Song Taizong

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Taizong of Song.jpg
Song Taizong
Family name : Zhao ( 趙  /  赵 , Zhào , Chao 4 )
First name : Kuangyi ( 匡 義  /  匡 义 , Kuāngyì , K'uang 1 -i 4 )
Guangyi ( 光 義  /  光 义 , Guāngyì , Kuang 1 -i 4 )
Jiong ( 炅 , Jiǒng , Chiung 4 )
Posthumous title :
(short) 		Emperor Guang
( 廣 帝 , Guăngdì , Ming 2 -ti 4  - "Emperor of the Broad")
Posthumous title :
(complete) 		Emperor Zhiren Yingdao Shengong
Shengde Wenwu Ruilie Daming
Guangxiao
( 至仁 應 道 神功 聖德 文武 睿 烈 大 明 廣 孝 皇帝 )
last version from 1017
Temple name : Taizong ( 太宗 , Tàizōng , T'ai 4 -tsung 1 )
Reign: November 15, 976 - May 8, 997

Taizong Chinese  太宗 , Pinyin Tàizōng , W.-G. T'ai 4 -tsung 1  - "Ancestor of the Great"; (Born November 20, 939 in Luoyang ; † May 8, 997 in Kaifeng ) was a co-founder and the second emperor of the (Northern) Song Dynasty . He was the brother of Song Taizu and is considered a capable politician, but incompetent commander in chief.

government

After the sudden death of Emperor Taizu in 976, he was not followed by his son, as is usually the case, but by his brother Taizong. However, Taizu probably had not planned such a succession regulation. This also seems to prove the selected cruelty with which Taizong treated his younger brother and nephew and which drove these two relatives to suicide. There was even a rumor that Taizu had been murdered.

Taizong succeeded in fully consolidating Song rule. 978 he conquered the in today's Zhejiang and Jiangsu location wuyue and 979 which in Shanxi location, time of Liu Jiyuan ruled Northern Han empire . In doing so, he finally ended the rule of the independent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and achieved the almost complete reunification of the Chinese Empire, which now extended over an area seven times the size of today's France .

In contrast to the 7th century, however, the Song rulers were unable to expand their power into Manchuria , Korea , Mongolia and Central Asia . In the northeast, the mighty Kitan empire led by the Liao dynasty was able to stop the Chinese offensive, and Taizong suffered heavy defeats against the Kitan in 979 and 986 while attempting to conquer the former north China area between Beijing and the Great Wall . Finally, Taizong's successor, Song Zhenzong, had to sign the Shanyuan Treaty in 1005 , which forced the Song State to pay high tributes to the Kitan, but secured its northern border. In addition, the Tibetans in the northwest and the kingdom of Dali in what is now Yunnan in the southwest put a stop to Chinese expansion. In 981, the military expedition sent by Taizong to Vietnam in support of the Dinh dynasty also failed. These failures were partly the result of the deliberate policy of withdrawing generals from their armies and subordinating officers to civilian leaders in order to prevent military coups.

During Taizong's reign, the basic institutions of the new state were created or supplemented. With the introduction of numerous information, control and command points across the entire empire, the emperor strengthened the central authority to an unprecedented degree and thus had an extraordinary wealth of power. In 983 the three offices for economy and finance were created, which were responsible for state monopolies , agricultural taxes and budget . Furthermore, the examination system for the recruitment of civil servants was further developed and improved. Taizong followed the prefecture system of the Tang Dynasty and divided China into 15 provinces, each administered by a governor. In 993, salt and tea offices were set up in the large regions of the Song Empire. However , Chinese officials deployed in Sichuan made the serious mistake of forcibly relocating textile workers there to Kaifeng and forbidding private trade in silk brocade. In 993, the Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun uprising broke out in Sichuan and lasted for two years. But this event remained singular. Rather, under the Song rule, firmly established by Taizong, a cultural and economic boom in China began.

family

brothers

  1. Zhao Kuangji
  2. Song Taizu
  3. Zhao Tingmei

Empresses

  1. Empress Yin (posthumous)
  2. Empress Fu (posthumous)
  3. Empress Li
  4. Empress Li (posthumous), mother of Song Zhenzong

progeny

Sons

  1. Zhao Yuanzuo
  2. Zhao Yuanxi
  3. Song Zhenzong
  4. Zhao Yuanfen
  5. Zhao Yuanjie
  6. Zhao Yuanwo
  7. Zhao Yuandai
  8. Zhao Yuanyan
  9. Zhao Yuanyi

Daughters

  1. Teng princess
  2. Xu princess
  3. Am princess
  4. Yang princess
  5. Yong princess
  6. Wei princess
  7. Jing princess

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 宋史 · 卷四 本 纪 第四 太宗 一 “庚子 ， 帝 改名 炅.”
  2. ↑ a b c d Taizong in the Encyclopædia Britannica online
  3. ↑ a b Jacques Gernet : The Chinese World . French original edition Paris 1972, German translation 1988, ISBN 3-518-38005-2 , p. 256 f.
  4. ↑ Jacques Gernet: The Chinese World , p. 258 f. and p. 604; Herbert Franke and Rolf wedding slip : Fischer Weltgeschichte , Vol. 19: The Chinese Empire , Fischer Bücherei GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 1968, ISBN 3-596-60019-7 , p. 191 f.
predecessor Office successor
Taizu Emperor of China
976–997 		Zhenzong
Taizu Song dynasty emperor
976–997 		Zhenzong
personal data
SURNAME Song Taizong
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 宋太宗 (Chinese)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION second emperor of the Song Dynasty in China
DATE OF BIRTH November 20, 939
PLACE OF BIRTH Luoyang
DATE OF DEATH May 8, 997
Place of death Kaifeng