Everlasting flowers
Everlasting flowers | ||||||||||||
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Helichrysum | ||||||||||||
Mill. |
The plant genus of helichrysum ( Helichrysum ) belongs to the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 600 species are mainly native to the Old World , especially southern Africa and Madagascar .
Some species retain the color of their flower heads as they dry and are well suited for dry bouquets . They are also known as immortelles. The varieties of some species are suitable as bedding and balcony plants.
description
Appearance and leaves
Helichrysum grow as a one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants , semi-shrubs or shrubs , reach the most stature heights of 20 to 80 centimeters. Many species have an aromatic smell. They often form tap roots . The mostly upright, sometimes prostrate to ascending stems are more or less woolly-tomentose and usually have stalked or sedentary glandular hairs.
The alternately arranged leaves are usually stalked and encompassing the stem and / or descending. The simple leaf blades are egg-shaped, spatulate to lanceolate or linear with a wedge-shaped to truncated blade base. The entire edge of the leaf is sometimes rolled back. The two sides of the leaf are colored the same or less often differently and usually gray to white tomentose or silky hairs and they sometimes also have stalked or sessile glandular hairs; the upper side of the leaf sometimes becomes bald and is then greenish.
Inflorescences and flowers
In umbrella -shaped total inflorescences , several cup-shaped inflorescences are grouped together in clusters . The flower heads are more or less disc-shaped. The cup shell (involucre) is bell-shaped with a diameter of only 4 to 8 mm. The bracts, which are usually three to five, rarely up to seven rows, are whitish, straw to pink, red or orange and opaque to translucent and usually shiny. The bottom of the cup is flat and bare, with no leaves of chaff .
The petals are yellowish. Marginal functionally male flowers are absent or are present individually or in pairs. There are 3 to 30, rarely more than 50 inner, hermaphrodite flowers.
fruit
The more or less columnar achenes usually have a smooth, sometimes papillary surface, which is rough due to raised, roof-tile- shaped superimposed tips of the epidermal cells, and sometimes four to six longitudinal grooves and they are usually bald or rarely hairy. The pappus , which often falls off early, consists of a row of 12 to 20 bristles that are free or slightly contiguous at their base, usually bearded to rarely almost feathery bristles. The achenes are spread out as a diaspore .
Chromosome numbers
The basic chromosome number is x = 7.
Synecology
Some species are forage plants: sand straw flower ( Helichrysum arenarium ) for Aethes williana , Eublemma minutata , Platyptilia tesseradactyla ; Garden Strawflower ( Helichrysum bracteatum ) by Vanessa kershawi ; Italian everlasting flower ( Helichrysum italicum ) for Gypsochares baptodactylus Zeller 1850.
distribution
Many species come from the Capensis . Another focus of biodiversity is Australia . There are also comparatively few species in the Mediterranean region , in New Zealand and in western and central Asia .
Systematics
The genus Helichrysum was established in 1754 with the spelling Elichrysum by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary ... Abridged ... 4th edition, volume 2. Type species is Helichrysum orientale (L.) Gaertn. Synonyms for Helichrysum Mill. Are: Leontonyx Cass. , Virginea (DC.) Nicoli , Virginia (DC.) Nicoli . The generic name Helichrysum is derived from the Greek words helios for sun and chrysos for gold; Among the Greeks, helichrysos was a name for a Greek plant species from the Asteraceae family.
The genus Helichrysum belongs to the tribe Gnaphalieae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae . The scope of the genus Helichrysum is under discussion, since it has been found that the previous genus is not monophyletic , outsourced genera are, for example, Argentipallium Paul G.Wilson , Castroviejoa Galbany et al. , Coronidium Paul G.Wilson , Lawrencella Lindl. , Xerochrysum Tzvelev , Ozothamnus R.Br. and Chrysocephalum Walp. with an oceanic spread.
In the species-rich genus of everlasting flowers ( Helichrysum ) there are around 600 species. Here is a selection of species:
- Helichrysum adenophorum F. Muell. : It occurs in Australia.
- Helichrysum amorginum Boiss. & Orph. : It occurs on islands in the Aegean Sea.
- Sand straw flower ( Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench )
- Helichrysum argyrosphaerum DC. : It occurs in Angola, Botswana, Namibia and South Africa.
- Helichrysum asperum (Thunb.) Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs in South Africa.
- Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr. : It occurs in Tanzania, Mozambique, Angola, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia and South Africa.
- Helichrysum basalticum Hilliard (Syn .: Gnaphalium alticola Compton )
- Helichrysum bellidioides (G. Forst.) Willd. : It occurs in New Zealand.
- Helichrysum blandowskianum Steetz ex Sond. : It occurs in Australia.
- Helichrysum cymosum D.Don
- Helichrysum doerfleri Rech.f. : It occurs in Crete.
- Smelly Strawflower ( Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench ): It is native to Yemen and tropical and southern Africa and is a neophyte in Spain, France, Madeira, Réunion and Hawaii.
- Helichrysum heldreichii Boiss. : It occurs in Crete.
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Italian everlasting flower ( Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don ): It occurs in two subspecies in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, southern Europe and Cyprus:
- Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, France, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Greece and in Cyprus.
- Helichrysum italicum subsp. serotinum (Boiss.) P. Fourn. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Spain, Portugal and southern France.
- Helichrysum kirkii olive. & Here : It occurs in Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Burundi, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in the Republic of the Congo.
- Helichrysum leucopsideum DC. : It was first described from Australia.
- Helichrysum maracandicum Popov ex Kirp. : It occurs in Tajikistan and in Kyrgyzstan.
- Helichrysum melitense (Pignatti) Brullo, Lanfr., P.Pavone & G.Ronsisvalle : It occurs in Malta.
- Helichrysum moeserianum Tell. : It was first described from southern Africa.
- Helichrysum orientale (L.) Vaill. : It occurs in Greece and Turkey.
- Helichrysum pendulum (C. Presl) C. Presl (Syn .: Helichrysum rupestre (Raf.) DC. ): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily and Malta.
- Liquorice straw flower ( Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & BLBurtt ): It is native to southern Africa and is a neophyte in Europe, California and Madeira.
- Helichrysum plicatum DC. : It occurs in Serbia, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia.
- Helichrysum sibthorpii Rouy : It occurs in Greece.
- Mediterranean everlasting flower ( Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench ): It occurs in Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Cyprus.
- Helichrysum umbraculigerum Less. : It is widespread in Lesotho and from South Africa to the Free State and KwaZulu-Natal.
For example, the following is no longer included in this category:
- Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. => Pseudognaphalium luteoalbum (L.) Hilliard & BL Burtt
swell
- Guy L. Nesom: Helichrysum - online with the same text as the printed work. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , pp. 524 (English). (Section description and systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Helichrysum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Helichrysum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ M. Galbany-Casals, N. García Jacas, A. Susanna de la Serna, L. Sáez, Carles Benedí: Phylogenetic relationships in the Mediterranean Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequence data. In: Australian Systematic Botany. Volume 17, No. 3, 2004, pp. 241-253, doi: 10.1071 / SB03031 .
- ↑ a b c d Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Helichrysum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
Supplementary literature
- Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: What is in bloom in the Mediterranean? 750 species (= Kosmos nature guide ). 4th edition. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10211-4 .