Regensburg City Park
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| city Park | |
|---|---|
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| Basic data | |
| place | regensburg |
| Created | 1511 |
| Buildings | Old Jewish cemetery , East German gallery , puppet theater |
| use | |
| Park design | Landscape park |
| Technical specifications | |
| Parking area | approx. 8 ha |
The Regensburg City Park to the west of the old town of Regensburg on the Platz der Einheit in front of the Jakobstor is the oldest and, at over eight hectares, also the largest of the inner-city parks in Regensburg.
The largest area of today's park was created at the beginning of the 20th century, however, the origins of the city park back to the year 1511, when in the peri-urban, eastern part of the city park between today's Unity Square and today's buildings of the East German Gallery in a Lindenhain was created. The current name Unter den Linden for the eastern part of the city park can be traced back to these linden trees , while the large western part of the city park was referred to as Wittelsbacher Park after 1910 . Before 1910, the large north-western part was used for around 400 years as a shooting range and festival area and the southern part and a narrow area in the far west of today's city park for charitable purposes and for Protestant, Catholic and Jewish burials. The diverse uses of today's city park area make the city park a mirror of the historical development of Regensburg.
history
Infirmary and Leper House Foundation St. Lazarus and execution site (1300–1510)
As early as the 10th century, when the so-called Arnulfini city wall was built, areas in what is now the eastern city park were used to build quarries, which later had to be filled up again if the site was to be used. When the construction of the medieval city wall began after 1293 , next to one of these filled quarry pits a " noble citizen built a Lazareth out of his own funds and a beautiful chapel in honor of St. Lazaro ". In addition, this noble citizen also set up a foundation, so that the " poor were lifted from begging. " The foundation provided a basis for the construction and operation of the infirmary and leper house St. Lazarus , including a chapel consecrated in 1299 and a small, neighboring cemetery, 250 years later, after the Reformation, the much larger, evangelical Lazarus cemetery was added. The foundation's financial basis improved permanently when the Regensburg Bishop Konrad V issued an appeal for donations for the Leprosy House in August 1300 and, with the support of twelve other bishops , obtained letters of indulgence from the Roman Curia , which could be sold with the promise of a forgiveness of sins. In the years that followed, numerous other donations from adjacent gardens and lands increased the assets of the St. Lazarus Infirmary and Leper House Foundation.
After the construction of the medieval city wall was completed in the middle of the 14th century, the leprosy house with the associated small cemetery was located outside the city wall, as was considered necessary because of the risk of infection for the city residents. The system was adjacent to the newly created gate system of the Jacobstore . The busy arterial roads to Nuremberg ran there, and there the residents of the infirmary and leper house could expect alms from the merchants passing by. In 1503, a new municipal execution site for beheadings - the Köpfstatt - was built outside the city wall in front of the Jacobstor at the beginning of today's Dech Bettener Strasse , which was only dismantled in 1806 on the instructions of Prince-Bishop Dalberg . In 1506 the first burial of an executed person took place in the neighboring cemetery of the Leprosenhaus.
The Lindenpark is the forerunner of the Stadtpark (1511)
After a hurricane had caused damage, in 1511, 5 years after the first execution, the entire area in front of the Jacobstor up to the cemetery of the infirmary St. Lazarus was upgraded to a park by planting linden trees. The new park called Unter den Linden was well received by the population. When visiting the park, one of the donors of the infirmary, Heinrich Zant († 1313) could also visit the grave site .
Use of the linden park by riflemen and students (from the 16th century)
Since the 14th century, the city council was keen that all citizens were trained to be riflemen. From 1599 every citizen even had to own a weapon and take part in target practice ten times a year. The Regensburg rifle brotherhoods , who in the 14th century had to be satisfied with an area in front of the city wall in the area of the city moat next to the Jacob Gate, were given a large practice area west of the newly created Lindenplatz in 1514. There, shooting ranges with target ranges and bullet traps for crossbow shooters (steel shooters ) were set up, which were later also used for the fire shooters' exercises and from 1615 also for practicing shooting with the then newly developed muskets .
Target practice for the shooters was often designed as competitions between cities. The competitions were financially supported by the city council and sponsors and were major social events. The first festival of this kind is said to have taken place in 1456 and the most glamorous shooting festival, with participants from all over Germany, took place in 1589 on Lindenplatz. 200 years later the anniversary of this major event was celebrated there with a new festival. For 400 years, the Lindenplatz was used as a fairground, but at the end even as a military shooting range. It was not until 1907 that the riflemen moved to the outskirts to the west of the city.
The students and their teachers also used the space in the shooting garden on Unter den Linden every year in early summer for the so-called rod festivals, which have taken place in the Lindenpark since 1559. Sponsors provided food and the children showed dances and rounds. The children were lavishly decorated with leaves and twigs, which they handed over to the teachers at the end for later use as rods. In 1797 the rod festival was still an integral part of tradition in Regensburg and did not go out of use until the middle of the 19th century.
The Protestant Lazarus Cemetery is built (from 1527)
During the Reformation at the beginning of the 16th century, some citizens of the city of Regensburg who leaned towards the doctrine of Martin Luther and had changed their religion were refused burials in the city's Catholic cemeteries. In order to meet the wishes of a growing number of citizens, the city council did not want to hinder reformatory approaches in the population and allowed Protestant burials in the small cemetery near the sick and leper house in Lindenpark. Because demand grew in the following years, a new, larger cemetery for Protestant burials had to be built as early as 1527. It was named Lazarusfriedhof after the infirmary and leper house. When the city council decided in 1542 that Regensburg would join the Reformation, the new Lazarus cemetery came under the administration of the city of Regensburg. In addition, already in 1543 before Peterstor a second Protestant cemetery, the cemetery Peter created. Both cemeteries were completely destroyed in the Thirty Years' War, then rebuilt and existed until the beginning of the 20th century.
Destruction of the Lindenpark (1632–1634) and reconstruction (from 1642)
Regensburg was severely affected by occupation and fighting in the Thirty Years War from April 1632 to July 1634 . In addition to Stadtamhof and the area in front of the Ostentor , the entire area of today's city park was one of the three main combat areas. In 1632/33, under the occupation of Bavarian troops, all the shooting ranges of the crossbow and fire shooters, all the buildings of the St. Lazarus Foundation with the Protestant Lazarus cemetery and all the trees in the Lindenpark fell victim to the demolition measures, which were intended to create a free field of fire to prevent the expected attack stop the Swedes. The attack was successful despite the demolition measures. The last remnants of plants and trees were then lost in 1634 when the Swedes offered stubborn resistance to recapture the city by Imperial Bavarian troops. After the fighting ended, the cemeteries in front of the city walls were first made usable again from 1642. But also for the crossbowmen a new practice area with target stands and bullet traps was built, however not on the uneven terrain of the destroyed former Lindenpark, criss-crossed by collapsed trenches, entrenchments and ramparts, but in the relatively undestroyed, approx. 10 m wide, here called steel kennel area the city wall. In addition, a new two-storey shooting and community building was built in the street immediately to the east (today Stahlzwingerweg), the west wall of which could be opened. Watched by spectators on a gallery, the shooters were able to shoot from inside the shooting house from two levels at the target stands in the steel kennel.
As early as 1652, a rifle house for the rifle club was built on the eastern site of today's Ostdeutsche Galerie. Today the house is opposite the entrance of the Ostdeutsche Galerie. It is the oldest building in the ensemble and serves as an administrative building for the gallery. 1654 and 1656 bis, the building authority of the city of Regensburg planted young linden, alder, walnut and oak trees, the growth and maintenance of which was carefully monitored in the following years.
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Plague year 1713 and pistol shooters (from 1733)
In the year of the plague in 1713, the Lazarus cemetery was enlarged again. Many plague bodies were buried in a common plague pit. After the plague subsided, further linden trees were planted from 1718. A mounted citizen company that operated the pistol shooting began to settle on the shooting range north of the Lazarus cemetery. A shooting house for pistol shooting was built by the members at their own expense in 1733 , where the puppet theater is now located. By the end of the 18th century, the park area was again so popular with the population that an inn was located there. By the end of the century there were several opportunities to hold large jubilee or peace shooting festivals.
The Catholic Lazarus Cemetery (1812) and the Jewish Cemetery (1822) are built
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At the beginning of the 19th century, Prince-Bishop Dalberg's decree had to close the Catholic cemetery of the Upper City in the garden of the parish church of St. Rupert near St. Emmeram Castle . In June 1812, a new Catholic cemetery was therefore created outside the city walls that still existed at the time in the city park, to the west of the Protestant Lazarus cemetery that already existed there. This new cemetery had to be expanded as early as 1828 and was then connected to the Protestant cemetery, separated only by a wall and a shared morgue. In November 1838 a small Romanized Catholic cemetery church was inaugurated. It still exists today and has been used by the Russian Orthodox community since 1946. After the expansion, the entire cemetery area with a size of approx. 2 hectares extended along what is known asCheckinger Straße to today's Schillerstraße. After the demolition of the city walls , the city expansion in the west of the city began in 1868 with a rapidly growing population from the Jacobstor along Prüfinger Strasse towards the suburbs ofChecking and Dech Betten , which soon grew together to form a residential area. The two Lazarus cemeteries were now increasingly perceived as a burden for the neighboring residential areas. It was decided not to use both cemeteries and in 1898 the new Protestant and in 1909 the new Catholic cemetery was opened south of the newly built railway line. Both Lazarus cemeteries only survived until the beginning of the 20th century and were cleared apart from the sparse remains (forged iron entrance gate and some gravestones) that still exist today. Oh, the former Catholic cemetery chapel and a remnant of the Protestant cemetery wall are still reminiscent of the cemeteries. The former cemetery chapel is now used by the Russian Orthodox community and benefited as the Church of the Protection of Mary.
In January 1821, the Jewish community applied to the city council for an unused space on the far western edge of the park area at today's Schillerstrasse behind the bullet trap of the shooting range that ended there, in order to build a Jewish cemetery with a small morgue. The community raised the cost of 2000 guilders through donations. In 1828 the cemetery was enlarged and in 1834 it was enclosed with a stone wall.
Unter den Linden square becomes an excursion destination and festival area (from 1847)
In the 19th century, the meadow on Unter den Linden was a popular playground among children and was the destination of excursions by the townspeople, who had to live in cramped conditions under hygienic conditions in the old town of Regensburg until the town walls were demolished in 1860.
After a wave of choral societies founded across Germany , the square remained a popular festival area for years. The Regensburg Liederkranz, founded in 1837, hosted its first singing festival on the Festwiese in 1847 with participants from outside who displayed their flags in the town hall. The procession led through the festively decorated city and through the Jacob Gate out of the city to the festival area on the shooting range. A singing hall in neo-Gothic style was built there especially for the occasion, in which the clubs performed their songs. In 1871 a municipal gymnasium was built on the eastern site, which was then converted from 1906 into an exhibition hall for the Upper Palatinate district exhibition. The song festival was followed by other festivals, such as the warrior festival of the Regensburg veterans' clubs in 1885 or the Upper Palatinate federal shooting in 1896.
The Upper Palatinate District Exhibition (1910)
On the occasion of the 100-year membership of the city of Regensburg in the Kingdom of Bavaria , the Upper Palatinate District Exhibition was to take place in Regensburg in 1910, an exhibition with Upper Palatinate products from industry, trade and agriculture. In order to be able to carry out this major event, a large space near the city was required for the construction of exhibition halls, which was available in Regensburg, but was mainly used as a shooting range. Led by the newly elected mayor Hermann Geib , a planning commission began its work in 1903 and was the first to initiate the complete relocation of the shooting range to the west of the city. In addition to the already existing Lindenpark in the east, the entire remaining area - with the exception of the three cemeteries - could be included in the planning of a new city park. The architect, artist and nature conservationist Max Schultze was responsible for the construction planning in collaboration with the city master builder Adolf Schmetzer . First, a tree nursery was set up in order to reforest and redesign the former shooting range with young trees into a city park. With a viewing hill, waterfall, pond and stream, the horticultural facilities of the new city park should become an attraction of the district exhibition. The construction plans included 15 new buildings (including a main portal with a ticket office and a tram connection, a large Art Nouveau main hall with an observation tower (architect Joseph Koch ), an art hall and three other exhibition halls, a restoration building (architect Heinrich Hauberrisser ), a music pavilion, Bicycle and fire station hall). The buildings that already existed on the site were converted to adapt them to the needs of the exhibition.
Two shooting houses became a post office and exhibition building, the inn became the administration building and the municipal gymnasium became an art hall. An estimate of the costs required for the new construction and renovation resulted in a total of 125,200 marks. After the end of the district exhibition, many trees could be replanted after the exhibition halls were dismantled. In addition, the renovations of houses were reversed. The Unter den Linden inn, which still exists today, was rebuilt and since the rifle clubs did not return, the post house, a former shooting house, became the building for Sebastian Beck's puppet theater, a forerunner of today's puppet theater . Of the numerous exhibition halls, only the main hall and the art gallery remained, which today houses the art forum Ostdeutsche Galerie . The main hall was initially also used as a town hall. From 1912 the collections of the Natural Science Association were also housed there, but in 1920 they were relocated to the Kunsthalle, where they only remained until 1943 and then returned to the town hall. A small pavilion has survived from the time of the circular exhibition, the first reinforced concrete structure in Regensburg , built by Joseph Koch .
The time of National Socialism (from 1926)
In 1926 a war memorial with allegorical depictions of farewell, fight, death and transfiguration was inaugurated near the location of the mortuary of the Lazarus cemetery, designed by Margarethe von Thurn und Taxis .
During the time of National Socialism, the Reichsbund deutscher Freilicht- und Volksschauspiele were planning to build so-called thing places at selected locations in the German Reich and to have amateur actors perform things plays in front of 20,000 spectators. The city park in Regensburg was also considered as a possible location with the approval of the Regensburg city council. However, since such performances did not have a mass effect elsewhere, plans planned after 1936 were no longer implemented. The Ostmarkhaus planned in 1938 , which the local NSDAP wanted as a new domicile with a large space for impressive parades, was also not built, although numerous designs were received from architects for the planned large three-wing complex and a wooden model was even made. However, since Regensburg had lost its status as a border town of the German Reich from 1939 after the annexation of Austria, planning for the necessary construction work was canceled.
formerly the Kunsthalle
to the
former Ostdeutsche Galerie building with portal
Ostdeutsche Galerie building,
formerly without portal and columns
During the war, the Kunsthalle was used by the Reich Air Protection Association from 1943, so that the Natural Science Association had to vacate the hall and move back to the town hall. In March 1945 the town hall was hit by bombs, which almost completely destroyed the museum holdings of the Natural Science Association. After the war, the Natural Science Association used the former funeral hall of the Lazarus Cemetery as a museum until the move in 1961 to the Württemberg Palace, the current location of the Natural Science Museum. The art gallery was preserved undamaged and, after being expanded, now houses the art collection Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie .
Description and use of the park
There is a city pond in the park and, in addition to the aforementioned war memorial, numerous other art objects, such as the bronze sculpture Threatened II from 1970 by Waldemar Grzimek . The puppet theater is a special attraction . The city park is considered to be the largest, wheelchair-accessible, urban recreational area close to the old town for Regensburg residents. Every year, some cultural events take place in the city park, sponsored by municipal companies. B. the so-called night in blue with visits to exhibitions, open-air theater and open-air music. There is also a city wine festival and other open-air events for children and young people with concerts and theater.
literature
- Karl Bauer: Regensburg art, culture and everyday history . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 448, 603/4, 803, 811 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 602 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Astrid Wild: Stone pit, hospital, burial place and place of entertainment. The city park area of Regensburg . In: Peter Germann Bauer / Helmut Groschwitz (eds.): Catalog for the 2010 exhibition Tradition and Awakening 1910 . Museums of the City of Regensburg 2010, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-935052-83-2 , p. 53-71 .
- ^ Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 923 .
- ^ A b c Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 790 f., 810-812 .
- ^ Astrid Wild: Stone pit, hospital, burial place and place of entertainment. The city park area of Regensburg . In: Peter Germann Bauer / Helmut Groschwitz (eds.): Catalog for the 2010 exhibition Tradition and Awakening 1910 . Museums of the City of Regensburg 2010, Regensburg 2010, ISBN 978-3-935052-83-2 , p. 55 f .
- ^ Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 812 .
- ↑ Peter Enge Risser: Kronach to Nördlingen. The Thirty Years' War in Franconia Swabia and the Upper Palatinate 1631–1635 . Späthling, Weißenstadt 2007, ISBN 978-3-926621-56-6 , pp. 33 ff .
- ↑ Brief description of the Kunstforum Ostdeutsche Galerie
- ↑ Description of the Regensburg City Park ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. at regensburg.de, accessed on February 3, 2013.
Remarks
- ↑ Other parks in Regegensburg: Thurn und Taxis-Schlosspark , Dörnbergpark , Tempe-Park, Aberdeen-Park, Hegenauer-Park, Albert-Schweitzer-Park (until 2015: Hans Herrmann-Park ), Königswiesenpark
Coordinates: 49 ° 1 ′ 9.5 ″ N , 12 ° 4 ′ 48.8 ″ E