Solnzewo Brotherhood

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The Solnzewo Brotherhood ( Russian Солнцевская братва Solnzewskaja bratwa ) is an association that is attributed to the Russian Mafia . Their name refers to the Solnzewo district in Moscow , where the group originated. Estimates of the size of the brotherhood vary between 5,000 and 9,000 members. The group includes at least ten semi-autonomous brigades operating under the name Solnzewskaya. A 1995 FBI report described them as the world's most powerful Eurasian organized crime group in terms of wealth, influence and financial control.

The beginnings

The hotel waiter Sergei Anatoljewitsch Michailow ( Michas ), who grew up in the Moscow district of Solnzewo, founded the criminal group Solnzewskaja together with his friend Viktor Aveverin in the second half of the 1980s, possibly as early as the early 1980s. He first started sports clubs and recruited unemployed, aggressive young men who lived in the same district. And so, as a successful martial artist and former prison inmate, he managed to gather the young people of Solnzewo around himself and his fellow athlete Awerin. Criminal brigades from the Moscow districts of Cheryomushki, Chertanowo and Jassenewo soon subordinated themselves to the Solnzewskaya gang. Because of Solntsewo's location near the M3 motorway to Ukraine, the Moscow Ring Road , and Vnukovo Airport , the Brotherhood managed to control the local transportation industry, particularly the international auto trade. In addition, there was control over the taxi business and the gambling industry, which is still in its infancy . By the end of the 1980s, the Solnzewskaja protected and controlled more than 20 commercial enterprises in the city and Moscow Oblast, including the former employer Mikhailov - Hotel "Sovetskaya". The core of their business which was extortion . The gang later expanded its influence into the arms trade, money laundering, and prostitution. In 2014, she also verifiably controlled the heroin trafficking from Afghanistan and human trafficking in immigrants from Central Asia. In the 1990s, the Brotherhood pursued financial interests in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk and received payments from criminal brigades in the Baltic States . In 1997, large companies inside and outside Russia were under Mikhailov's control, spanning the oil trading, advertising, telecommunications and tourism sectors. He also controlled practically all electronic payments in the Ural region .

Inner structure

Overall, little is known about the internal mechanism of the brotherhood, but former members said that the Solntsevskaya is controlled by a body of twelve people that meets regularly in different parts of the world. The Brotherhood's leaders lived in Russia, Central Europe, and Israel in the 1990s . Festive occasions are used to camouflage these gatherings.

FBI agent emeritus Robert Levinson showed during the 1996-1998 trial of Sergei Mikhailov in Geneva how the Solnzewo Brotherhood was organized internally. It is led by Sergei Mikhailov. The number two and “right hand” of Mikhailov is Viktor Aveverin and the third man is the “thief in the law” Jemal Hashidze. So-called coordinators report to these three who distribute tasks among the Bratwa members and monitor the execution of orders. The coordinators include Arnold Tamm (code name: Arnold Solnzewski), Anatoli Anisimow (code name: Bulylolija) and Aleksandr Awerin (brother of Viktor Awerin, code name: Awera Malenki). They would have between 5 and 50 fighters ( boyeviki ) under their authority . The organizational structure includes a kind of treasury, which is responsible for the control of the community treasury ( obschtschak ). Levinson named three treasurers of the Bratwa: Leonid Orlow, Yevgeny Novitsky and Sergei Ferronsky.

In addition, there are two departments responsible for maintaining discipline, murders and resolving conflicts with other groups. These departments are headed by Yuri Drozhzhin and Aleksandr Sedov. Levinson also cited two examples of how violations of discipline are punished. Mikhailov suspected Leonid Orlov, who ran the Moscow company SV Holding Inc. , of stealing Bratwagelder and approved his murder. Later, however, thanks to the intercession of Sergei Pogramkov, Mikhailov's lawyer, Orlov was allowed to live. But he was punished anyway: After a heavy beating, his car and apartment were taken from him. The second victim of the "internal cleansing" was Yuri Denisov, who dared to ask Mikhailov for an accountability report on the use of the Obshchak funds in front of many witnesses during Viktor Aveverin's birthday party on May 31, 1995 in Prague. Mikhailov replied that it was not the time to discuss this. A month later, Denisov was shot dead by a sniper on the threshold of his house.

Leonid Roitman, a former member of the Magadan Brigade, named after the leader Oleg Asmakov (alias: Magadan), confirmed in an interview with the Russian-American journalist Seva Kaplan in 2019 that Andrei Vladimirovich Skotsch had always been a Solnzewo leader and up to stayed today. Skotsch began his criminal activity in Moscow together with Oleg Asmakov. Skotsch fulfilled the function of coordinator within the Solnzewo Brotherhood and gave, among other things, the orders for contract killings. For example, he showed his subordinates how to dispose of corpses by burning them. Today, according to Roitman, he has more influence in the Bratwa than Mikhailov.

Connections to other criminal groups

In 1989, conflicts between Slavic and Chechen criminal groups began in Moscow. Therefore, the Solnzewo Brotherhood allied itself with Sergei Timofejew (alias: Silvestr) and his Orechowskaja Bratwa, which consisted mainly of athletes and wrestlers, and with the Leningrad group, which was led by Boris Antonov. During one of the clashes with the Chechens in the Havana restaurant, Boris lost an eye and has been called Cyclops ever since. Mikhailov, Timofejew and Antonov became close friends, because they were united not only by hatred of the Caucasians, but also by martial arts. But later, their relationship deteriorated again.

According to Levinson, Solnzewskaja Bratwa has connections to five “ thieves in the law ” and their criminal organizations:

  • to the group of Semyon Judkowitsch Mogilewitsch , who gave the Brotherhood connections to the banking sphere , with the aim of introducing the money obtained through money laundering into the legal economic cycle; the money laundering was partly carried out by the British organization Arigon Ltd. , which was co-founded by Sergei Mikhailov, who has agents and bank accounts in different countries;
  • to the group of Gafur Akhmedovich Rakhimov (also known as the “Tashkent Mafia”), who deal with drugs and use the same channels as Solnzewskaya for money laundering;
  • to the group of Vyacheslav Kirillowitsch Iwankow , Mikhailov's business partner in Moscow, especially with regard to the “Kosmos” hotel;
  • to the group of Monja Elson;
  • for the organization of Leonid Bilunow (alias Makintosch or Macintosh), who settled in Paris.

Interpol assumes that Vladimir Plahotniuc is also loosely associated with the Solnzewo Brotherhood.

Criminal activity

Protection racket

In December 1989, Mikhailov, Timofeev, Aveverin and Ljustarnov were arrested for extorting money and Volvo cars. The witnesses testifying in this case named 24 companies that enjoyed the "protection" of his brigade. These included numerous restaurants such as “Pokrowka”, “Olimp”, “Turist”, “Kometa”, “Aist”, “Nil”, “Jakor”. The brigade stored their weapons in some of these restaurants. The chairman of the “Fond” cooperative, Wadim Rosenbaum, was blackmailed by Solnzewskaya. It all started when Rosenbaum turned to his friend Arkadij Margolin with a request to find people who could protect him from racketeers. Margolin introduced Rosenbaum to Michailow, Timofejew and Awerin, who asked Rosenbaum to travel to West Germany as well as new Volvo or Mercedes-Benz cars . But this was not enough. Rosenbaum gave Mikhailov, Aveverin and Ljustarnow various posts in his cooperative and paid them a monthly wage that was very high for the time (over 1,000 rubles). Five members of the Solnzewo Brotherhood, including Awerin's youngest brother Aleksandr, took care of the actual protection of the cooperative and also received a high monthly salary from Rosenbaum. After about two years, the case was closed for lack of evidence because the witnesses had been threatened and withdrew their testimony. In 1993 Rosenbaum fled from Solnzewskaja to the Netherlands . First three heads of his security personnel were killed, then his business partner Wiktor Titow, chairman of the company "Tirol". In 1996, Rosenbaum received a final warning from the Bratwa when they killed his father with two knife stabs in the head in the town of Lobnja . In the summer of 1997 Rosenbaum was killed by several head shots in his villa in Amsterdam and was no longer able to testify against Mikhailov as a witness in the Geneva trial.

Aleksandr Abramowitsch ran a jewelry store in Moscow in the 1990s and was forced to flee to the United States from the Brotherhood after they had used violence to extort 40% of his income from him as protection money. Between 1993 and October 1995, Abramovich paid $ 1 million in cash, $ 600,000 in bank transfer and $ 400,000 in loan to Mikhailov and his gang.

Transnational money laundering

At the end of the 1990s, the brotherhood united over 300 criminal groups, who not only acted in Moscow Oblast , as in Soviet times, but also established themselves inside and outside Russia, especially in Belarus , Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Austria and Germany , France , Northern Italy, USA ( New York , Florida , San Francisco ), Greece , Cyprus and the Canary Islands . The primary purpose of expanding criminal activity abroad was to legalize the money obtained by criminals. For this purpose, the Solnzewo Brotherhood made use of various Russian and foreign financial and commercial companies. Between 1991 and 1993 Michailow founded various companies such as "Maksim", "SW-Holding" and "Arbat International" in Russia, "Magnex" in Hungary, "Arigon" in England and "Empirebond" in Israel.

In Russia

According to the Russian police, the Brotherhood controlled various banks, including around a hundred small and medium-sized companies. Through these banks, the criminally acquired funds, which flow together in a communal fund ( obschtschak ), were reinvested in the legal economy. According to the security authorities, one of these banks was the MAPO bank. It was founded in 1993 by various Russian companies, including the oligarch Alischer Burchanowitsch Usmanow , by high-ranking officials from the Russian intelligence services and Russian politicians. Because of its links to the secret service, the MAPO Bank was also called the “Bank of Spies”. Before founding the bank, Mikhailov met with Usmanov. The Solnzewo Brotherhood was planning a “long-term and prudent use of the MAPO Bank for money laundering and financial camouflage”. Since the summer of 1995, the bank also housed the joint fund of a North Caucasian mafia clan, the sum of which amounted to hundreds of millions of dollars. The holder of the deposit was the official representative of one of the North Caucasian republics in Moscow. In the early 2000s, the MAPO bank had difficulties repaying the loans to its mafia partners. For example, the bank borrowed $ 30 million from the Solnzewo Brotherhood to buy an electric steel mill in Stary Oskol . According to ex-Mafioso Leonid Roitman, Alisher Usmanov's business activities have always been under the protection of Andrei Skotsch and his Solnzewskaya group.

For a time, Mikhailov was the business partner of Dmitri Amunz, who later became the deputy minister of education. Until 2003, Mikhailov owned 3.9% of the Merkator Holding company , which supplied the state with road construction technology and urban utility vehicles (street sweepers, garbage trucks, etc.), while Amunz owned 46.16%. Between 1998 and 2007, Merkator earned 3.5 billion rubles. According to the chairman and co-owner of Merkator Stanislav Nikolayev, Mikhailov provided the company with financial support in the early stages when the factory was in debt and the workers could not pay their salaries.

In 2002 Michailow, Aveverin and the Swiss company Tonalito AG , based in Glarus, founded MTK-international in Moscow. About MTK internationally acquired Mikhailov and Averin in 2007, the "Tsentralny dom turista" Hotel (Zentalhaus of tourists) - 33 floors with 65,000 m², 495 rooms, 3 restaurants and 3 meeting rooms - they could renovate and 2009 under the new name "Astrus" reopened. Mikhailov's offices are also located in the building.

Since January 2010, Mikhailov and Awerin have owned the Moscow commercial company Dom mebeli (furniture store), which was converted to trading in food.

In Switzerland

During a search of Mikhailov's house in Borex, the Geneva police found an agreement he had signed which obliged him to pay Boris Birschtein $ 150 million. Birschtein was known to various intelligence services for having transferred KGB funds to the West in the 1980s. In 1982 he founded the Seabeco company in Zurich on behalf of the KGB . Then he got involved in several legal cases and left Zurich in early 1994. He first went to Antwerp and then later returned to his Latvian hometown Vilnius . The Geneva examining magistrate, Georges Zecchin, who was commissioned with the Michailow case, went to Brussels and Antwerp in 1997 as part of his investigation and found out that Michailow had actually transferred tens of millions of dollars to Birschtein via the “Kredietbank Nederland”. It could not be determined with certainty whether Birschtein was the money launderer of the Solnzewo brotherhood or one of the people who controlled the gang. According to a Belgian police officer who led an investigation into Seabeco Belgique , a subsidiary of Seabeco , in Antwerp in 1994 , there was evidence that members of the Russian mafia were in close contact with former KGB agents.

During his stay in Switzerland in 1996, Mikhailov said he was looking for companies that could take on the contract to renovate the Moscow sewer system and build a gas pipeline between Turkmenistan and Ukraine . Both projects together would be worth $ 350 million. To support the cooperation between the Moscow Holding Sistema (chairman: Yevgeny Novizki, one of three Bratva treasurers) and the Ukrainian energy company Itera , four companies were founded in the canton of Vaud : the management consultancy Plamosa Management & Finance (founded in 1992), Eastline SA , where Michailow was the administrative director of Cougar Distribution SA (founded in 1991) and SCFI (with an initial capital of CHF 100,000). All four companies had the same accountant. In 1997 a contract was signed with Swiss companies to create an investment fund to finance the rehabilitation of the Moscow sewer system. But the Swiss did not succeed in raising the necessary funds. Because of the gas pipeline project, Mikhailov personally met with Itera representatives in Belgium in 1996 . At this meeting, mediated by the head of the Seabeco Group Boris Birnstein, no agreement could be reached because the Itera representatives did not agree with the conditions of the Solnzewskaja Bratwa. In a letter, Mikhailov's Swiss business partners described the reputation of the defendant in Russia: “Mikhailov was acquainted with Mr. Gorbachev and his wife in Moscow . When we arrived in Moscow, we were escorted through the city in police vehicles with flashing lights and sirens. We were received by the Moscow Deputy Minister. All of these things show the importance of Mikhailov, who was closely connected to the ruling political milieu under President Yeltsin . "

In Austria

The Austrian citizen and former bodyguard Michael Schranz, a participant in the FBI's witness protection program , was given permission to carry a weapon by Tofik Azimow and David Sanikidze, governor of a Georgian mafia group in Moscow and friend of Georgian President Eduard Shevardnadze , in the Viennese company Atkom discontinued. He was one of seven bodyguards from Sanikidze. According to Schranz, the company openly talked about Mikhailov being the head of the Solnzewskaya Group and Viktor Aveverin his "right hand man". About Atkom the illegally obtained money has been washed, which arrived via trunk or bank transfer from Russia, while Azimow contained diplomatic mail from Moscow that money at Vienna airport, picked up. A certain professor Vladimir Volodin dealt with the money laundering at Atkom , who introduced himself as Boris Yeltsin's doctor and who owned a photograph of him with the president. Volodin bought medical equipment in Austria and Israel and sent it to Russia. In addition, according to Schranz, the Russian consul in Austria, Vladimir Koschel, had good relations with Mikhailov and the heads of Atkom . In April 1994 Schranz was appointed to the company's management office, where he met Michailow, Azimow, Sanikidze and Eduard Ivankov (the son of Vyacheslav Kirillowitsch Ivankow ). Mikhailov explained to him that they had been betrayed by the American Leonid Ventschik (or Venzhik) and that Schranz should therefore kill him for a payment of 20 million shillings. But Schranz refused. A little later, Azimov asked Schranz to kill his business partner Sanikidze, which the bodyguard again refused. In February 1996, Sanikidze finally approached Schranz to have him kill a Jew who had traveled from Russia, which Schranz refused to do.

By the mid-1990s, the Solnzewo Brotherhood had acquired several luxury properties in the center of Vienna.

In Germany

In Berlin, Mikhailov used Mitras Ost-West Handels GmbH to contact German companies. In June 2001 he met with the authorized director of Mitras Dmitri Mitjuschew and discussed some joint projects with him, such as B. the construction of an amusement park in Moscow.

In Belgium

In Belgium, Mikhailov was the managing director of MAB International , which consulted companies dealing in household goods.

In Italy

Mikhailov's name came up in connection with the "Spider Web" operation carried out by the Italian police on suspicion of laundering Russian mafia funds. One of the witnesses stated that Mikhailov had legalized large sums of money in Italy.

In the USA

The activities of the Russian mafia within the United States included extortion, infiltration of legitimate businesses, counterfeiting and drug trafficking. In the late 1990s, the Solnzewo Brotherhood owned nightclubs in New York, Los Angeles, Miami and Houston. Mikhailov was also a member of the board of directors of the US company KARTA Auto Brokers, based in Houston , which only existed between June 1995 and February 1998.

In Canada

Michailow and Awerin founded YBM Magnex International (based in Pennsylvania ) together with Semyon Mogilevich in the 1990s and had it listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange because Canada's stock exchange was only slightly regulated. The main shareholders were the wives of Michas and Avevera - Lyudmila Michailowa and Lyudmila Awerina. The company officially manufactured industrial magnets, but was primarily used to smuggle mafia money into the North American markets.

Suspected murder

1993 Mikhailov was on suspicion of murder of Valery Vlasov, director of the casinos , arrested "Valery". The suspicion was based on investigative information that said all of Moscow's prestigious casinos were under the control of the Solntsevo Brotherhood. Mikhailov's lawyer Pogramkov called these suspicions absurd. Mikhailov was released from pretrial detention on the evening of his arrest, followed the next day by the other 12 suspects of the Solnzewskaya group.

In 1996 the suspicion arose that the Solnzewo Brotherhood was responsible for the murder of the Russian journalist and director general of the ORT TV station Vladislav Nikolayevich Listjew . On secret orders from Mikhailov, Bratwa member Igor Daschdamirow (alias: Dushman) was supposed to kill the journalist. The reason for this was allegedly the dissatisfaction of the Moscow mafia boss with Listjew's dismissal of his protégé Boris Karzew, who was contractually bound to ORT with his company GMS. Until then, Solnzewskaja had been able to generate monthly income of between one and four million dollars through GMS.

Connections to the Russian government

Spanish prosecutor José Grinda said in 2018 that the Brotherhood was the mafia organization with the best connections in the Russian government. According to this information, annual sales are about $ 9 billion. This makes it the largest mafia organization in Russia.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Federico Varese: Mafias on the Move. How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2013, p. 67, ISBN 978-0-691-15801-3 .
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  3. ^ Federico Varese: Mafias on the Move. How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories, Princeton University Press, Princeton 2013, pp. 65 ff, ISBN 978-0-691-15801-3 .
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  57. ^ Tony Thompson and Paul Farrelly: Russian mafia target the City. The Guardian, August 22, 1999.