Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen

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Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (around 1870)
Signature Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen.PNG
Raiffeisen Memorial Neuwied
Bust, Vienna

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Raiffeisen (born March 30, 1818 in Hamm (Sieg) ; † March 11, 1888 in Heddesdorf , today Neuwied ) was a German social reformer and municipal official. He is one of the founders of the cooperative movement in Germany and is the namesake of the Raiffeisen organization .

Life

Origin and education

Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen was one of nine children of the married couple Gottfried Friedrich Raiffeisen (1782–1849) and Amalie, b. Lanzendörffer (1784-1859). His grandfather Johann Carl Ludwig Raiffeisen (1749-1814) was a pastor and came to Hamm from the Franconian Mittelfischach (today the municipality of Obersontheim in the district of Schwäbisch Hall). The name Raiffeisen comes from the field name "Rawe" and the ancient field name "Ess" for pasture, so that it can be considered a very old name from the times of Germanic pasture management. The family can be traced back to the miller Hans Rauffeisen (* 1510), who became a citizen of Ravensburg in 1547 . Jörg Raiffeisen, one of Hans' sons, was a nestler and became a citizen of Hall through marriage in 1562 . His son Georg Raiffeisen (1569–1651) was also a nestler and city architect of Hall. He was entitled to boil through marriage . His son of the same name (1598–1667) was also a nestler and father of fifteen children. One of his sons, Hans Jörg (1627–1691), and his son Johann Peter (1676–1716) worked as glaziers in a trade that was new and in great demand at the time. His son Johann Adam (1715–1769) did not become a craftsman, but from 1738 a musician at the court of Ludwig von Löwenstein-Wertheim . In 1744 he applied as town musician in Hall, but was not hired. Since his civil and settlement rights had expired when he moved there, he could not settle in Hall and then became a teacher in Eschach . His son Carl Ludwig (1749–1814), born in Wertheim and the grandfather of Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, was the first academic in the family. Two of his sons studied, while F. W. Raiffeisen's father married the daughter of the mayor of Hammer after completing an agricultural and commercial training course. His mother's family also came from southern Germany. The oldest known ancestors of the Lanzendörfer (also Lantzendörffer etc.) came from Münchberg near Bayreuth. In the family there were mainly merchants and administrators. When F. W. Raiffeisen was born, his ancestors had been mayors of Hamm almost continuously for 75 years. So he was born into one of the most respected families in the area.

Since his father became impoverished after an illness and failed to provide breadwinner and educator, his mother was largely on her own to feed and raise the nine children. The few fragments of letters that have survived indicate that she carried her fate in her belief in God. The mother's influence was probably decisive for the later piety of F. W. Raiffeisen.

In addition to primary school lessons, Raiffeisen also received private lessons from his godfather, the Reformed pastor of Hamm, Georg Wilhelm Heinrich Seippel , and his friend Hofrat Lantzendörffer. Johannes Hasselhorn believed in the pietistic character of the young Raiffeisen through the religiosity of the population at the time and especially through the pastor of his grandfather. At the age of 17, he had to join the Prussian Army in Cologne because his family was too poor to finance a degree. The father Raiffeisen had already resigned from the mayor's office around 1822, probably because he was sick with tuberculosis . The parish register records emaciation as the cause of death of the person who died on January 16, 1849 . Raiffeisen grew up in a good, well-protected and religious home, in which his mother Amalie in particular grew above herself as the sole person responsible for the family.

Although Raiffeisen was by no means described by contemporaries as a militarist, but rather as a spiritual person, he was promoted to sergeant in 1838 and sent to the inspection school in Koblenz, which was considered an award at the time. At that school he learned detailed technical knowledge that was later helpful to him as mayor in building schools and roads as well as draining meadows. In Koblenz he got to know the " udder pier ". This youth association consisted of high school students who came together under the motto “Pious, fresh, happy, free” and under the sign of happiness and humanism. The resulting friendships continued when he was transferred to Cologne. Some of the Euterpier studied in Bonn and founded the Bonner Wingolf there . Raiffeisen was a welcome guest, but he never entered himself. During his time in Cologne he fell ill with an eye problem, which made his plans for a military career as an officer impossible. His uncle Hofrat Lantzendörffer found him a job in the civilian Prussian administration.

On September 23, 1845 he married the pharmacist's daughter Emilie Storck from Remagen .

Professional life and work

Raiffeisen was transferred to the Prussian municipal administration as district secretary in Mayen and was mayor of Weyerbusch in the Westerwald from 1845 to 1848 , only a few kilometers from his place of birth, Hamm. Its task was to process the incoming petitions and requests from citizens, to prepare the meetings of the municipal councils and to implement the orders of the superior authorities. With the introduction of the Prussian municipal code, which he had to enforce, log books were created in all locations, the evaluation of which later made an important contribution to research on Raiffeisen. As mayor, he was also responsible for holding elections to the Prussian House of Representatives and the Frankfurt National Assembly . Raiffeisen was a community leader close to the people who listened to the needs and concerns and tried to improve the situation. One of his main focuses during his entire career was the school system. From him the statement has been handed down that “the best fight against poverty is a good education”. Many schools were in a very poor structural condition at the time, and the students often got sick in the wet, cold and drafty rooms. After taking office in Weyerbusch, he began to design, plan and have a new school building built. Here was the educated upper pyrotechnics helpful, in which he had learned the tools they need now to conclude contracts with the artisans to monitor their work and later remove . During his further years as mayor in various places, he repeatedly had new schools planned and built.

Another important concern for him was the development of roads and paths. At that time there were only unpaved clay paths that were impassable in bad weather. In order to promote the sale of agricultural products, he built a road from Weyerbusch via Flammersfeld, Rengsdorf and Heddesdorf to the Rhine and later to Hamm (Sieg) to improve the development of the region . This street, which is partly identical to today's B 256 , was called Historical Raiffeisenstraße on March 23, 1984 . It connects his places of activity from the place of his birth to the Raiffeisen monument in Neuwied. He took care of the reforestation of the forests and the construction of the Westerwaldbahn .

The winter of 1846/47 presented him with a new challenge. In the previous summer, the average temperatures in all of Europe had fallen, as we know today due to the volcanic eruptions of the Fonualei and Merapi with months of ash . The climate change resulted in considerable lower yields in grain, which led to skyrocketing food prices in winter due to the first appearance of late blight in potatoes. At the request of Raiffeisen, the government delivered bread grain to alleviate the worst need. However, it was only allowed to be returned against immediate payment, which most residents were unable to do. As a young mayor, he acted on his own initiative and gave out the urgently needed food against a promissory note . In memory of his godfather Seippel, who is said to have taken money for the needy from the offering box in 1818 because the local administration had reacted too slowly to a famine, alleviating the need was more important to him than the government's instructions.

Like Seippel, he founded an aid association. He managed that the somewhat wealthy fellow citizens brought in their small savings there and he could pay for the grain. The “Brotverein”, which had been founded, was used to build a community bakery and to finance seed potatoes in the spring so that the poor could use the proceeds to repay their debts in the autumn. The association had no statutes, and Raiffeisen wrote to its district administrator that they were based on good faith as binding . Because of the good condition in his administrative area, the District Administrator Raiffeisen then approved a loan for the costs he had incurred.

From 1848 he moved as mayor to the Flammersfeld mayor's office with 33 localities. The general beginning technical and agricultural development made him aware that the mostly small farmers lacked the money to participate in the progress. In order to promote the sale of the products, he immediately began again to strive for better road connections. But it took until 1854 for a road from Flammersfeld via Asbach to Honnef to be approved and built by the government. In Flammersfeld he particularly saw the problem of cattle rampant , which many farmers mostly did not recognize themselves because of the poor schooling at the time. Traders were selling inferior cattle at inflated prices on credit with far too short payback times and much inflated interest rates . In order to provide sustainable help, the Flammersfeld Aid Association was founded on December 1st at the instigation of Raiffeisen to support poor farmers . At the beginning of the founding meeting, he appealed to the 60 present with the words:

“In our district, too, there are poisonous plants among the poor, well-drained population, usurers who make a business out of exploiting the misery of their fellow human beings in the most heartless way. Like the greedy predator on the hunted and exhausted game, so the unscrupulous and greedy bloodsuckers pounce on the needy and defenseless country people, exploiting their inexperience and need, in order to gradually take possession of their entire property. One family after another is ruined. "

After several hours of consultation, they signed a joint guarantee for the association's loans to be taken out. Raiffeisen itself later referred to this evening as the founding date of the cooperative idea. It was important to him that everyone took responsibility for the other. The members could save money in the association, but also borrow cheaply to buy cattle and equipment.

Raiffeisen tried to move to a larger place with higher earnings and a larger sphere of activity, which he succeeded thanks to his good reputation. From 1852 he was mayor of Heddesdorf (now part of Neuwied ). At the time, his family consisted of him, his wife Emilie, who was already ill and weakened by difficult births, and his daughters Amalie and Caroline. Two other daughters died early in Flammersfeld. At that time the mayor's office in Heddesdorf consisted of twelve towns with a total of around 9,000 inhabitants. It was already marked by the beginning of industrialization with an ironworks , a salmiak factory and a sugar and potato flour factory. In order to be able to feed their families, many industrial workers were forced to work their small farms after a twelve-hour working day in the factory. They and smaller craft businesses were often over-indebted. In order to be able to help, Raiffeisen founded the “Heddesdorfer Charity Association”, which 58 members joined in May 1854 and which held its first general assembly on July 22, 1854. Here, too, it was important to Raiffeisen that the associations did not hand out alms, but instead provided help for self-help through cheap loans. The “Heddesdorf Loan Association” was reorganized from the charity association, which can be considered the first cooperative bank as we understand it today.

In 1863 his wife Emilie died. They had seven children together, three of whom died early. Raiffeisen himself had been infected with typhoid during business visits to the sick and suffered from recurring nervous disorders, which probably made his eye ailments worse. At the age of 47, he retired in 1865 and received only a small pension due to the few years of service. He then tried his luck as a cigar manufacturer, which he ended after a short time in order to run a wine shop with a slightly better profit.

As a result, he had more time to devote himself to building up the cooperative system, and in 1865 published the book “The Loan Fund Associations as a Means to Relieve the Needs of the Rural Population and Urban Craftsmen and Workers”. The book was an unimagined success and was instrumental in spreading the cooperative idea. Authorities and decision-makers were thereby made aware of the credit unions, and similar unions were founded everywhere.

Amalie Raiffeisen

Raiffeisen married the widow Maria Penserot (née Fuchs) in 1868. This was not of great help to him in his work, and in the following years he was dependent on the help of his daughter Amalie Raiffeisen (* August 2, 1846, † January 11, 1897), who therefore remained unmarried according to his wishes. The later member of the Reichstag, Martin Faßbender , probably also resigned from his employment at Raiffeisen because of this marriage ban. In 1870 there were already 75 associations in the Rhine Province , from which Raiffeisen was repeatedly asked to act as consultants and speakers. He constantly undertook strenuous lecture tours, in which he emphasized the altruism that he also exemplified and insisted on voluntary association management. At the same time, he developed ideas on how the clubs can help each other if some have too high deposits and others too high credit needs. From this in 1872 the money equalization office of the Rhenish agricultural cooperative bank developed and in 1874 the "German agricultural central bank".

Family grave in Neuwied

In 1881 Raiffeisen founded the Raiffeisen printing company in Neuwied. On May 1, 1886, he resigned from all offices because of his poor health. A little later he fell ill with pneumonia, of which he died on March 11, 1888. Three days later he was buried in the family grave at the Heddesdorf cemetery.

Raiffeisen was a staunch Protestant Christian. The motivation for his socio-political action was his faith founded in the Bible. He wrote: "We emphasize [...] expressly the Christian love of neighbor , which is rooted in the love of God and in Christian duty, draws its nourishment from it and, the more practiced, the stronger, the more sustainable it becomes."

Aftermath

The cooperatives founded by Raiffeisen were not cooperatives in the current sense, but rather arose for charitable reasons, in order to help those really in need without any pursuit of profit. It was characterized by practiced Christian charity, in which the wealthy and genuinely needy gave unselfish help. The savings bank association founded in Heddesdorf in 1862 obliged borrowers to become members for the first time and can therefore be described as a real cooperative. But it was only in connection with the work of the reformers and politicians Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch and Wilhelm Haas , who were politically close to the liberals at the time, who made the borrowers into partners and not just recipients of alms with the mandatory acquisition of business shares from the start, did the cooperative system become for popular for everyone involved. Delitzsch recognized the importance of the joint liability of all members, and Haas was the initiator of foundations in various German countries and the merger in supra-regional umbrella organizations. The long-lasting merit of Raiffeisen remains his steadfast advocacy of mutual help based on "good faith" and the initiation of the first supraregional universal cooperatives that deal with both money and goods.

The cooperative association writes primarily of his unshakable human love in the obituary for his death.

Positions

To Judaism

Particularly after Raiffeisen had traveled to Upper Silesia on behalf of the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture in the autumn of 1880 to check the possibility of introducing loan funds there, he named Jewish traders several times in connection with usury . The reason for this was that all traders in the area, who at that time were also the only lenders for small-scale farmers, belonged to the Jewish faith.

Raiffeisen's relationship to Judaism, however, was more differentiated. He also spoke out in favor of employing Jewish employees. In particular, his attitude was never racially-ideological. He himself emphasized in his non-public memorandum on the trip to Upper Silesia:

“I never took part in the agitation or agitation against the Jews. I will continue to do so in the future. I regard it as the only correct and at the same time most effective means for the population if they emancipate themselves from the Jews, take the business concerned, namely the money matters, into their own hands and thus protect themselves from the previous pernicious influences of the Jews. "

In the debate at that time, he then tried to scientifically justify his reservations about Jewish traders. Among other things, he referred to Alfred von Kremer and also to Martin Luther's translation of the Bible. It was in keeping with the zeitgeist of the time to seek scientific explanations, mostly from economics and sociology, to underpin prejudices against Jews. Overall, however, he was able to differentiate and did not see usurers in all Jewish traders. Elsewhere he even wrote that where Christian traders rule the market, it is usually worse. To sum up, he concluded that self-help through the loan association was the best way to solve all problems.

Michael Klein sees Raiffeisen as a representative of his time who was not free from prejudices. He tried, however, to scientifically substantiate these and, if necessary, to correct them. In no case could he be called a supporter of the racist anti-Semitism that was emerging at the time .

However, author Hans Fässler warns against a historical relativization of Raiffeisen's anti-Semitic publications. During the time of National Socialism , F. W. Raiffeisen was portrayed and exploited as a staunch anti-Semite .

To Catholicism

F. W. Raiffeisen was active at the time when the conflict in Germany between the Kingdom of Prussia and later the German Empire under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and the Catholic Church under Pope Pius IX. escalated, which from 1871 led to the Kulturkampf with the persecution of the Catholic official church. Raiffeisen itself had no reservations about Catholics. In Weyerbusch he was mayor of a purely Protestant community. That changed with the move to Flammersfeld, where there were two Protestant parishes as well as three Catholic parishes in the municipality . In the Flammersfeld Aid Association , which he founded , all committees were equally represented. During his tenure, the association, which ceased its activities soon after his departure, worked successfully, so that the equal participation of representatives of both denominations must have worked. The Heddesdorf charity was also set up to be non-denominational. The only Catholic priest in the municipality, with whom Raiffeisen was also privately friends, remained the only Catholic member. His activities were therefore limited to Protestant parishioners.

From the beginning of the 1860s at the latest, Raiffeisen was in contact with several Catholic priests who wanted to organize aid associations and later loan associations in their communities based on his model. Martin Faßbender, himself a former candidate for a Catholic priesthood , reported on Raiffeisen's full participation in Catholic services while traveling.

With the members of the central Westphalian farmers' association founded by Burghard von Schorlemer-Alst, which founded its own cooperatives from 1883, Raiffeisen, according to its own statement, had a long “friendly relationship”. These broke off when Martin Faßbender switched to this. The extent to which this competition was based on denominations or whether it was not mainly different views in relation to the centralization desired by Raiffeisen remains speculative according to the documented situation.

Michael Klein sees in F. W. Raiffeisen an early ecumenist of practical action. He was never an outspoken denominationalist and later, when numerous loan association associations were formed, he worked towards a balanced relationship in the governing bodies. As long as he was alive, he made sure that there was always a Catholic and a Protestant pastor on the board of the Agricultural Cooperative Gazette. He saw the possibility of practical coexistence in the loan association associations regardless of denomination.

Honors and memories

5 DM commemorative coin of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1968 for the 150th birthday ( obverse )
80 Pf. Special stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost for the 100th anniversary of death in 1988

During his lifetime, Raiffeisen was received twice by the Prussian Crown Prince in 1871 for several hours of talks and in 1882 received a grant of 15,000 marks to his aid fund from Kaiser Wilhelm I. From this he was appointed Knight of the Order of the Red Eagle in 1884 .

After Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, numerous streets (e.g. the Raiffeisenring in Neuwied and the Raiffeisenstrasse in Flammersfeld), the Raiffeisen bridge over the Rhine between Neuwied and Weißenthurm , schools (Raiffeisen school in Neuwied, Weyerbusch and Hamm (Sieg) and the cooperative Raiffeisen high school) -Campus in Dernbach (Westerwald) ), the Raiffeisen pharmacy in Hamm (Sieg), the Raiffeisen tower near Altenkirchen and ultimately the Raiffeisen banks . In addition, there is the Raiffeisen Museum in the Raiffeisen House in his native Hamm (Sieg) and the former Raiffeisen house in Flammersfeld, which has been converted into a museum (Raiffeisenhaus).

In 1968, the Federal Ministry of Finance issued a 5 DM commemorative coin on Raiffeisen's 150th birthday .

On November 29, 2013, the Dr.-Hermann-Schulze-Delitzsch-Gesellschaft and the Friedrich-Wilhelm-Raiffeisen-Gesellschaft jointly submitted a transnational application in the federal states of Saxony and Rhineland-Palatinate to include the “cooperative idea” in the nationwide register of immaterial Cultural heritage (created as part of the national implementation of the UNESCO Convention for the Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage ). This application was approved in December 2014, submitted as the first German nomination to UNESCO for intangible cultural heritage and accepted there on November 30, 2016. The certificate was handed over in Berlin on May 11th.

On October 1, 1958, a charity stamp for 7 + 3 Pfennig was issued by the Deutsche Bundespost , which was also issued by the Saarland Oberpostdirektion at 6 + 4 Francs , matching the motif . On February 18, 1988, another special stamp was issued by the Deutsche Bundespost on the 100th anniversary of death.

There were special postmarks and machine advertising stamps from the Deutsche Bundespost or Deutsche Post AG with FW Raiffeisen in Bonn and Saarbrücken on the occasion of his 150th birthday in 1968, in Bonn, Neuwied in 1988, and in Hamm on the occasion of his 100th anniversary of death, in 1976 in Flammersfeld and in 1977 and 2012 in Neuwied .

In September 2018, a lecture hall in the main building of the University of Bonn was named after Raiffeisen.

Works

See also

literature

  • Walter Arnold, Fritz H. Lamparter: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. One for all, all for one. Hänssler, Neuhausen-Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-7751-1069-0 .
  • Wilhelm Bendiek: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). In: Rheinisch-Westfälische Wirtschaftsbiographien. Volume IV. Aschendorff, Münster 1941, pp. 82-102.
  • Franz Braumann : A man overcomes hardship. 1st edition. Raiffeisdruckerei publishing house, Neuwied am Rhein 1959.
  • Hans Fässler: Raiffeisen - The “Banker of Mercy” as an anti-Semite. In: Saiten (Ostschweizer Kulturmagazin). February 13, 2019 (guest commentary), accessed February 28, 2019.
  • Ludwig Hüttl: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. Life and work, a biography. Bayer. Raiffeisen sales u. Verl.-Ges., Munich 1988.
  • Erwin Katzwinkel, Franz-Eugen Volz: Small bibliography of the Altenkirchen district (Westerwald). In addition to an appendix: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen in the mirror of literature, by Erwin Katzwinkel. Altenkirchen district (publisher), Altenkirchen 1978.
  • Erwin Katzwinkel: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. In: Pictures of life from the Altenkirchen district. Altenkirchen 1979, pp. 64-66.
  • Michael Klein : Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. Christian - reformer - visionary. Calwer Verlag, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-7668-4450-7 .
  • Michael Klein: Banker of Mercy: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. The life of the founder of the cooperative in texts and pictures. Aussaat-Verlag, Neukirchen-Vluyn 2002.
  • Michael Klein: Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888), presented in connection with German social Protestantism. Bonn 1999.
  • Walter Koch : Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen In: On the trail of the cooperative idea. Booklet 20, Board of Directors of the Institute for Cooperatives at the Humboldt University in Berlin (Ed.), 1994, ISBN 3-929603-19-5 , pp. 16-30
  • Carl Leisewitz :  Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 27, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1888, pp. 176-178.
  • Rudolf Maxeiner: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen . In: Before times. History in Rhineland-Palatinate , Vol. IV, edited by Dieter Lau and Franz-Josef Heyen . Verlag Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 1988, pp. 195-212, ISBN 3-87439-177-9 .
  • Paul-Josef Raue : Raiffeisen. A life for a just society. A biography about the founder of modern cooperatives. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2018, ISBN 978-3-8375-2026-2 .
  • Ulrich S. Soénius:  Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , p. 115 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Monika Windbergs: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). In: Rheinische Lebensbilder. Volume 16. Edited by Franz-Josef Heyen. Rheinland Verlag, Cologne 1997, pp. 121-138.
  • Wilhelm Kaltenborn : Raiffeisen. Beginning and end. BoD, Norderstedt 2018, ISBN 978-3-7460-6299-0 .

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Permanent exhibition German Raiffeisen Museum: Birth certificate of Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Raiffeisen from 1818 . Retrieved April 12, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Rainer Märklin: Where do the Raiffeisens actually come from? In: Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Winning the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hanover 1968, pp. 17/18
  3. ^ Ingrid Bauert-Keetman: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. A life for the future. Steinbock Verlag, 1988, ISBN 3-921951-22-4 , pp. 10-13
  4. ↑ Michael Klein, p. 8
  5. ↑ Michael Klein, pp. 8/9
  6. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 35
  7. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 57
  8. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 53
  9. ↑ a b Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 55
  10. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 63
  11. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 65
  12. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 68
  13. ↑ Werner Abresch, Friedhelm Kaiser: Win the future. Steinbock-Verlag, Hannover 1968, p. 73
  14. ^ A b c d e Biography: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). In: genossenschaftsgeschichte.info.
  15. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. In: Dr.-Ing.-Hans-Joachim-Lenz-Stiftung, Angelika Humann (Ed.): People who moved the world. Books on Demand , 2012, pp. 137/138, ISBN 978-3-938088-29-6
  16. ^ A b Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 140
  17. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 142
  18. ^ Mark Schieritz: Living together: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen . In: The time . November 12, 2009, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed March 30, 2018]).
  19. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 143
  20. ↑ DRV history. German Raiffeisen Association V. (life's work)
  21. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 146
  22. ^ Walter Koch : Amalie Raiffeisen (1846-1897). In: Frauenbüro Neuwied (ed.): From woman to woman. Part II. Verlag Peter Kehrein, 1995, ISBN 978-3-9803266-5-0 , p. 54/55
  23. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 148
  24. ^ Werner Schubert: 100 years of the cooperative law. Mohr Siebeck, 1989, pp. 6/7
  25. ^ A b c Michael Klein : Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). Rheinland-Verlag, Pulheim 1997, ISBN 978-3-7927-1682-3 , pp. 111-114
  26. ^ Michael Klein: Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). P. 109/110
  27. ↑ Michael Klein :: Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). P. 112
  28. ↑ Hans Fässler: Raiffeisen - The "Banker of Mercy" as an anti-Semite. In: Saiten (Ostschweizer Kulturmagazin). February 13, 2019 (guest commentary), accessed February 28, 2019.
  29. ^ A b c Michael Klein: Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). Pp. 132-136
  30. ^ Michael Klein: Life, work and aftermath of the founder of the cooperative, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen (1818–1888). Pp. 114-116
  31. ^ Jürgen Wiehr, Silke Bonse, Ulrich Gross: Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. P. 152
  32. ^ Raiffeisenhaus Flammersfeld. Association municipality Flammersfeld
  33. ↑ Application for a UNESCO World Heritage Site ( memento from March 16, 2018 in the Internet Archive ). German Cooperative and Raiffeisen Association V., January 23, 2014
  34. ↑ Cooperative idea nominated. State government of Rhineland-Palatinate, December 12, 2014
  35. ↑ The cooperative idea and practice was the first German contribution to be included in the UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. German UNESCO Commission, November 30, 2016, accessed on July 12, 2017 .
  36. ↑ Michel catalog no.297
  37. ↑ Michel catalog no.441
  38. ↑ Michel catalog no. 1358
  39. ↑ The lecture hall is named after Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen. University of Bonn, September 11, 2018 (press release)
personal data
SURNAME Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Raiffeisen, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German social reformer
DATE OF BIRTH March 30, 1818
PLACE OF BIRTH Hamm (victory)
DATE OF DEATH March 11, 1888
Place of death Heddesdorf, today Neuwied