Slavic settlement names in northeast Bavaria

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The Slavic settlement names in north-east Bavaria are - besides a few loan words and personal names - the most important source for the development of the Slavic dialects spoken here in the early and high Middle Ages.

General

Spread of Slavic settlements in northeast Bavaria (8th – 12th centuries).

In the Middle Ages, north-east Bavaria belonged to a Slavic- German contact area ( Bavaria Slavica ), in which several hundred settlement names of Slavic origin were integrated into German. In addition to genuinely Slavic names ('purely Slavic names') there are also so-called 'Slavic-German mixed names', in which a Slavic personal name was combined with a German name element. In addition, there are German settlement names with the designation Winden or Windisch- , which refer to the former Slavic population.

Research history

Two of the first place name researchers to be taken seriously were Adam Ziegelhöfer and Gustav Hey . Her works The place names of the former bishopric of Bamberg (1911) and The place names of the former principality of Bayreuth (1920), in which Slavic settlement names were also treated, offer a first synopsis of Upper Franconian settlement names . Most of the historical evidence in these works comes from inadequate source editions, and the explanations of the Slavic settlement names are partly untenable because they do not take into account the rules of substitute phonetics. Some of your interpretations are still valid today.

The work Language and Settlement in Northeast Bavaria (1960) by Ernst Schwarz brought about a significant improvement in the research situation . The Slavic settlement names are explained here using the methodology of the Slavic-German substitute phonetics. Many interpretations of black are still valid today; however, he sometimes relied on a few documents. In Ernst Eichler's study on the etymology and structure of Slavic place and river names in northeastern Bavaria (1962) , the settlement names dealt with by Schwarz are assigned to different structural types. In 1994 the book Frankens Mainwendische names by Joseph Schütz was published. Here he deals with individual names of Slavic origin without, however, proposing new interpretations that would stand up to a linguistic test. In the book series Contributions to Slavic-German language contact research (2001, 2006), the authors Ernst Eichler, Albrecht Greule , Wolfgang Janka and Robert Schuh put together long series of documents. The name explanations based on this are rated as very safe in reviews.

Settlement names from personal names

A distinction is made here between possessive settlement names (which indicate the possession of a person), patronymic settlement names (denote the people or descendants of a person) and Slavic-German mixed names .

Possessive settlement names

These names were with suffixes -j- , -ov- and -in- formed (the suffix -yn- can not be demonstrated in northeastern Bavaria).

Suffix -j-

( Original Slavic * -jь m., * -ja f., * -je n.). Settlement names formed with this suffix are among the oldest Slavic name types. The suffix -j- could be added to full names, short names or surnames. The final word of the personal name is palatalized by -j- . Example names:

  • Laibarös (district of Bamberg), [to approx. 1304] Leuberoz

Slavic basic form * Ľuboroźь for personal name * Ľuborodъ , meaning 'settlement of Ľuborodъ'

  • Premeischl (district of Cham), 1261 Premaevssel and Premeusel (district of Kulmbach), around 1520 Premeusel

slaw. * Premyšlь to the personal name * Premyslъ

  • Schorgast, Markt- (district of Kulmbach), 1109 (copy of the 12th century) Scoregast and Schorgast, Ludwig- (district of Kulmbach), 1326–1328 Ludwigschorgast , plus the name of the river Schorgast (district of Weißen Main), 1348 fluvius Schorgast

slaw. * Skorogoščь to personal name * Skorogostъ

  • Thelitz (district of Lichtenfels), 1180 Thechluz , 1319 Techlautze

slaw. * Těch (o) ľucь to personal name * Těch (o) ľutъ

  • Woja (district court), 1363 Woyen , 1390 Woyen Das dorff

slaw. * Voj-ńь to personal name * Vojan- , * Vojen-

Suffix -ov-

( Original Slavic * -ovъ m., * -ova f., * -ovo n.). This suffix was often added to short names and surnames. In contrast to -j- derivatives, formations with -ov- and -in- are classified as younger. Example names:

  • Guttenthau (district of Bayreuth), 1280 Gotentaw , 1396/99 Gotentaw

Slavic basic form * Godętov- to personal name * Godęta , meaning 'settlement of Godęta'

  • Leichau (district of Tirschenreuth), 1245 Luchow and Leuchau (district of Kulmbach), 1332 Leuchauwe

slaw. * Ľuchov- to the personal name * Ľuchъ

  • Seuchau (district of Cham), 1086 Sichowa , [1301–1307] Seichawe daz village

slaw. * Žichov- to the personal name * Žichъ

  • Trebsau (district of Neustadt ad Waldnaab), 1394 Trebsaw

slaw. * Trebošov- to the personal name * Trebošь

  • Weischau (district of Coburg), 1334 Weischave , 1340 Wizawe

slaw. * Vyškov- to the personal name * Vyš-kъ

Suffix -in-

(original Slavic * -inъ m., * -ina f., * -ino n.). The suffix -in- occurs less often than -ov- in northeast Bavaria, as in other Slavic settlement areas . Example names:

  • Döberein (district of Tirschenreuth), 1119 Toberin , 1326 Doebrein

Slavic basic form * Dobrin- to personal name * Dobrъ , meaning 'settlement of Dobrъ'

  • Tettau (district of Kronach), 1269 Theten , plus the name of the waters Tettau (lz Haßlach), 1194 flumen Taetin

slaw. * Tetin- to personal name * Teta

  • Wüstung Wurbotin (presumably distr. Wunsiedel), [1332 to 1340] to Wu / e / rbotin [about u is e above written]

slaw. * Vъrbotin- to personal name * Vъrbota .

The settlement names Schorgast ( Markt-, Ludwig- ) and Tettau are probably original names of waters (here stream names). Waters that name a person's property are quite rare in the Slavic settlement area: cf. the Czech brook name Dobrohošť , 1255 sub Dobrohoste fluvio , to the old Czech personal name Dobrohost .

Patronymic settlement names

Suffixes -ici and -ovici

( Original Slavic * -īti̯o , * -ovīti̯o ). These suffixes originally designated the people (or the descendants or subjects) and later also the village after a person. Example names:

  • Gößmitz (district of Lichtenfels), [late 14th century] in Gottmetz , 1413 Go / e / stmecz , [1419–1420] Gostmecz

Slavic basic form * Gostimici for the personal name * Gostimъ , meaning 'settlement of the people of Gostimъ'

  • Köditz (district court), 1359 Ko / e / titz , 1401 Kötitz

slaw. * Chotici to the personal name * Chotъ

  • Prebitz (district of Bayreuth), approx. 1285 Predwitz , 1326 Pretwitz

slaw. * Predovici to the personal name * Predъ or * Preda

  • Redwitz, Markt- (district of Wunsiedel), approx. 1135 Radewize , 1279 (copy of the 14th century) Redwitz

slaw. * Radovici to the personal name * Rad

  • Treunitz (district of Bamberg), 1185 (Kop. A. 13th century) uillam Drogunze , [to 1185] de Drogenze

slaw. * Drogunici or similar to the personal name * Drogunъ

The example names mentioned are exclusively secondary formations. Primary formations such as plural settlement names have not yet been reliably proven in northeast Bavaria. The name of the settlement Weides (Lkr. Kronach), 1108 Witose can be used as a possible example , if one assumes slav. * Vitoši 'People of Vitošь'.

'Slavic-German mixed names'

This type of settlement name means the combination of a Slavic personal name with a German part of the name. While the 'purely Slavic settlement names' are based on the assumption of independent settlement activity by the Slavs, the mixed names only emerged during the high medieval development of the country. Whether there was a purely Slavic pre- or minor form in addition to the mixed education cannot be proven for the mixed names of Northeast Bavaria.

Slavic personal name + basic German word

This type of Slavic-German mixed name is the most common. The most common basic German word is -dorf ; other basic words like -reuth , -berg etc. are less common. Some mixed names also occur outside of the closed distribution area of ​​Slavic settlement names. Example names:

  • Dreuschendorf (district of Bamberg), [to 1102–1139] Druskendorf

to the Slavic personal name * Družьkъ

  • Gottmannsdorf (district of Ansbach), [12. Century] Godemůzelstorf , 1268 Godmuzelsdorf

to the Slav. Personal name * Godomyslъ

  • Mödlareuth (district court), 1363 Mödleingereuth

to the Slavic personal name * Modl (a)

  • Prölsdorf (district of Haßberge), 1116 Preliubestorf , 1123–39 Prelubesdorf

to the Slavic personal name * Preľubъ

  • Schlottenhof (district of Wunsiedel), 1298 in Slawatenhouen , 1298 Slabatenhofen

to the Slav. Personal name * Slavata

  • Zießelsberg (district of Regen), [around 1105 / 1106–1112] de Cistanesberch

to the Slavic personal name * Čьstanъ or similar

Slavic personal name + early German suffix -ing-

This type is an older form of Slavic-German mixed names. It occurs almost exclusively in the Cham basin. Example names:

  • Dalking (district of Cham), 1177 Talkingen , 1280 Taelking

to the Slav. Personal name * Dalъkъ , meaning 'settlement of the people of a Dalъkъ'

  • Kothmaißling (district of Cham), [around 1135] Kozmuzelingen , [around 1170] Chozemvzlinge

to the Slavic personal name * Chocěmyslъ

  • Traitsching (district of Cham), 1376 Draichsing , 1398 Draysching

to the Slavic personal name * Drag-šьkъ

  • Zenching (District Cham), 1178-1185 Cemtichinge

to the Slavic personal name * Sěmitěchъ

Slavic personal name in the German genitive

Genetic settlement names that contain a Slavic personal name only occur sporadically in northeast Bavaria. The distribution area of ​​this mixed name type are the medieval clearing areas of Upper Franconia and the Upper Palatinate. Example names:

  • Godas (district Tirschenreuth), 1356 to / e / the Jodeys , [1396–99] Godeis

to the Slavic personal name * Godějь

  • Mehlmeisel (district of Bayreuth), 1283 siluam Welmvzels dimidiam , 1435 czum Welmewssels

to the Slavic personal name * Veľemyslъ

  • Prestans desert (district Kronach), 1276 Pressaus ; on the outside of the document: Prestans , 1361 Prestans

to the Slavic personal name * Prestanъ

The personal names developed here contain names such as * Chot- , * Drag- / * Drog- , * God- , * Gost- , * Ľub- , * Mysl- , * Pre- , * Slav- , * Těch- , the zum common Slavic heritage count. The well-known suffixes -k- , -n- , -š- or -t- ( -ęta , -ota ) were often added to short names and surnames . While a large number of Slavic personal names can be deduced from the settlement names, pure personal names are rarely found in Northern Bavaria: e.g. B. in the Bamberger Land 1420 the personal name Wolgast is attested ( to Reckendorff ... Item that good because the old Wolgast is sitting on ); <Slavic * Voligost (ъ) .

Settlement names from appellatives (generic words)

When naming the settlement, the focus was not on the reference to a person, but rather to the natural environment. Often an original field name (in some cases also a water body name) was raised to the name of the settlement.

Excerpt from the document with the first mention of Zettlitz (Gde. Stadt Gefrees), 1366.

Primary Formations

The name of the settlement is formed without a toponymic suffix. Example names:

  • Osseck (Kreisfrei Stadt Hof) and Osseck am Wald (Lkr. Hof), 1376 Ozzek at the stat ; 1376 Ozzek near Dreisendorff

Slavic basic form * Osěkъ to * osěkъ 'place protected by a lock '

  • Roßdach (district of Bamberg), 1306 Rostok

slaw. * Roztok- to * roztokъ or similar ' flow apart, hence river bifurcation'

  • Schirnaidel (Lkr. Forchheim), 1348 Schirneidling , 1361, 1400 Schirneitel

slaw. * Čьrnidlo to * čьrnidlo 'blackness' (the naming motif may be dark ground)

Some settlement names are based on an education with a suffix, but here the suffixation was already present in the appellative area:

  • Graitz, Markt- (district of Lichtenfels), [1071] Grodez… Grodihz and Wüstung Grotze (district of Bamberg), 1298 Gvte ze Grotze bi wazzerlose

slaw. * Grodьcь to * grodьcь 'Burgsiedlung'

  • Zettlitz near Gefrees (district of Bayreuth), 1366 villarum… in Zedlitz and 6 other settlement names Zettlitz

slaw. * Sedlьce / * Sedlьcь to * sedlo 'seat, settlement'

Secondary educations

A generic word was formed using a toponymic suffix.

Suffix -ica

( Original Slavic * -ikā ). The substantivating suffix -ica is the most common. Often -ica was expanded with the suffix -ьn- ( -ьnica ). Example names:

  • Döllnitz (district of Kulmbach), 1250 Dol (n) ce , 1286 Tolenz , 1307 Dolenz and 3 other settlement names Döllnitz

Slavic basic form * Dolьnica to * dolъ 'valley', meaning 'settlement in the valley'

  • Flanitz (district of Regen), 1356 Fla / e / dnicz , 1473 in the Flednitz , with the name Flanitz (lz small rain), to 1009 (forgery from the 12th century) aqua Fladniza

slaw. * Blatьnica to * blato 'Swamp, Morast' (original water name)

  • Lohnsitz (district of Tirschenreuth), to [1196–1214] Lonsiz , [around 1224] Lonsiz

slaw. * Lǫžica to * lǫgъ ' Grass swamp , floodplain'

  • Oelschnitz (district court), 1332 ze Grossen and ze Wenigem Oltsnitz , plus the name of the river Ölschnitz (rz Weißen Main), 1398 Olssnitz

slaw. * Olьšьnica to * olьša 'Erle' (original name of the water body 'Erlenbach')

  • Wirbenz (district of Bayreuth), 1218 Wirbivntz , 1390 Wyrwencz

slaw. * Vьŕbьnica to * vьŕba 'willow (Salix)'

Suffix -ьn-

( Original Slavic * -ьnъ , m., * -ьna f., * -ьno n.). The adjective suffix -ьn- is also quite common in Northern Bavaria. In the case of original water names, the feminine -ьna is most likely to be expected. Example names:

  • Fuhrn (district of Schwandorf), 1031 (Kop. 12th century, 1st H.) Furdona , [around 1225] Furdin

Slavic basic form * Bъrdьn- (<* Bьrdьn- ) to * bьrdo 'mountain, hill', meaning 'hilly area'

  • Lam (Lkr. Cham), 1332 … cum villa dicta Lumbnaw , plus the name of the river Lambach (rz Weißen Regen), 1279 Lomn

slaw. * Lomьna to * lomъ 'break, swamp bushes, wind break' (original name of the river)

  • Trevesen (District Tirschenreuth), 1279 Trevezn , 1347 Trevesen

slaw. * Trebežьn- to * trebežь 'clearing'

  • Zeyern (district of Kronach), 1260 ( copy from 1293) Ceyerin , 1288 Zirn , plus the name of the river Zeyern (lz Rodach)

most likely Slav. * Čirьna to * čirъ ' teal ' (original water name)

In contrast to -ьn- , the substantivating suffix -ina occurs only sporadically: z. B. in the settlement name Kössain (district Tirschenreuth), [1280–1285] Chozin , which is based on the water name Kössein (rz Röslau), 1345 Köslin , 1393 Kozzeyn and goes back to the Slavic basic form * Kozina (to * koza 'goat') . The i in the suffix -ina was adopted here as a long ī and diphthonged to ei . It can thus be distinguished from -ьn- derivatives, as these appear in German as "fuzzy" - (e) n .

Suffix -jane

This ancient suffix referred to a group of inhabitants according to the area inhabited or according to their occupation, etc. Slavic -jane goes back to Indo-European -āne and is also (in the Germanic form) the names of the cult associations mentioned in Tacitus, e.g. B. the Erminonen ("Elbgermanen"). This suffix is ​​also included in the name of the Slavs themselves (slaw. * Slověne / * Slovane ). Example names:

  • Kulmane desert (district of Coburg), 1149 Kulmane , 1156–1171 Culmana

Slavic basic form * Chъlḿane 'hill dwellers' to * chъlmъ 'hill, mountain'

  • Lesau, Klein- (district of Bayreuth), [approx. 1123] Lesan

slaw. * Lěšane 'people who live near / in the forest' to * lěsъ 'forest'

  • Losau (district of Schwandorf), around 1250 Lasan

slaw. * Lažane 'resident of the clearing' to * lazъ 'clearing'

Suffix -ov-

( Original Slavic * -ovъ m., * -ova f., * -ovo n.). The suffix could not only approach personal names, but could also be added to generic words in a toponymic function. Settlement names with -ov- were often used as job titles that refer to forests, trees and animals. Example names:

  • Klenau, Groß- , Klein- (district of Tirschenreuth): 1224 Chlenau, in minori Chlenau , 1363 Chlenov

Slavic basic form * Klenov- zu * klenъ 'maple', meaning 'place where there is maple'

  • Rehau (District Court), 1246 Resawe , 1390 Resau, Resa

slaw. * Rězov- to * rězъ 'cut' (the name refers to clearing or cutting in the terrain).

  • Theisau (district of Lichtenfels), 1251 Dizou , 1348 Teyzzauwe

slaw. * Tisov- to * tisъ 'yew'

Isolated suffixes

Other suffixes can only be found sporadically in northeast Bavaria:

-išče

  • Zinst (district of Tirschenreuth), 1263 Zeniste

Slavic basic form * Sěnišče to * sěno 'hay', meaning 'hay place'

-ovľe

  • Theisseil (district of Neustadt ad Waldnaab), 1361 Teyseul , 1396–99 Teussel

slaw. * Tisovľe to * tisъ 'yew', meaning 'yew forest '

- yes

  • Prelles desert (district of Bayreuth), 1421–24 in front of the Preles

slaw. * Predlěsьje (> * Predlěśe ) or similar to * pred 'before' and * lěsъ 'forest', meaning 'place in front of the forest'

Settlement names with winds and windisch

These are settlement names of German origin that refer to former Slavic settlers. With winds is the Germanic name of the Slavic eastern neighbors (Old High German WinID 'turn, slave'). Many of these settlements are further west of the area where 'all Slavic names' occur. Example names:

  • Bischwind (district of Schweinfurt), 791 (Kop. D. 9th century) ... in Vvinido marcu , 1151 Biscofheswineden

meaning 'By the winds (Slavs) of the bishop'

  • Egloffswinden (district-free town of Ansbach), 1168 Egelolueswineden , 1221 Egelolfeslösungen

to the German personal name Egilolf , meaning 'At the winds (Slavs) of Egilolf'

  • Otto Wind (distr. Coburg), 1116 Atenwinden , 1317 Othenwinden

to the German personal name Ato , meaning 'At the winds (Slawen) des Ato'

initially for slaw. Personal names * Slavanъ (thus originally a mixed name) later Middle High German by the adjective windisch replaced

  • Wünschendorf (district of Bayreuth), 1255 Windischendorf , 1348 Windeschendorf and Wüstung Wünschendorf (district of Neustadt ad Waldnaab), 1366–68 Windischendorf

meaning 'near the windy village'

Methodology of place name research

First, a series of documents is compiled in order to be able to understand the linguistic development of the settlement name up to the current form of name. The dialect pronunciation of the name must be taken into account in the declaration. After it has been clarified by place name research that the name does not come from an even older language class (e.g. Germanic or Celtic), a Slavic basic form is used. So the name would have to have been in Bavarian Slavonic (in more recent treatises this term is used).

Explanation of Slavic sounds and signs

The characters ь and ъ , which come from the Cyrillic alphabet, stand for a very short spoken i and u . The characters ę and ǫ are used in Slavic to designate an e or o sound with a nasal color. The developed, reconstructed Slavic basic forms of the settlement names are provided with an *. A line in a basic form or a person's name (e.g. * Drag-šьkъ ) denotes a vowel that cannot be precisely determined.

Slavic-German substitute phonetics

In the consonants , the sound replacement from Slavic b- through Bavarian v- is very noticeable: settlement name Flanitz (from Slav. * Blatьnica ) and Fuhrn (<* Bъrdьn- ). The fricative ž in the settlement name Seuchau (<slaw. * Žichov- ) was replaced by Old High German . The long vowels ī , ū were mostly diphthongized: e.g. B. with the settlement name Theisau from Slav. * Tisov- . The nasal vowels ę and ǫ , which rarely occur in north-eastern Bavaria , were Germanized as en and on : slaw. * Godętov- > Guttenthau , slaw. * Lǫžica > Lohnsitz .

Comparison names

To support a name explanation, it is necessary to find comparative names from other (West) Slavic language areas. Examples are: The settlement and water body name Schorgast , which can be traced back to slaw. * Skorogoščь , can be compared with the Polish Skorogoszcz . The settlement name Losau , based on Slav. * Lažane, is identical to Dolní, Horní Lažany , German former Unter-, Oberlosau near Cheb / Eger (Czech Republic). Leichau and Leuchau can be compared with Lüchow (Lower Saxony), which is based on the old Polish basic form * Ľuchov- .

Old Sorbian and Old Czech names

Conclusions about the linguistic-historical assignment of the Slavic names of northeast Bavaria result from the liquid change of the phonetic connection -ar- and -al- . The settlement names Graitz, Markt- (old Grodez from Slav. * Grodьcь ) and Treunitz (old Drogunze from Slav. * Drogunici ) have a parallel to Old Sorbian with the sound sequence -ro- . On the other hand, the settlement names Flanitz (from Slav. * Blatьnica ) and Traitsching (for the personal name * Drag-šьkъ ) with -la- or -ra- have a sound typical of Old Czech. The majority of the Old Sorbian settlements are in the Upper Main area; Old Czech names, however, are mostly to be found in the Upper Palatinate. Research on place names indicates, however, that on the basis of this fact one should not reconstruct migrations of Slavic tribes, but rather speak of parallel developments.

literature

  • Ernst Eichler: On the etymology and structure of the Slavic place and river names in northeast Bavaria. In: Scientific journal of the Karl Marx University Leipzig. Social and Linguistic Series. 11, 1962, pp. 365–395, and in: Ernst Eichler: Contributions to German-Slavic Name Research (1955–1981). Leipzig 1985, pp. 269-299.
  • Ernst Eichler, Albrecht Greule, Wolfgang Janka, Robert Schuh: Contributions to Slavic-German language contact research. Volume 2: Settlement names in the Upper Franconian city and district of Bayreuth. Heidelberg 2006, ISBN 3-8253-5091-6 .
  • Ernst Schwarz: Language and Settlement in Northeast Bavaria. (= Erlangen contributions to linguistics and art studies. IV). Nuremberg 1960.
  • Adam Ziegelhöfer, Gustav Hey: The place names of the former Bamberg monastery. Bamberg 1911, and the place names of the former principality of Bayreuth. Bamberg 1920.

Individual evidence

  1. Ernst Schwarz: Language and Settlement in Northeast Bavaria. Pp. 176-398.
  2. Ernst Eichler: On the linguistic position of Bavarian Slavonic. In: E. Hansack et al. (Ed.): Festschrift for Klaus Trost on his 65th birthday , pp. 57–62.
  3. Jürgen Udolph: Review. In: Journal of Slavic Philology. 61, 2002, pp. 482-484.
  4. ^ Ernst Eichler: On the etymology and structure of the Slavic place and river names in northeast Bavaria. Pp. 383-386.
  5. ^ Dorothea Fastnacht: Ebermannstadt. Former district of Ebermannstadt. (= HONB Upper Franconia 4). Munich 2000, ISBN 3-7696-9701-4 , p. 152 ff.
  6. Dieter George: Lichtenfels. Former district of Lichtenfels. (= HONB Upper Franconia 6). Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7696-6862-9 , p. 154 f.
  7. Reinhard Höllerich : Rehau-Selb. Former district of Rehau and formerly independent city of Selb. (= HONB Upper Franconia 3). Munich 1977, p. 91 f.
  8. Wolfgang Janka: The oldest place names in the Furth im Wald area (1st part: The imperial charter from 1086). In: BGLC. 28, 2011, p. 16 f.
  9. Horst GRASSMUCK: Place names of the county Coburg. Dissertation. Erlangen / Coburg 1955, p. 72 f.
  10. Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein Reitzenstein: Lexicon of Franconian place names. Origin and meaning. Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia, Lower Franconia. Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59131-0 , p. 219.
  11. Johannes Mötsch, Katharina Witter (arrangement): The oldest feudal books of the Counts of Henneberg. (= Publications from Thuringian state archives. 2). Weimar 1996.
  12. Ernst Schwarz: The place names of the Sudetenland as a historical source. 1931, p. 76.
  13. ^ Dorothea Fastnacht: Staffelstein. Former district of Staffelstein. (= HONB Upper Franconia 5). Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-7696-6861-2 , pp. 135 f.
  14. ^ Ernst Eichler, Albrecht Greule, Wolfgang Janka, Robert Schuh: Contributions to Slavic-German language contact research. Volume 1: Settlement names in the Upper Franconian city and district of Bamberg. Heidelberg 2001, ISBN 3-8253-1105-8 , p. 174 f.
  15. ^ Annett Haberlah-Pohl: Münchberg. The Altlandkreis. (= HAB Part Franconia I, 39). Munich 2001, ISBN 3-7696-6556-2 , p. 12.
  16. ^ Stefan Hackl: The oldest place names in the Altland district of Viechtach. In: Wolfgang Janka, Michael Prinz (Ed.): Contributions to Bavarian place name research. Regensburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-939112-02-0 , p. 149 f.
  17. ^ Wolfgang Janka: On the problem of "Slavic-German mixed names" in Northern Bavaria. In: Peter Anreiter, Guntram A. Plangg (Hrsg.): Names in border regions. [Vienna] 2003, p. 37.
  18. Wolf-Armin Frhr. v. Reitzenstein: Lexicon of Bavarian place names. Origin and meaning. Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Upper Palatinate. Munich 2006, ISBN 3-406-55206-4 , p. 277.
  19. Wolfgang Janka In: Rainhard Riepertinger et al. (Hrsg.): Bavaria-Böhmen, 1500 years neighborhood. (= Publications on Bavarian history and culture. 54/2007). Augsburg 2007, p. 143 ff.
  20. ^ Wolfgang Janka: Place name research in the Kemnath area. In: Kemnath: 1000 years ... and more. Pressath 2008, ISBN 978-3-937117-66-9 , p. 101.
  21. Gundhild Winkler: Genetic place names in East Central Germany and in adjacent areas. Dissertation. Leipzig 2003, ISBN 3-05-004250-8 , p. 90 f.
  22. Ernst Eichler: Studies on the early history of Slavic dialects between Saale and Neisse. (= DS 19). Berlin 1965, p. 173 f. to the Lemma Allmosen .
  23. Ernst Eichler: Slavic place names between Saale and Neisse. A compendium. Volume 3, Bautzen 1993, ISBN 3-7420-0780-7 , p. 44 on Lemma Ossek.
  24. Hans Jakob: Slavic-German named fortifications in Upper Franconia. In: OSG. (= ASAW. Philological-historical class 58, 4) 3, 1967, pp. 165-175.
  25. Markus Thoma, Ingo Sördert : The Gefreeser place and field names. (= Gefreeser story (s) 4). 2010.
  26. Erich Frhr. v. Guttenberg: Kulmbach rural and urban district. (= HONB Upper Franconia 1). Munich 1952, p. 22 f.
  27. Wolfgang Janka: Slavic water names in settlement names of the Bavarian Forest. In: Helmut Kalb, Ernst Anreiter, Isolde Hausner (eds.): Names, languages ​​and cultures. Festschrift for Heinz Dieter Pohl on the occasion of his 60th birthday. Vienna 2003, pp. 405-422.
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