Sokol settlement

View of Surikowa Street (houses No. 3, 5, 7). 2011. House number 5 has meanwhile been torn down after a fire.

The Sokol settlement ( Russian Сокол for falcon ) is a settlement founded in 1923 and the first cooperative settlement in Moscow. The settlement is located in the northern administrative district in the district of the same name , which, however, extends beyond the settlement. The Sokol metro station , which was later built and named after the settlement, is also nearby .

The settlement is a well-known example of a garden city , as well as the early Soviet settlement construction and has therefore been a listed building since 1979 . The architects of the buildings included Nikolai Vladimirovich Markovnikov , who also created the overall plan, Alexander , Viktor and Leonid Alexandrowitsch Wesnin , Ivan Kondakov , Nikolai Kolli and others.

Despite the monument protection, some houses have been destroyed and replaced by new buildings in recent years .

Location and traffic

The settlement is framed in red.

The settlement is bordered by Vrubelja Street in the northwest , Mali-Peschnaja-Pereulok in the northeast and Levitana Street in the south .

In addition to Vrubelja Street, Lewitana Street, Mali-Peschnaja-Pereulok, the settlement includes Kiprenski Street, Sawrasowa Street, Polenowa Street, Brjullowa Street and Surikowa Street. The settlement also includes the former chapel of the Arbatetz cemetery (Alabjana Street 2a).

The nearest metro station is the Sokol and Panfilovskaya station of the same name . They are located about 500 m east and 350 m south. In the immediate vicinity of the village there are two public stops for buses No. 60, 88 and 105 on Albanjana Street. In Lewitana Street for lines 26, 60, 88, 100, 105, 175, 691, 691k as well for tram lines 19 and 59.

history

prehistory

Like similar projects in other European countries, the settlement is essentially based on the ideas of the British town planner Ebenzer Howard . As early as 1898, he proposed concepts for a garden city . The garden cities should combine elements of cities and villages and improve the quality of life of the residents.

As early as 1903, a project for a garden city on the Chodynka field in Moscow was proposed. However, this project was prevented by the First World War .

Establishment of the cooperative

On August 8, 1921 , Lenin signed an ordinance on cooperative housing , according to which cooperative associations and individuals were given the right to build urban land, as there was a great housing shortage in Moscow.

In March 1923 the housing cooperative "Sokol" was founded and on April 11th the first meeting of the cooperative took place. The association comprised employees of the People's Commissariats, economists, artists, teachers, farmers, engineers and teachers. The first chairman of the board of directors of the cooperative was Vasily Sakharov, chairman of the trade union "Vsekohudozhnik".

The cooperative had rented 49 hectares of land on the outskirts of the then village Vsechswjatskoe with the obligation to build around 200 houses in 7 years. Construction of the Sokol settlement began there as early as autumn 1923.

The members of the cooperative received unrestricted rights to use the living space for 35 years. The contributions of the Sokol cooperative amounted to 10.5 Chervonets as a starting contribution, 30 for the allocation of the plot and 20 for the start of construction. The total cost of one building was 600 Chervonets. An amount that was very high at the time.

The reason for the name Sokol is not completely clear. Presumably the settlement was supposed to be built in Sokolniki .

Surikov Street in 1928

Construction of the houses

The overall plan was drawn up by the architects Nikolai Markovnikov, Alexander, Viktor and Leonid Wesnin, Ivan Kondakov and Alexei Shtusev . The buildings were designed individually and by different architects, but most of them by Markovnikov and some by the Wesnin brothers and N. Durnbaum. Nikolai Kolli also designed a building for the settlement. Construction of the estate was completed in the early 1930s and comprised 114 buildings. The buildings were erected by Standartstroi.

Two grocery stores, a library, a canteen, two sports fields and in 1927 a kindergarten were also built in the settlement.

The settlement in the 1930s

Lewitana-Strasse 4 after the ANT-20 wreckage.

In the early 1930s, the previously undeveloped area between Vrubelja and Wolokolamsk streets was confiscated. Several houses for NKVD workers were built on the site . In 1938 a maternity home was built on the vacant space in the center of the village.

On May 8, 1935, the then largest Soviet aircraft, the Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorki, collided with an escort fighter in the airspace over the village. Some debris fell on the village and destroyed parts of the house at 4 Lewitana Street.

In 1936 all the buildings in the village became the property of Moscow City. Many residents of the village were victims of the Stalin "purge" , u. a. the chairman of the Cooperative W. Sakharov and the vice-chairman N. Janek.

During the Second World War

Barricades were built in the settlement on Vrubelja, Zavrasova, Shishkin, Wenetzianowa and Leviatana Streets. The fortifications consisted of anti-tank traps, loopholes and trenches. There was an anti-aircraft battery in the park not far from Lewitana Street . Several incendiary and high-explosive bombs hit the village. Two houses on Brullowa Street were destroyed, and in their place there is now a four-story apartment building.

From 1945 until it was placed under protection

In the years 1946-48 all buildings were connected to the municipal sewer system. 1958-62 more than half of the buildings were renovated, most of the log houses were planked with wooden boards. 1963-64 the village was connected to the gas supply. In the 1950s, the village was to be demolished and replaced by multi-storey residential buildings, but these plans were discarded in 1962 at the instigation of the local residents.

In the 1970s, 54 of 119 buildings were to be demolished, which was prevented by the Ministry of Culture, the Society for the Protection of Monuments (WOOPLiK) and the Union of Architects of the USSR. As a result of resolution No. 1384 of the Moscow City Council (Mossovet) of May 25, 1979, the settlement was placed under monument protection as a monument to the urban planning of the early Soviet Union.

Since the 1980s

On July 14, 1989, the one territorial public self-government (TPS) was established, which published the magazine Golos Sokola. In the center of the village, a playground and a WWII memorial were built. Despite the preservation of historical monuments, some houses were illegally demolished in the 1990s and 200s and replaced by modern villas. According to Forbes, some of the buildings in the settlement are among the most expensive houses in Moscow.

Fragment of the ANT-20 in the museum of the settlement

In 1998 a small museum of the settlement was opened at Schischkin-Strasse 1. In addition to many photographs and stories about the residents, it also has a fragment of the crashed Tupolev ANT-20 Maxim Gorky .

Design for a house (architect: Nikolai Markovnikov)

Architecture and landscaping

architecture

Most of the buildings in the village were designed by the architect Nikolai Markovnikov. Some other buildings were built by the architects Alexander, Leonid and Viktor Wesnin, as well as Ivan Kondakov, Nikolai Kolli, N. Durnbaum and A. Semiletow. In addition to Markovnikov, the Wesnins and Kondakov, Alexei Shtusev was also involved in the overall plan.

Originally, three types of construction were planned for the residential buildings: block construction , wooden framework and brick . The houses should deliberately all differ from one another and, in contrast to later approaches to standardization in architecture, were planned individually.

Many buildings were of an experimental nature. For example, torfofanera, straw blocks, fibrolite and cinder blocks were used in addition to the traditional building materials. Nikolai Kolli built a house from Armenian tuff (meanwhile demolished) and tested its durability before it was used on the facade of the building of the Zentrosujuz ( Le Corbusier with N. Kolli). A building designed by N. Markovnikov was originally shown at the 1923 All-Russian Agricultural and Commercial Exhibition in Moscow.

Landscaping

Each street in the village was planted with a certain type of tree at the suggestion of Alexander Chelintzew. Linden trees grow on Surikov Street, maples on Brjullow Street, holly on Kiprensky Street and ash on Shishkin and Wrubel Streets. Mali-Pestzani-Gasse and Sawrasow-Strasse are planted with poplar trees.

Overview of the buildings

The overview lists all the buildings that were built in the estate from 1923 to the early 1930s. It also contains three other buildings in italics that were built in the settlement until 1947 and are now a listed building. Later buildings and new buildings from demolished buildings are not listed.

The streets of the village were named after Russian artists.

Alabjan Street

The street existed before the settlement was built and was named in 1959 in honor of the Soviet architect Karo Albajan .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
8A	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
8B	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive
8B / 2	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive

Bryullov Street

The street existed before the village was built and was called Stolovaya Street. It was renamed in 1928 in honor of the artist Karl Brjullow .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
not clear	unknown	unknown		In World War II destroyed
not clear	unknown	unknown		Destroyed in World War II
4th	N. Durnbaum	1928		receive
5	Nikolai Markovnikov	1929		receive
6th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
7th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1929		destroyed
8th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
9	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
10	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive
12	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive

Wenetzianow Street

The road was laid out when the settlement was built. It was named in 1928 in honor of the artist Alexei Wenetziakow . At 48 meters, it is the shortest street in Moscow.

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
3	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1925		receive
4th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive

Vereshchagin Street

The street existed before the village was built and was then called Ujutnaya Street. It was renamed in 1928 in honor of the battle painter Vasily Vereshchagin .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
3	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
4th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive
6th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
8th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive
10	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
12	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		destroyed
14th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
16	N. Kondakov	1929		receive
18th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
20th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
22nd	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
24/2	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		destroyed

Wrubel Street

The street existed before the construction of the settlement and was called Zentralnaja-Straße (German main street). It was renamed in 1928 in honor of the artist Mikhail Vrubel .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
1	unknown	1930		receive
3	unknown	1930		receive
5/10	Ivan Kondakov	1930		receive
7/13	Ivan Kondakov	1928		receive
9	Ivan Kondakov	1931		receive
11/22	Ivan Kondakov	1930		receive

Kiprensky Street

The street existed before the settlement was built and was called Voksalnaya Street. It was renamed in 1928 in honor of the artist Orest Kiprenski .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
4th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
8/26	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		destroyed
10	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
12	Nikolai Markovnikov	1933		receive
14th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive

Kramskoi Street

The road was rebuilt for the settlement and named in honor of Ivan Kramskoi .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
3	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive

Levitan Street

The former Parkovaya Street was renamed in 1928 in honor of the artist Isaak Levitan .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
4th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
6/5	Nikolai Markovnikov	unknown		receive
6A	unknown	1935		receive
8/6	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive
10	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		destroyed
16	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
18th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive
20th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
22nd	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		destroyed
24/2	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1924		receive

Mali Peschnaya Alley

The street already existed under the same name before the settlement was built. It means small sand alley in German and refers to the quality of the soil.

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
5	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
7th	N. Kondakov	1931		destroyed
9	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		destroyed
13	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		destroyed
15th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
17th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
19th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
21st	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive
23	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
25/14	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive

Polenow Street

The street existed before the settlement was built and was called Bolshaya Street. In 1928 it was renamed in honor of the artist Vasily Polenow .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
1/14	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1924		destroyed
2/12	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1924		receive
3	unknown	unknown		receive
4th	unknown	unknown		destroyed
5/19	unknown	unknown		destroyed
6/17	unknown	unknown		destroyed after 2009
9	unknown	unknown		receive
10	unknown	unknown		receive
11	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
12	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
13	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
14th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
15th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
16	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		destroyed
17th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		destroyed
18th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		receive
19th	Ivan Kondakov	1929		receive
20th	Ivan Kondakov	1931		receive

Zavrasov Street (Tchaikovsky Street until 1956)

The road was rebuilt with the settlement. It was named in honor of Pyotr Tchaikovsky in 1928 and renamed in honor of the artist Alexei Savrasov in 1956 , as there were two streets in Moscow called Tchaikovsky Street.

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
1/3	A. Semiletow	1924		receive
3	Ivan Kondakov	1928		receive
4th	Ivan Kondakov	1929		receive
5	Ivan Kondakov	1928		receive
6th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1929		receive
7th	Ivan Kondakov	1931		destroyed
8th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1931		receive
9	Ivan Kondakov	1928		receive
11	Ivan Kondakov	1928		receive

Serow Street

The road was laid out with the settlement and named in honor of Valentin Serov in 1928 .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
1/2	Ivan Kondakov	1928		destroyed
3	Nikolai Markovnikov	1928		destroyed

Surikov Street

The road was laid out with the settlement and named in honor of Vasily Surikov in 1928 .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
3	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
4th	N. Durnbaum	1928		receive
5	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		Burned down in 2011 and demolished
6th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
7th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
8/2	Ivan Kondakov	1924		receive
9/1	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
10	N. Durnbaum	1928		receive
11/2	Ivan Kondakov	1925		destroyed
12	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		destroyed
13	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
14/2	N. Durnbaum	1928		destroyed
15th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
16/7	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
18th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
20th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		destroyed
21st	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1926		receive
21A	S. Rosenfeld	1947		receive
21B	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		receive
22/2	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
23	Alexander Wesnin Viktor Wesnin Leonid Wesnin	1925		receive
23A	S. Rosenfeld	1947		receive
23B	Nikolai Markovnikov	1924		receive
25th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1927		receive
27	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive
29	Nikolai Markovnikov	1926		receive

Shishkin Street

The street existed before the construction of the settlement as Schkolnaja-Straße (German Schulstraße). It was renamed in 1928 in honor of the landscape painter Ivan Schischkin .

House number	architect	Construction year	image	status
1/8	unknown	unknown		receive
4th	Ivan Kondakov	1930		receive
5/2	Nikolai Kolli	1929		destroyed
6th	Nikolai Markovnikov	1925		destroyed
10	Nikolai Markovnikov	1929		receive

Famous residents of the settlement

• Vladimir Fyodorov - lieutenant general and designer
• Alexander Gerasimow - Artist (Lewitan Street 6)
• Fyodor Zerewitinov - chemist

Coordinates: 55 ° 48 '  N , 37 ° 30'  E

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d} Е. Жукова: О « Соколе », его архитектуре и обитателях . In: Наука и жизнь . tape 10 , 1983, p. 118-122 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c} К. А. Аверьянова: История московских районов: энциклопедия . Астрель: АСТ, Moscow 2006, ISBN 5-271-11122-9 , p. 299-303 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} В. А. Виноградова: Москва 850 лет. Северный административный округ . АО "Московские учебники и картолитография", Moscow 1997, ISBN 5-7853-0019-2 , p. 91-93 .
4. ↑ Агеева Р. А. и др .: Сокол, район . In: Имена московских улиц. Топонимический словарь . ОГИ, Moscow 2007.
5. ↑ Е. Н. Мачульского: Северный округ Москвы. XX век . Энциклопедия российских деревень, Moscow 1997, p. 581, 735 .
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Н. А. Соляник: История посёлка и его жителей . ОЛМА-ПРЕСС, Moscow 2004, ISBN 5-224-03302-0 , p. 114-115, 166 .
7. ↑ В.К. Иванов: Московская зона обороны. Её роль в защите столицы (1941 - 1942 гг.). (No longer available online.) 2001, archived from the original on August 15, 2014 ; Retrieved October 10, 2017 (Russian). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ Поселок контрастов . In: Журнал "Огонёк" . February 15, 2010, p. 31 ( kommersant.ru [accessed October 10, 2017]).