Standing room

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A standing room describes a room that can be used and reserved for standing people. The term standing room is not just a two-dimensional area (space), but a three-dimensional space.

Nowadays, standing places are mainly used in means of transport (example: passenger seats in buses , watercraft or cable cars , elevators ), in event locations (example: concerts, sports) and at workplaces and are defined by law or by standards. Standing room is a financially favorable alternative to sitting . There can also be standing room next to or on means of transport (for example refuse collection vehicles, agricultural vehicles, forklifts , forklifts, etc.). In this context, these are usually jobs.

Design of standing room

Standing places must be designed in such a way that they enable the transported, waiting, observing, etc. people to stay safely. There must therefore be sufficient space for standing room and there must be a sufficient number of suitable protective and restraint devices.

Minimum area

The minimum space for standing is determined according to requirements. In meeting places, the definition of the minimum area for standing space is a matter of the state (Germany, Austria - see below). In means of transport, an average of 4 people per square meter is assumed in regular operation (= 0.25 m² per person). With increased transport numbers and special systems of around 8 people per square meter (= 0.125 m² per person).

Various factors are taken into account to calculate the number of standing places allowed. For example, areas for

  • Stages,
  • Doors and door leaf swing areas,
  • Partition walls, barrier areas, barriers, grab handles , railings, etc.,
  • Areas where it is not possible to stand upright,
  • Areas that are not accessible.

deducted. In the case of vehicles, certain areas are also not included:

  • Area of ​​the driver's cab,
  • Surface whose inclination does not guarantee a safe standing while driving,
  • Area of ​​all areas where the clear height above the floor is less than 1.80 m (usually without taking the handles into account);
  • Areas where the view of the rearview mirror or other safety devices is blocked;

Meeting places

The maximum permitted number of people and thus also the standing room per meeting place depends, among other things, on the existing emergency and escape routes, the maximum size of the meeting place, number of meeting rooms / places, type of event, ventilation system, fire safety restrictions, size of the sanitary facilities Etc.

The basic rule is one to two maximum three visitors per m² of usable floor space in the meeting room. In some cases, a higher number of people is permitted for standing on rows of steps (for example two to four visitors per running meter of step row).

Exceptions are often made in the statutory provisions for rooms or buildings dedicated to worship , classrooms in schools , seminar rooms, for example in universities , exhibition rooms in museums and sometimes for temporary structures .

The standing places in meeting places, especially in operas and the like, are sometimes disparagingly referred to and viewed as cheap places (for example trampoline ).

vehicles

Ground vehicles

The number of seats and standing places for ground vehicles is usually based on the structural conditions, the vehicle's payload , the traffic routes , the height of the interior and the dimensions and arrangement of the door openings (and emergency exits ) through which the transported persons can get off quickly have to be. Exceptions are often provided for vehicles used by the military , civil defense , fire brigade , police , customs and the rescue service.

According to the Swiss Ordinance on the Technical Requirements for Road Vehicles (SR 741.41, Appendix 9), the area of ​​a standing area must be at least 0.125 m² (Item 26) or 0.15 m² (Item 332.41).

In Section 15 (1) of the Austrian Tram Ordinance 1957 (repealed) it was provided that for the calculation of the standing room number for each standing room

  • on the platform 0.20 m²,
  • inside the vehicle 0.25 m²

usable floor space is to be taken as a basis. According to Section 15 (2) of the 1957 Tram Ordinance, a higher occupancy than the calculated occupancy was temporarily permitted if the larger occupancy was unavoidable for traffic reasons and this did not prevent the train crew from taking care of the safety of the passengers in addition to their duties. It was also provided that if only children were transported with their supervisors, that a correspondingly higher occupancy was permitted.

See also the standing mode of transport by single vehicles: Segway Personal Transporter .

Passenger lifts and cable cars

The elevator car of a passenger elevator system or the cabin of a cable car ( aerial tramway ) must be designed and built in such a way that it has the necessary usable area and strength in accordance with the maximum number of people and load capacity of the elevator specified by the manufacturer .

Other criteria are the structural requirements for getting on and off quickly and the rescue of people in an emergency .

Watercraft

In the case of watercraft , the maximum number of people permitted and thus also the standing room depends on the structural conditions, the load-bearing capacity of the vehicle and, in particular, the existing rescue facilities.

Planes

Standing seat prototype for short-haul flights

Standing places in aircraft were brought up for discussion for short-haul flights, but are not permitted for safety reasons.

Retention devices in vehicles

In vehicles, retaining devices (handrails, retaining straps or other retaining devices) must be provided in accordance with the number of standing places, the approved transport vehicle, the route used, etc.

Holding devices must be designed and arranged in such a way that they can also be used by the people being transported ( adults , children ). If necessary, railings or a solid bulwark should also be provided. For the transport of children, restraint devices must be arranged at a height of 800 mm to 1100 mm (adults maximum 1900 mm) above the vehicle floor and there must be a minimum handle length of> 80 mm for every standing position. For Germany also: Annex X to Section 35e Paragraph 4, Section 35f, Section 35i) StVZO.

Temporary standing and folding seats

Temporary standing places exist at the places where folding seats (emergency seats) are available as an alternative . Folding seats are emergency seats intended for occasional use, which are normally folded down and in which the space when the seat is folded down can also be used as standing room depending on the structural conditions.

Unsuitable standing room

Generally unsuitable standing places are entrances and exits , emergency and escape routes , steps (exception: specially approved step spaces ), landings , seats, areas where standing upright is not possible, etc.

Standing room as a penalty

Certain standing places as punishment were used, especially in the past, to illustrate the exclusion of certain people from a community . The punishment itself included partial

  • both the exertion of standing itself and
  • the exclusion of the person who, if the others were allowed to sit, had to stand or
  • which had to stand apart from the other (standing) people.

The standing room as a social place

The standing room in event venues such as theaters, operas, concert halls or cinemas is located on the “standing parquet” and belongs to the contemptuous group of “cheap seats”. Today it occurs less often in the German-speaking area. The standing room is common at pop concerts and in football stadiums, where it is part of the fan culture.

In the 17th century Shakespearean theater, the "Groundlings" stood right in front of the stage and could respond to the performance with screams and interjections. In the English-speaking world, a performance that only offers standing space due to the expected number of spectators is called “standing-room only”, or “SRO” for short. With the line “We all love her, so she plays SRO” , the expression can also be found in the English translation “Take It Off, Petronella” of the harlot's song “Zieh dich aus, Petronella” by Kurt Tucholsky and Friedrich Hollaender . The Viennese opera director Claus Helmut Drese described the pre-war standing room as a place of radical intolerance and a preschool of fascist opinion terror. For Oscar Wilde, ordinary and uneducated visitors were in the standing room.

Norms

Web links

Wiktionary: standing room  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ According to Johann Christoph Adelung in the Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect , Vienna 1811 edition, the word space is related to flat , plate , plaster , sheet , broad , flötz .
  2. ↑ Germany see Ordinance on Places of Assembly .
  3. ↑ See for example Germany: EN 13200 / DIN 13200 (spectator systems). Guideline for assessing standing room in buses and coaches (OmnibusStehplBeurtRL). Example Austria: EN 13200 / ÖNORM EN 13200 (spectator systems).
  4. ↑ The standing area is conceptually contrasted with the seat , cf. Wolfgang Müller, The dictionary of counter words: a contrasting dictionary with instructions for use , de Gruyter, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-11-016885-5 , p. 476 .
  5. ↑ See for example (Austria): ÖNORM A 8010: 2010 07 15 on the ergonomic design of office workplaces - basic influencing factors and determination of space requirements. ÖNORM EN ISO 14738: 2009 05 15 on the safety of machines - Anthropometric requirements for the design of machine workplaces (ISO 14738: 2002 + Cor 1: 2003 + Cor 2: 2005).
  6. ↑ See for example: SiU-5 , Stadtbahn Bielefeld , Stadtbus (types) , Eurotram
  7. ↑ See for example: Ordinance of the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Economic Affairs on the construction and operation of places of assembly (Places of Assembly Ordinance - VStättVO) of April 28, 2004 (Journal of Laws p. 311); Ordinance on the construction and operation of special buildings (Sonderbauverordnung - SBauVO) in North Rhine-Westphalia, GV. NRW. 2009/34; Hamburg: Ordinance on the construction and operation of places of assembly (Places of Assembly Ordinance - VStättVO) of August 5, 2003 (HmbGVBl. P. 420); Lower Saxony Assembly Ordinance (NVStättVO) of November 8, 2004.
  8. ↑ See for example: Section 13, Paragraph 6 of the Act on the Location, Condition, Establishment and Operation of Event Venues (Vienna Event Venues Act) Minimum 50cm per standing room. See also § 31 Upper Austrian Construction Technology Ordinance, LGBl 106/1994.
  9. ↑ See for example: Section 13, Paragraph 6 of the Act on the Location, Condition, Establishment and Operation of Event Facilities (Vienna Event Facilities Act), provided the step is at least 40 cm wide.
  10. ↑ See e.g. B. Marion A. Kaplan, History of everyday Jewish life in Germany: from the 17th century to 1945 , Beck, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-406-50205-9 , p. 284 .
  11. ↑ BGBl. 214/1957, repealed by BGBl. II No. 76/2000.
  12. ↑ See for lifts for example: Annex I No. 1.2 of DIRECTIVE 2006/42 / EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 17 May 2006 on machines and amending directive 95/16 / EC EU Lift Directive (PDF; 1, 4 MB). Directive 2000/9 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of March 20, 2000 on cable cars for passenger transport EU-RL cable cars for passenger transport.
  13. ↑ spiegel.de: Authorities stop Ryanair , April 13, 2010
  14. ↑ See fundamentally: Appendix I, no. 7.11.2. DIRECTIVE 2001/85 / EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of November 20, 2001 on special regulations for vehicles for the transport of people with more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat and amending Directives 70/156 / EEC and 97/27 / EC ( OJ L 42 of 13 February 2002, p. 1).
  15. ↑ Appendix I, No. 7.11.2.2. DIRECTIVE 2001/85 / EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 20 November 2001 on special regulations for vehicles for the transport of people with more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat and amending Directives 70/156 / EEC and 97/27 / EC (OJ . L 42 of February 13, 2002, p. 1). For the test equipment in buses and coaches, see Annex III Figure 20 of the aforementioned guideline.
  16. ^ For Germany: Announcement of the Federal Ministry of Transport of May 3, 1996; Ref .: StV13 / StV 17 / 36.38.02 [announced in VkBl. 1996 p. 238]; July 14, 2005; Ref .: S 33 / S 37 / S 02 / 36.38.02 [announced in VkBl. 2005 p. 604] - Catalog of requirements for buses and minibuses, which are particularly used for the transport of schoolchildren and kindergarten children - Leaflet for the training of vehicle drivers.
  17. ↑ On this variant see for example the term synagogue punishment in: Florian Mühlegger, Hugo Grotius: a Christian humanist in political responsibility , de Gruyter Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-11-019956-7 , p. 444 and also the pillory in the different designs.
  18. ↑ Claus Helmut Drese: In the palace of feelings: experiences and revelations of a Viennese opera director . Munich 1993, pp. 273-275 .
  19. ↑ Oscar Wilde: The Portrait of Dorian Gray . Leipzig 1908, pp. 115, 199.