Housing cooperative

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A housing cooperative (WBG) is a cooperative that aims to provide its members with affordable housing. Synonymous terms are building cooperative, housing cooperative, housing cooperative, settlement cooperative, housing association or building association.

Germany

Situation in the 21st century

In Germany there are 1790 building cooperatives (as of the end of 2018) which manage around 2.2 million apartments and have around 2.8 million members. The German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Association estimates that more than 5 million people live in a cooperative apartment. There are housing cooperatives in almost all German medium-sized and large cities: in Hamburg the share of cooperative living space is approx. 14% of the total housing stock , in Leipzig approx. 8%. In Berlin alone, around 190,000 apartments are managed by almost 100 housing cooperatives. H. around ten percent of the total housing stock in this city. In 2006, the local cooperative in Flensburg took over the role of the municipal supplier with the entire urban housing stock. In Dresden, where the city sold all of its own housing stock to private investors in 2006, the cooperatives have a share of over 20% in the housing market. Together with the communal housing associations, the cooperatives are among the actors geared to the common good, whose housing supply has a dampening effect on price developments on the housing markets.

More than 400 housing cooperatives in Germany cooperate under the seal of the building blocks

In order to make the housing cooperatives better known, the marketing initiative of the housing cooperatives Germany was founded in 2006. Together with other housing providers, the cooperatives are represented in the GdW Federal Association of German Housing and Real Estate Companies . In addition, several housing cooperatives are organized in associations for the maintenance of the cooperative idea, such as the Genossenschaftsforum eV in Berlin and Potsdam and the association "Wohnen in Genossenschaften" eV in Düsseldorf.

In general, housing associations offer their members a high level of housing security. Satisfaction with and demand for this type of living is high and continues to grow in the situation of rising rents. Since the amendment of the Cooperatives Act GenG from 2006 it comes increasingly to start-ups. Many older housing associations are characterized by brisk construction activity. Overall, the housing supply from cooperatives in the 21st century is not growing to the extent that would be necessary to maintain the share of cooperative housing in the housing market.

Housing associations with more than 10,000 apartments
Surname city Members Apartments was standing
Housing cooperative Lichtenberg eG (WGLi) Berlin 10,315 10,489 December 31, 2014 /
December 31, 2001
Building cooperative "Reconstruction" eG Braunschweig 18,888 10,066 12/31/2007
eG living 1902 cottbus 13,056 10,924 December 31, 2008
Spar- und Bauverein eG Dortmund Dortmund 18,050 11,519 December 31, 2012
Housing association "Glückauf" Süd Dresden eG Dresden 14,159 13,335 December 31, 2008
Housing cooperative construction Dresden eG Dresden 18,461 17,040 December 31, 2017
Saxon Housing Cooperative Dresden eG Dresden 10,947 10,431 December 31, 2008
Bauverein der Elbgemeinden eG Hamburg 19,531 13,648 December 31, 2012
New Lübeck North German Building Cooperative eG Lübeck 17,066 15,108 December 31, 2013

Properties of housing associations

Nature of the housing association

The cooperative is a joint business enterprise whose primary goal is to promote its members, e.g. B. with good and safe living space. It is about supplying the members with the “product” of the joint company - in the case of housing cooperatives with a good and safe apartment - and that in the long term. That is why the cooperative's actions are geared towards long-term success and not towards short-term profits.

The members of the housing cooperative jointly own their company and its housing stock. By joining the cooperative and subscribing for shares, you receive a pension entitlement with living space. However, the apartment does not belong to them, they receive a permanent right of use, which corresponds to a tenancy. The cooperative cannot terminate this long-term usage relationship (if the member acts in accordance with the contract).

The actions of the housing cooperatives are determined by the GenG GenG and the articles of association . In § 1 of the statutes, the purpose of the cooperative is usually "to provide the members with good and safe living space". Often there is also talk of “socially responsible housing supply”. Accordingly, the housing cooperative must achieve a balanced ratio of investments in housing construction and in the inventory (good living space) and affordable rents, the so-called long-term usage fees, for "safe living". The aim of the statutes “socially responsible” gives rise to the social and neighborhood offers that many housing cooperatives provide in addition to the mere housing supply.

Organization of housing associations

Diagram of the organizational structure of a cooperative
Organizational structure of a small cooperative with a general meeting
Organizational structure of a larger cooperative with a meeting of representatives

The highest body of the housing association is the members or general assembly ; in large cooperatives this is replaced by an assembly of elected representatives. This meeting takes the main resolutions and determines the supervisory board from among its ranks , which in turn appoints the management board and entrusts the management of the cooperative's business. The management board conducts the business independently in consultation with the supervisory board, but both bodies, management board and supervisory board, are accountable to the members.
In order to receive a usage contract for a cooperative apartment, one must first join the cooperative as a member and subscribe to so-called business shares and pay a one-off administration fee, the “entry fee”. The amount and number of shares are specified in the respective articles of association of the cooperative. In some older housing cooperatives, the amount of required participation in the company is comparable to the rental deposits that you usually have to pay with other landlords. For some cooperative projects, higher contributions are often required in order to strengthen the equity of the cooperative or the project. Depending on the business situation and the decision of the general assembly, an annual profit share can be paid out on the subscribed shares . If the apartment and membership are terminated, the member receives his shares again after a specified period. You can exercise your voting rights as a member - the principle is one vote per head - at the General Assembly, to which all members are invited in writing. The meeting, which takes place at least once a year, decides, for example, on the amount of the shares, on the use of profits, on changes to the articles of association or on the principles of the cooperative's actions. With the election of the supervisory board and the executive board, it has a direct influence on the work of the management. In order to expand opportunities for participation, many housing cooperatives have set up other bodies such as house associations, settlement committees or working groups in which members can get involved.

history

This article or paragraph presents the situation in Germany . Help us to describe the situation in other countries.

Pioneer

The housing situation at the end of the 19th century was desolate. In the rapidly growing cities in particular, the apartments were very expensive, overcrowded due to subletting and hygienically inadequate. Epidemics and social unrest loomed in the cities. The housing market was completely unregulated and left to the game of the market, which is why the high demand led to extreme price increases, speculation with building land and developments such as the so-called tenement blocks . Following models mainly in England, the first attempts arose in Germany from the middle of the 19th century to create healthy living space for “little people” by collecting money, free from the pursuit of profit. For the housing sector, Victor Aimé Huber devised early concepts for cooperative forms of living, the practical attempts of which, however, did not prove to be realistic.

Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch , next to Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen the most important promoter of the cooperative idea in Germany, pushed through the introduction of a first cooperative law in Prussia and in the North German Confederation in 1867 as a member of the state parliament and - later - the Reichstag. Since this only knew cooperatives with unlimited liability, the number of foundations of housing cooperatives remained limited due to the high personal risk of the founders (28 in 1888). Most of these early cooperatives did not survive the economic crisis of 1874 because of their capital weakness .

First successful cooperative foundations

It was not until the law on trade and economic cooperatives of 1889, or cooperative law for short, that cooperatives with limited liability could be established , an essential aspect in particular for housing cooperatives, which had a very high capital requirement compared to other types of cooperative (e.g. consumer cooperatives ). At the same time, the disability and old-age insurance legislation of 1889 created further conditions for the success of the building cooperatives, because they went hand in hand with the granting of long-term, low-interest loans from the insurance companies to the non-profit housing industry. From then on, building cooperatives began to develop throughout Germany. While there were 38 in 1889, their number rose rapidly from 385 (1900), 682 (1906), 747 (1907) and 1056 (1910) to 1402 in 1914.

Various types of housing cooperatives were established up until World War I, many of which still exist today.

1. Social reform cooperatives: The first foundations were less self-help organizations for workers looking for housing than projects of bourgeois social reformers, which were supposed to achieve educational effects on the "common people" by offering good and self-determined living. They were intended to help people help themselves and also had a reformist claim in terms of the quality of the apartments.

2. Housing associations: From the turn of the century, so-called civil servants housing associations emerged, which were reserved for certain occupational groups, especially employees and civil servants. These were able to fall back on special state subsidies and were therefore often able to build magnificent residential complexes in attractive inner-city locations. At the beginning of the 20th century, for example, some railway workers' cooperatives were founded, which were often set up on the basis of long-term leases. The architecture of the civil servant housing estates was often outstanding. By the 21st century, the admission conditions for housing associations have changed to the extent that long-term usage contracts are also concluded with non-civil servants.

3. Self-help cooperatives: Outside the city centers, on inexpensive building land, the first genuinely self-help cooperatives of craftsmen, skilled workers and small entrepreneurs emerged from the 1890s. In laborious steps they developed the first settlements, which often had a rural character. Several cooperative settlements were committed to the goals of the garden city movement , which were partially realized within some settlements, such as B. in the garden city Falkenberg in Bohnsdorf / Berlin or in the garden city cooperative in Rüppurr / Karlsruhe. Many of the cooperative initiatives pursued social and cultural reform ideas, their names often testify to the program: the “ Freie Scholle ” cooperatives in Bielefeld (1911) or in Berlin (1895), the Eden housing cooperative (1893) or the “Paradies” workers' cooperative (1902) are some examples.

In addition to the often cited model of »light, air and sun« to overcome the housing poverty, the cooperatives early on represented more far-reaching goals in the field of living, social, cultural and economic reform. The pursued principles of co-ownership, codetermination and solidarity included the expansion of residents' rights and emancipatory options for shaping life in the group. The history of the cooperative movement has been shaped by a willingness to innovate . In the meantime, many residential complexes have not only become architectural monuments, they also represent evidence of social and cultural-historical achievements and developments.

Weimar Republic

After a war-related stagnation, the number of start-ups continued to grow from 1919 to 1922 in a real wave of start-ups. While, against the background of the economic hardship of the early 1920s, the construction of small settler houses, often also for self-sufficiency, prevailed, over the course of the decade the member companies built entire apartment blocks with a wide variety of architectural styles.

A comprehensive reorganization of the housing industry, as called for in the course of the socialization debate in the political turmoil after the war, cannot be achieved due to the considerable resistance from homeowners and the private construction industry. Nonetheless, a coalition of social democrats and trade unions succeeds in setting up a non-profit-oriented construction industry. The "social construction industry" envisaged by Martin Wagner relied on a cooperation between so-called construction huts, construction companies organized as a cooperative by journeymen and workers, with non-profit housing companies. This development was said by experts Bauhütte movement . At the end of 1926, 148 companies belonged to the trade union association of social construction companies, which employed an average of around 16,000 workers and at the end of 1926 had a turnover of around 80 million Reichsmarks.

In addition to trade union companies of the DEWOG movement , new cooperatives were created, which took over the administration of the newly built settlements and gave the apartments to their members. Many cooperatives from the imperial era also participated in non-profit housing construction - supported by the progressive housing policy of the young republic and in particular with funds from the house interest tax . A number of cooperatives multiplied the number of their holdings within the few economically stable years of the Weimar Republic.

In many places, entire settlements were built in the style of New Building, the main representatives of which were architects such as Bruno Taut , Otto Haesler , Walter Gropius and Carl Krayl . Many of the settlements that emerged at that time are now under monument protection, such as B. the Schillerpark settlement in Berlin Wedding of the building and housing cooperative of 1892 eG, the Angersiedlung of the Magdeburg tenants, building and savings association or the Georgsgarten settlement of the Volkshilfe cooperative in Celle. During the global economic crisis that began in 1929, cooperative housing construction also largely came to a standstill.

During the National Socialism

Tenants and Building Association Karlsruhe, block of flats from 1936

The national socialists' policy of harmonization ended the cultural diversity of the cooperative communities from 1933 onwards. In many of the cooperatives that are traditionally closely related to the labor movement, the executive and supervisory boards are forcibly replaced, and quite a few members are temporarily arrested. Other cooperatives, on the other hand, are more willing to submit to the National Socialist regime. The self-determination of the member companies is abolished, committees are generally occupied by party members of the NSDAP and companies are forced to merge in order to facilitate control from above and suppress dissenting opinions. Many smaller cooperatives are forcibly merged with others. The abolition of savings, social and cultural institutions reduces the co-operative cooperatives to the mere provision of housing. Community concepts are reinterpreted by the National Socialists and misused in their favor. Denunciations and the brutal persecution of politically dissenters destroy neighborhoods that used to be based on solidarity. Jewish members are usually excluded from the cooperatives by ordinance with the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935, at the latest with the ordinance to exclude Jews from German economic life of 1938 and have to vacate their apartments. The Nazi state uses the cooperative companies as organs of state housing policy in the context of its settlement construction, which is initially aimed at job creation. After the promotion of small settlements on the outskirts of the city, a larger program for the construction of people's apartments, especially for armaments workers, was launched in 1936. From 1936 onwards, individual building projects were started again in a number of cooperatives. In the nights of bombing during the war years, many cooperative housing complexes, some of them only a few years old, fell victim to the destruction.

During the division of Germany

The end of the Second World War and the collapse of the “Third Reich” left not only ruined houses and extensive devastation in the housing cooperatives, the personnel and financial structures of the member companies were also desolate. Many organs have to be completely re-staffed, and for the first time women are also taking on responsibility on boards and supervisory boards and leading the cooperative through the post-war period. The forcible mergers of cooperatives during National Socialism are usually not reversed. Likewise, the compulsory membership in an auditing association for cooperatives, decreed by the National Socialist government, remains. In the first years after the war, the companies devoted themselves solely to rebuilding. It was not until the 1950s that new construction began again at the housing cooperatives. In both German states, cooperatives began to participate increasingly in government housing programs from the mid-1950s. In West Germany and West Berlin, the housing cooperatives participate to a large extent in social housing, which determines the construction and occupancy of the apartments due to its narrow specifications. From the mid-1960s, large-scale housing projects began in many places, in which the architectural styles of the cooperative builders hardly differed from those of the large municipal or trade union housing associations. Some of the cooperatives grow into large housing companies with several thousand apartments. In many, the participation of the members only takes place through the election of representatives.

Starting in 1954, the GDR launched its own “socialist cooperative model”: the workers' housing cooperative (AWG). The background to this is the nationwide protests in June 1953 .

Refurbished prefabricated building in Staßfurt , Saxony-Anhalt

The AWG represents a form of company housing construction under state socialist conditions. Financial and material contributions by the members, coupled with operational and union support, should supplement the municipal housing supply in order to counter the urgent housing shortage. The cooperatives received building land from the state for permanent use. While the self-help activities of the members initially create close ties to their own house and the neighborhood community, the operational self-determination rights of the young housing cooperatives are limited with a strict integration into the system of municipal housing production.

From the 1960s onwards, with the introduction of industrial construction methods, the manufacturing methods used in housing production changed significantly. Under these new production conditions, especially with the consolidation of planned economy structures, the AWGs had to give up their building owner function and were instead allocated housing construction contingents. The so-called “territorial concentration” also created new local groups from the beginning of the 1970s, so that AWG members lost some of their ties to “their” cooperative. The forced merger of the housing cooperative “Aufbau” Strausberg with GEWOBA Strausberg in 1988 can serve as an example. Since the AWGs as well as the state-owned stocks were subject to the planned economy regulations in the structuring of rents, they had to struggle with inadequate income.

Development since 1990

Until the non-profit housing was abolished in 1989, all cooperatives were recognized as non-profit under the Non-Profit Housing Act. After the non-profit-making housing was abolished in 1989, some of the advantages of non-profit housing remained for the housing cooperatives in the form of the non-profit "rental cooperative" according to Section 5 (1) No. 10 of the Corporate Income Tax Act, according to which an exemption from corporate income tax is provided, provided that the cooperative's main focus is on Rental of housing to members is available. This privilege serves to support the cooperatives as a special property-like self-help in living.

Tenancy Law (Germany)

The legal situation of comrades who use an apartment differs only slightly from normal tenancy law. The content of the usage agreements is to be treated as rental agreements .

The cooperative must observe the principle of equal treatment towards its members , in particular when using cooperative facilities. This means that the tenant only has to agree to a rent increase to the same extent as his neighbors. An explanation of reasons for increases at the cooperative assembly does not replace the justification for a rent increase. If the increase exceeds the mean value of the rent index, the characteristics that determine the residential value must be listed. A cost rent clause in the contract or in the general terms and conditions does not automatically cease to apply as the non- profit status of the apartment no longer applies . The cooperative loyalty relationship does not exclude the member's right to reduce the user fee due to defects or nuisance.

After the death of the tenant of an apartment left by a housing association, membership and the right to use the apartment are transferred to his heirs . Heirs also enter into the rental agreement if the usage relationship was linked to membership.

The user of a cooperative apartment is not obliged to tolerate modernization measures beyond what the BGB provides.

High demands are placed on an exclusion because of excessive criticism in order to prevent uncomfortable members from being excluded in this way. A member of a housing association can only be excluded if it is a matter of pure abuse .

See also

Austria

Concept of cooperative housing

A cooperative apartment refers to a rented or owner-occupied apartment built by a non-profit property developer ( non-profit building association , housing cooperative ), which is almost always funded by the public sector (in Austria: federal states) and is subject to the Charitable Housing Act. However, this term, which is common in common parlance, is incorrect because it actually only refers to the apartment offered by non-profit property developers organized as a cooperative. As a result, an apartment belonging to a non-profit property developer with a different legal form should not be referred to as a cooperative apartment . The legally correct designation for such apartments would have to be apartments that were / are built by non-profit building associations in their own name and rented (or for use) to tenants (or authorized users) .

In Austria, cooperative apartments are legally characterized by the application of the WGG as well as state-level housing subsidy provisions, which result from the use of public subsidies (states).

Non-profit property developer

Although the term housing cooperative suggests that it is a cooperative , in common parlance the term is also used for housing companies with limited liability (GesmbH) or housing corporations (AG). (see Section 1, Paragraph 1 and Section 39, Paragraph 7 of the WGG).

The differences between “real” non-profit housing cooperatives and non-profit building associations of other legal forms are in the co-determination and in the allocation. As a rule, in such cases, before you can become a beneficial owner of a cooperative apartment (corresponds to the term tenant ), you have to become a member of the cooperative and buy a share in the cooperative . This also gives rise to special rights and obligations as a member of the cooperative.

However, some cooperatives and building associations have removed the addition " non-profit" from their names in the last few decades.

Grants

Most of the apartments built in Austria by non-profit property developers have been built with funds from housing subsidies , which are regulated at the state level by subsidy laws and guidelines. These legal provisions must be taken into account when renting the subsidized apartments, such as the income limits, the amount of subsidy, the repayment of the subsidy loan and special termination options. In addition, non-profit building associations enjoy tax privileges under the Non-Profit Housing Act, such as an exemption from corporation tax.

Tenancy law

For the applicability of the Austrian Non-Profit Housing Act (WGG) with regard to tenancy law, it is essential that a non-profit building association build the apartment (even if it has meanwhile been sold to a private property developer) or for the purpose of renovation on a larger scale (since 1 September 1999 existing special regulation). If a non-profit building association only rents the apartment but has not built it, the Tenancy Law (MRG) applies. This is particularly important with regard to the formation of rent (= the amount and composition of the rent to be agreed) and some priority provisions of the WGG. Since the WGG does not regulate all the nuances of tenancy law, the MRG is to be applied on a subsidiary basis.

Requirements / Eligible persons

Although the requirements are regulated differently in the respective state laws, some uniform requirements apply to cooperative housing.

  • citizenship
    • Austrian citizen or
    • EU citizen or
    • EEA citizen or
    • Non-EU citizens with a residence permit or
    • Refugee under the Geneva Convention
  • Age limits
    • Age 18 and over (registration is possible from the age of 17)
  • Income limits
    • The sum of the net income of all people moving in must be between a certain maximum and a minimum, which differs from state to state (see the respective housing subsidy law ).

Switzerland

In Switzerland there are an estimated 1,500 housing cooperatives (WBG) with around 160,000 apartments. That is 5.1% or, together with the apartments of other non-profit property developers, 8.8% of the total housing stock. The rents per m 2 are in cooperatives around 15 percent below the average of all rental housing. (State of 2000 census)

Terms

Residential building of a building cooperative in Zurich- Oerlikon

The majority of the cooperative apartments belong to member cooperatives (self-help; tenants are also members), which are also obliged to be non-profit (principle of cost rent, permanent withdrawal from speculation). There are also entrepreneurial cooperatives (some also non-profit) or those with philanthropically oriented sponsorships. There are also charitable settlements run by foundations and stock corporations as well as cities. The rent for most of the non-profit flats is calculated according to commercial principles and is therefore considered unsupported. A small part of the apartments is deliberately cheaper and rented under restrictive conditions and counts as social housing.

History and future

The first WBGs arose as a result of the poor living conditions after 1860 and especially from 1890 until the First World War in the cities of Basel, Bern, Biel, Zurich, Winterthur and St. Gallen. The first railway cooperatives supported by federal companies followed from 1910. After the First World War, the housing shortage was so great that many cities, cantons and the federal government actively subsidized housing. This led to an initial boom in the WBG. There was a second wave of founding and construction during and after the Second World War up to the 1960s. From 1980 onwards, numerous new WBGs with self-administration character were founded. Their housing stock is of little consequence in terms of numbers, but they gave the traditional WBG important impetus. The market share of WBG is falling nationwide, with the exception of the city and the greater Zurich area. There, traditional and newer WBGs are still very active in the renewal of their stocks and in the construction of new settlements, often in partnership with the city authorities. The new buildings are mostly determined in architectural competitions and implement innovative approaches in various respects (energy consumption, mobility, combination of living / working, communal facilities, public offers, residential communities for the elderly). The greatest obstacle to stronger development is the scarcity of land and the high price of building land.

Housing policy and housing subsidies

Most of the cooperative settlements were built with direct or indirect support from the public sector. Even after this support has expired, thanks to the principle of non-profit status, they continue to be inexpensive and fulfill important socio-political functions (social and cultural integration, strengthening civil society). The possible instruments of housing subsidy are diverse and are offered very differently (often not at all) depending on the city or region:

Indirect funding
  • Participation in the cooperative capital (municipalities)
  • Brokerage of building land (municipalities, often in the form of a building permit)
  • Establishment of a fund de roulement, which is administered by the cooperative umbrella organizations and grants low-interest loans (federal government)
  • Guarantee of bonds (federal government → issuing center for non-profit housing developers)
  • Counter-guarantees (federal → mortgage guarantee cooperatives)
  • Performance mandates for the cooperative umbrella organizations (federal government).
Direct funding
  • Granting of low-interest loans (individual cantons and cities). This means that certain apartments are specifically cheaper. The cooperative has to rent such apartments under certain conditions: minimum occupancy, maximum income and assets.

While in times of great housing shortages both the federal government and various cantons undertook decisive housing construction subsidies, this task has fallen into political disrepute under neoliberal conditions. The federal government only provides indirect support, most cantons offer no or only very restrictive housing subsidies, and the cities (with exceptions) are not very involved anyway.

Umbrella associations of non-profit housing construction

In contrast, the umbrella organizations of the WBG point to the sustainable effectiveness of housing subsidies. Settlements that were supported decades ago are now self-supporting and still remain inexpensive. The public sector therefore continues to benefit from lower social spending. The two umbrella associations (the largest of which is the Association of Swiss Housing Cooperatives, and also the civic-oriented Association of Housing Switzerland ) have jointly committed to a charter of non-profit housing developers in Switzerland . They offer their members financing instruments, training and advice. As part of the Wohnbund action group and the Swiss Housing Policy web platform , they safeguard their political interests and regularly organize the non-profit housing construction forum.

literature

  • Michael Arndt: Rogall, Holger: Berlin housing cooperatives. An exemplary inventory and analytical description of the characteristics of cooperative living in the present. Berlin 1987 (Berlin research. Subject area housing industry, 16).
  • Claus Bernet : Cultural institutions of the building and housing cooperatives. From the Empire to National Socialism (= Marburg writings on the cooperative system. Volume 105). Göttingen 2008.
  • Volker Beuthien : Housing cooperatives between tradition and future (= Marburg writings on cooperatives. Volume 72). Goettingen 1992.
  • Berthold Eichwald, Klaus Josef Lutz: Successful Cooperatives - Opportunities for a Value-Oriented Market Economy. DG Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011.
  • Helmut Faust: History of the cooperative movement: Origin and departure of the cooperative movement in England, France and Germany as well as its further development in the German-speaking area. Frankfurt a. M. 1977 (third edition).
  • Arno Klönne : The fight for the roof over your head - On the history of housing cooperatives. In: Marx21 - Magazine for International Socialism , No. 26/2012 ( online ).
  • Barbara König: City communities. The potential of housing cooperatives for social urban development. Berlin 2004.
  • Klaus Novy, Michael Prinz: Illustrated history of the community economy. Berlin 1985.
  • Hans H. Münkner: Organize yourself in cooperatives! Doing business differently for a better world. Cologne 2014.
  • Peter Schmid: The housing cooperatives in Switzerland. In: Robert Purtschert (Ed.): The cooperative system in Switzerland. Bern 2005.
  • Bärbel Wegner, Anke Pieper, Holmer Stahncke: Living with cooperatives. Basics. History. Projects. 3. Edition. Hamburg 2013.

Web links

Commons : Housing cooperatives  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Housing cooperative  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ GdW Federal Association of German Housing and Real Estate Companies V. (Ed.): GdW annual statistics 2018. Selected results . Berlin August 2019, p. 11 ( gdw.de [PDF]).
  2. ^ "The German Cooperatives 2019 - Developments - Opinions - Figures", DG Verlag, Wiesbaden 2019
  3. ↑ Figures from 2016
  4. ↑ BBSR 2016: Housing cooperatives as partners of the municipalities. Commissioned by the Alliance for Affordable Living and Building, pp. 37–38, www.hamburg.de/wohnungsbest-in-hamburg; www.ibb.de/media/dokumente/publikationen/berliner-wohnungsmarkt/wohnungsmarktbericht/ibb_wohnungsmarktbericht_2017.pdf
  5. ↑ https://bbu.de/sites/default/files/publications/fvvvvvu985mfq1diq17icsDo_Download%20Volltext%20jahresstatistik%202018.pdf and https://www.pruefungsverband.de/index.php?id=10&gruppe=3&hole=G&nummer=2 on May 3, 2020
  6. ↑ https://www.sbv-flensburg.de/wir-fuer-sie/ihr-sbv/historie-der-genossenschaft/
  7. ^ Dresden: Housing Market Report 2018. Retrieved on May 5, 2020 .
  8. ↑ Cremer, König: "Build cooperatives!" In Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): "Here cooperatives build" Berlin, 2019, p. 7
  9. ↑ Analysis & Concepts 2012: Servicemonitor Wohnen
  10. ↑ Cremer, König: "Build cooperatives!" In Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): "Here cooperatives build" Berlin, 2019
  11. ↑ "The German Cooperatives 2018 - Developments - Opinions - Figures", DG Verlag, Wiesbaden 2018
  12. ↑ Number of members at the end of 2014 , WGLi homepage, accessed on October 15, 2015.
  13. ↑ scroll to results of the renovation and modernization year 2001 , WGLi homepage, accessed on October 15, 2015.
  14. ↑ a b c WG structure Dresden eG: Annual report 2017 . Ed .: WG Aufbau Dresden eG. 250th edition. Dresden June 2018.
  15. ↑ Hans H. Münkner: Organize yourselves in cooperatives! Doing business differently for a better world Cologne, 2014; Berthold Eichwald, Klaus Josef Lutz: Success Model Cooperatives - Opportunities for a Value-Oriented Market Economy , DG Verlag, Wiesbaden 2011
  16. ↑ König, Barbara: Stadtgemeinschaften. The potential of housing cooperatives for social urban development Berlin, 2004, p. 10ff
  17. ↑ Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): "Living in cooperatives", Berlin 2017
  18. ↑ Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): "Living in cooperatives", Berlin 2017
  19. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: Development of the non-profit housing until 1989 . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , pp. 33–56 , pp. 40–41 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_2 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  20. ↑ Ingrid Schmale: Victor Aimé Huber- A Christian, conservative, romantic monarchist and cooperative pioneer. In Heinrich-Kaufmann-Stiftung (ed.): Cooperative founders and their ideas for the 2nd conference on cooperative history on November 2nd and 3rd, 2007 in the Warburg House in Hamburg
  21. ^ Chronicle of the GWG Gartenstadt Halle eG , GWG "Gartenstadt" eG, self-published, Halle (Saale) 2008.
  22. ↑ The oldest still existing housing cooperative is the Munich building cooperative from 1871 eG, https://www.baugen1871.de/wir-ueber-uns.html . The Allgemeine Deutsche Schiffszimmerer Genossenschaft eG, which was founded in Hamburg in 1875 and still exists today, initially had the purpose of buying and operating shipyards and did not start building apartments until 1890 ( https://wohnungsbaugenossenschaften-hh.de/genossenschaften/schiffszimmerer/ ). The first building cooperative to consistently build on common property was the Hannoveraner Spar- und Bauverein (SBV) founded in 1885 (Frank Karthaus et al. "Building cooperatives - the difficult self-organization of house construction" in Klaus Novy, Bodo Hombach et al. (Ed.): Anders Leben - Geschichte and future of cooperative culture. Verlag JHW Dietz, Berlin / Bonn 1985, p. 73)
  23. ↑ Klaus Novy, Barbara von Neumann-Cosel (ed.): Between tradition and innovation - 100 years of the Berlin building and housing cooperative from 1892, Edition Heinrich, Berlin 1992, pp. 9-10
  24. ^ A b Max Koska : Aims and successes of building cooperative activity in Prussia . In: Journal of the Austrian (Eichischen) engineering and architects association . No. 7/1910. Vienna 1910, pp. 101–106 and No. 8/1910, Vienna 1910, pp. 117–122. - Full text online (PDF; 41 MB) .
  25. ^ Klaus Novy, Barbara von Neumann-Cosel (ed.): Housing reform in Berlin - A work program is presented, Berlin 1991
  26. ^ Association of Berlin-Brandenburg Housing Companies eV (Ed.): History of the non-profit housing industry in Berlin 1897–1957, Berlin 1997, p. 57
  27. ^ Dominik Baur: Cooperative housing in Munich: Solidarity with an expiration date . In: The daily newspaper: taz . August 6, 2018, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed August 10, 2018]).
  28. ↑ Falkenberg Garden City. March 19, 2020, accessed May 24, 2020 .
  29. ↑ history. Retrieved May 24, 2020 .
  30. ↑ https://www.berliner-genossenschaftsforum.de/informationen-zu-wohnungsbaugenossenschaften/#geschichte
  31. ↑ Kampffmeyer: Housing and settlement policy , Verlag für Kulturpolitik, Munich 1920. Holger Martens: A hundred years ago - the start-up boom in the housing cooperatives after the revolution in 1918/19 , https://historikergenossenschaft.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/05 /History housing cooperatives.pdf
  32. ^ A b Fritz Naphtali : Economic Democracy . Your essence, path and goal. Berlin 1928, pp. 90-95.
  33. ↑ Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt (ed.): "That was a completely closed society here". The Lindenhof: A cooperative settlement in the big city. Dirk Nishen Verlag, Berlin-Kreuzberg 1987
  34. ↑ Frank Karthaus: The Twenties - the heyday of the building cooperatives in Klaus Novy u. a. (Ed.) Life differently - history and future of cooperative culture Verlag JHW Dietz Berlin / Bonn 1985, p. 80f
  35. ^ Association of Berlin-Brandenburg Housing Companies eV (ed.): History of the non-profit housing industry in Berlin 1897–1957, Berlin 1997, p. 111ff
  36. ^ Association of Berlin-Brandenburgischer Wohnungsunternehmen eV (Ed.): History of the non-profit housing industry in Berlin 1897–1957, Berlin 1997, p. 126ff; Albert Schepers: Cooperatives in the "Third Reich" in Klaus Novy u. a. (Ed.) Life differently - history and future of cooperative culture Verlag JHW Dietz Berlin / Bonn 1985, p. 103ff
  37. ↑ http://www.ns-quellen.at/gesetz_angebote_detail.php?gesetz_id=22810
  38. ^ Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): Female paths in Potsdam housing cooperatives , Berlin 2011; Bbg Berliner Baugenossenschaft : After the end of the Second World War, Margareta Spettmann took care of the interests of bbg from Neukölln's Ilsenhof. In 1946 the cooperative members appointed Margareta Spettmann as a full member of the board. By 1947, she succeeded in making two thirds of the damaged apartments habitable again.
  39. ^ Wilhelm Kaltenborn: Repressed Past - The Historical Roots of the Compulsory Connection of Cooperatives to Auditing Associations , Heinrich-Kaufmannstiftung, Hamburg 2015
  40. ^ Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): Between State and Market , Berlin 2005
  41. ^ Marvin Brendel: The workers' housing cooperatives of the GDR. "Instrument of Socialism". genossenschaftsgeschichte.info, accessed on July 9, 2016 .
  42. ^ Marvin Brendel: The workers' housing cooperatives of the GDR. "Instrument of Socialism". http://genossenschaftsgeschichte.info/arbeiterwohnungsbaugenossenschaften-der-ddr-814 , accessed on May 23, 2020.
  43. ^ Genossenschaftsforum eV (Ed.): The AWG - A cooperative model of the GDR . Edition Arkadien, Berlin 2004
  44. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: Development of the non-profit housing until 1989 . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , pp. 33–56 , 44 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_2 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  45. ↑ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: Non-profit housing companies without WGG? In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , pp. 165–176 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_5 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  46. ^ Higher Regional Court of Karlsruhe , judgment of January 21, 1985, Az. 3 REMiet 8/84.
  47. ^ Blank: Tenancy Law. Publishing house CH Beck 1997.
  48. ↑ BGH MDR 77, 381.
  49. ↑ District Court Offenburg , judgment of March 10, 1998, Az. 1 S 191/97.
  50. ^ District Court Neustrelitz , judgment of May 27, 1992, Az. C 4/92.
  51. ↑ Potsdam District Court , judgment of December 9, 1998, Az. 25 C 471/1998.
  52. ^ Regional Court Munich I , judgment of February 5, 1999, Az. 14 S 3214/97.
  53. ↑ Cologne District Court , judgment of May 26, 1994, Az. 214 C 92/94.
  54. ↑ Bundesfinanzhof , judgment of February 14, 2001 (XR 82/97) BSTBl. 2001 II p. 440
  55. ^ BGH , decision of April 20, 2010, VIII ZR 254/09
  56. ↑ Landgericht Berlin , judgment of July 17, 1992, Az. 64 p. 99/92.
  57. ^ Regional Court Munich I , 20th Civil Chamber, judgment of June 20, 1986, Az. 20 S 21401/86
  58. ↑ Landgericht Berlin, 55th Civil Chamber, judgment of January 23, 1996, Az. 55 p. 159/95.
  59. ^ District Court of Charlottenburg , judgment of January 25, 1995, Az. 15 C 384/94.
  60. ^ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: The non-profit housing in Austria . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , pp. 179–186 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_6 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  61. ^ Jan Kuhnert, Olof Leps: The non-profit housing in Austria . In: New non-profit housing . Springer Fachmedien, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17569-6 , pp. 179-186 , p. 184 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-658-17570-2_6 ( springer.com [accessed February 28, 2017]).
  62. ↑ Federal Act of March 8, 1979 on Charitable Housing (Non-Profit Housing Act - WGG) jusline.at, accessed on October 4, 2018
  63. ↑ Requirements for obtaining a subsidized rental and cooperative apartment. In: wien.at. Retrieved May 19, 2015 .
  64. ↑ KraftWerk1 - exemplary eco-social urban municipality