slab can be significantly reduced, so that at the same time the risk to the operational safety of the building is reduced. In addition, the appropriate arrangement and concentration of the piles under an eccentrically arranged reinforcement structure center the reaction forces in the foundation system.

On August 27, 1997, the foundation stone for the Shanghai World Financial Center was laid. Since three underground levels were planned for parking areas for the SWFC, the foundation had to be excavated in a circular shape to a depth of 17.5 meters and secured against collapse with sheet pile walls. To keep the SWFC's building load safely on the ground, steel piles were driven into the subsoil from a depth of 17.5 meters. 2271 steel piles were integrated into the foundation of the building. The steel piles were arranged in such a way that a two-meter-thick square foundation slab with beveled corners was placed on top. The short steel piles were inserted on the outside of the foundation slab and the longer they were placed towards the center of the slab. The longest steel piles are located in the center, are approx. 78 meters long and weigh 17 tons each. The total weight of these steel piles alone is around 20,000 tons. After the foundation was completed, the construction of the SWFC project was stopped in August 1998, caused by the financial crisis.

Mega steel columns

Construction work only continued on February 13, 2003 after the original building plan had been changed. 2,000 workers worked on the construction site in three shifts (day and night).

Mega columns and steel structure

The four mega-steel columns in the corners of the building consist of a core made of heavy plate welded together with a concrete casing. For the particularly critical areas of this sophisticated construction, special heavy plates were required that met the highest quality standards. Four staggered steel columns were inserted into the base for the mega steel column and the base area of ​​the mega steel column was laid out with 50 mm thick reinforcing steel, bundled in groups of four bars each.

A total of 40,000 tons of steel were required to build the steel structure for the Shanghai World Financial Center. This very large amount of steel was supplied by the steel group ArcelorMittal (17,000 tons) and by the company Dillinger Hütte GTS (23,000 tons). The heavy plates of the steel grade ASTM A572 Grade 50 in thicknesses between 45 mm and 100 mm and those of the thermomechanically rolled high-strength fine-grain structural steel DI-MC 460 in thicknesses of 20 mm to 100 mm were required for the SWFC. In some cases, steels with special deformation properties in the direction of thickness were used to ensure the high deformability of the structure. The use of high-strength steels is necessary when stress problems are decisive in component design. This is often the case in composite girders, long-span roof structures, lattice girders or highly loaded columns. The sheets were initially transported by ship to China, where they were welded together to form girders and columns in the steel construction workshops. The finished components were then transported to the construction site. Here they were finally lifted in and welded or screwed together. Since there was not enough space on the construction site for the storage of large components, certain material deliveries had to be made just-in-time. H. at a certain time a certain component had to be in its certain installation location. Computerized work flow plans prevented an error in the schedule or the delivery of materials from delaying construction progress.

The executing consortium of China Construction Engineering and Shanghai Construction commissioned DOKA China Group Shanghai with the concrete formwork for the four mega-steel columns on the outer edges of the building. A system that was developed for the formwork of bridge pylons was used for the large-area formwork for the four mega-steel columns. This had the advantage that this system had already been tried and tested. The SKE-50 automatic climbing machines were placed on the four mega-steel supports. The self-climbing formwork was raised in regular sections of 4.20 meters to the 101st floor every four days. The automatic climbing machine pulls itself up on the steel skeleton of the mega-supports that was initially erected. The formwork pressure, on the other hand, is directed into the already concreted body underneath. The four mega-steel column formwork took 16 months to build.

Inner core of the building

In the center of the building there is a 30 meter by 30 meter large reinforced concrete core with bevelled corners and a concrete-encased steel skeleton around it. This inner core extends from the basement to the 94th floor. Above the 94th floor, the design changes. The floors above are made of pure steel construction. The reasons for this are the lower weight of the steel structure and the exponentially increasing costs that would be caused by pumping up the concrete. Due to the filigree steel construction, the dead weight loads remained the same despite the greater height. When building the SWFC, the construction of the inner core had to be started first, because the freight elevators for the transport of the building materials had to be housed there. The facade could then be retightened, so the expansion of the inner core was always a few floors ahead of the facade. The elevator shafts, sanitary facilities, stairwells, utilities, etc. were housed in the inner core.

Inner core made of reinforced concrete

The floor was laid in the form of prefabricated steel plates on which lifting eyes for the crane and bolts that were perpendicular to the steel plates to hold the steel mesh for the concrete layer were welded at equal intervals. The floor steel plates were screwed onto the floor girders and then the steel mesh was used for the concrete layer. The concrete was then pumped up over 200 m with foldable boom pumping machines. Over 60 automotive concrete pumps and six trailer pumps were used to pump up the concrete. The developer demanded that the machines pump up the concrete in just 40 hours and without interruption to convey 28,000 cubic meters of concrete and that the concrete used had an extremely high mixing ratio. The concrete work for the floor was only carried out at night so that the concrete did not crack in the daytime temperatures. It took three days to complete one floor. The floor has two different stress zones. At a distance of 3.60 meters around the inner core, a floor load of 800 kg per square meter and in the rest of the area a floor load of 500 kg per square meter is permitted.

The companies Otis Elevator Company and ThyssenKrupp Elevator were commissioned to install the elevator systems and the 33 escalators. The inner core of the SWFC houses 91 high-speed elevators, 32 of which are double-decker elevators. The double-decker elevators each consist of two permanently connected cabins with a load capacity of 2,000 kilograms each, which serve a sky lobby at a height of 240 meters at a top speed of ten meters per second (36 km / h). This makes these systems in the new Shanghai World Financial Center the fastest double-decker elevators in the world (as of July 2009). These elevators allow a larger number of passengers to be transported while maintaining high space efficiency. In order to achieve the high speeds in the elevator shaft, the engineers have developed aerodynamic cladding for cabins and doors, among other things. In addition, an electronic roller guide ensures low-vibration and low-vibration elevator travel. Even when installing the guide rails in the shaft, the utmost precision had to be taken into account with the aid of modern laser technology in order to provide the passengers with the best possible comfort even at high speed. The Otis company also installed seven Gen2 elevators in the SWFC. The machine room-less Gen2 system is particularly space-saving and the patented flat belt technology ensures quieter and quieter operation than conventional elevators. The steel core reinforced polyurethane belts as well as the gearless machine of the Gen2 elevator do not require any lubrication; the system is therefore particularly clean and environmentally friendly. In addition, the gearless drive, equipped with permanent magnets, consumes only half as much energy as conventional machines with gearboxes.

There is an exhibition hall on the 94th floor. In order to be able to supply them with cars and other exhibits, a car lift was installed, which is designed for a transport capacity of 3 tons and which reaches its destination floor within about two minutes.

outer facade

Construction in May 2007

The main body of the Shanghai World Financial Center is clad with a glass curtain wall from a height of 24 meters above the surface to the top of the building (492 m). The whole building has 10,000 windows, with one window unit composed of four glass panes with aluminum frames. 130 workers, divided into three shifts, have received special training in window installation. An average of 50 window units were assembled and built into the outer facade every day. One and a half to two working days were needed for one floor. The windows were brought to the relevant floor by crane in a special cage and mounted there to form the window unit. The installed window unit was swiveled out of the floor by crane and lifted one floor higher. There, workers turned the window unit by 180 ° and lowered it one floor again, where it was hooked into the other window unit with the retaining clips so that the window units were connected to one another.

The glass curtain wall is made of light mirror glass. The glass is an architectural laminated safety glass from DuPont with a butacite intermediate layer that was selected for its visual appearance and safety. The laminated glass surrounds the entire structure and was also used in the vision parts of the SWFC (e.g. observation deck) for its acoustics and energy saving performance. The outside of the glass has a silver sheen, while the high level of transparency on the inside offers an excellent view of Shanghai for the occupants of the building. The outside of glass in high-rise buildings like the Shanghai WFC is constantly exposed to attack from moisture and alkalinity - the two main causes of glass corrosion. A special glass protection was applied to the outside of the glass at the factory. This protection is water-repellent and very resistant to alkalinity such as cement dust, bird droppings, tree sap and other organic contaminants. In practice, the glass is dirt-repellent, easier to clean and to keep clean. Any glass surface contamination can be removed more easily, reducing costs and avoiding lengthy delays.

Construction work on the trapezoidal portal

There are three viewing platforms in the Shanghai World Financial Center. The lowest viewing platform is located on the 94th floor (423 m) and is intended as a 750 square meter event hall for events. Above the 94th floor, the SWFC is made entirely of steel. The second viewing platform, the so-called Sky Bridge, is located on the 97th floor (439 m), the roof of the Sky Bridge can be opened in good weather. The highest viewing platform, the so-called Sky Walk, is on the 100th floor (474 ​​m). The Sky Walk is a 55 meter long corridor and was laid out with a transparent floor. The floor plate load is 240 kg per glass plate.

On August 14, 2007, a fire broke out on the 40th floor of Shanghai World Financial Center, caused by welding work. The fire was extinguished by the fire brigade within an hour. No people were injured in this accident and there was only minor property damage.

Construction completion

The final height of 492 meters was reached on September 14, 2007, although the 101 floors were not yet completed. The final facade panels were only installed in June 2008. The installation of the elevator system was completed in mid-July 2008. On July 17th, 2008 the Shanghai World Financial Center was completed. The official opening of the building took place on August 28, 2008 for companies. On August 30, 2008 the observation days were opened to the public.

Green building

Covered by clouds

Already when planning the Shanghai World Financial Center, emphasis was placed on particularly resource-saving construction in the sense of a green building . The sustainability strategies pursued for the SWFC have focused on reducing the energy required to complete construction by maximizing efficiency, minimizing material consumption and designing the building geometry accordingly. By building just one multi-purpose skyscraper instead of several buildings for specific purposes, the energy consumption per person can be reduced. Only asbestos-free and formaldehyde-free building materials were used for the construction of the SWFC in order to protect the environment and people from these harmful substances. In contrast to other buildings that usually require renovation after 30 years, the SWFC is built with materials with a long service life, so that renovation will only be necessary in more than 100 years.

The use of modern, high-strength steels (Histar) at the Shanghai World Financial Center enabled savings in material, processing, transport and assembly for larger spans and high loads. Because of the lower dead weight of the HISTAR steels, the emission of greenhouse gases was reduced by 32 percent when using steel supports and by 19 percent when using beams.

For the first time in China, the VAV system (Variable Air Volume System) was installed in the air conditioning systems, which reduces power consumption by around 30 percent. The sewage and garbage disposal is carried out in an environmentally friendly manner. The reflective, transparent glass sandwich of the facades also keeps the heat inside, which means that the air conditioning runs on a low level.

In the Sky Lobby (240 m), employees can buy lunch or snacks in the canteen instead of using one of the 91 elevators to go all the way to the shopping center and restaurants on the ground floor.

Others

The observation deck

On April 19, 2009, the Chairman of the Supervisory Board of Porsche AG, Wolfgang Porsche , presented the world premiere of the new “ Panamera ” business limousine on the occasion of the international auto show in Shanghai in the exhibition hall on the 94th floor of the building. The exhibition hall is supplied with a car elevator with a payload of three tons, which reaches the 94th floor in about two minutes.

Movie

  • Mega structures. The Shanghai Super Tower. Documentary, New Zealand, PR China, 2007, 50 min., Directors: Steven R. Talley, Max Quinn, production: Natural History New Zealand Ltd. (NHNZ), China International Communications Center (CICC), National Geographic Channel, Kinowelt, video excerpt, 5:03 min. From the National Geographic Channel.

See also

Web links

Commons : Shanghai World Financial Center  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

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predecessor Office successor
Jin Mao Tower Tallest building in China
2008-2014 		Shanghai Tower

Coordinates: 31 ° 14 ′ 12 ″  N , 121 ° 30 ′ 10 ″  E