Gnaphalieae

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Gnaphalieae
Xerochrysum viscosum

Xerochrysum viscosum

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Gnaphalieae
Scientific name
Gnaphalieae
( Cass. ) Lecoq & Juill.

The tribe gnaphalieae belongs to the subfamily Asteroideae within the plant family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It contains about 184 to 187 genera with 1240 to over 2100 species .

description

Illustration from Storm of Anaphalis margaritacea
Whole inflorescence with many flower heads of Anaphalis margaritacea
Achene with pappus from Anaphalis margaritacea

Appearance and leaves

There are annual to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants: Half bushes , shrubs . The annual species are more or less woolly hairy and often only reach heights of 1 to 10 cm.

The leaves are basal in rosettes or distributed on the stem, mostly alternate, rarely opposite, are stalked or sessile and mostly simple. The base of the petioles often runs down the stem. The leaf margins are usually smooth or rarely serrated. The leaves are often woolly or tomentose.

Inflorescences and flowers

The cup-shaped inflorescences are seldom individually, mostly on branched, corymbic , paniculate or racemose overall inflorescences . The flower heads are mostly disc-shaped. One or two or twelve thirty to more or less different in shape and size bracts are in mostly three together until more than ten rows, rarely missing. The bracts are often woolly haired, white or brightly colored (yellow, pink or purple) and their edges and / or tips are usually clearly paper-like. The flat to convex basket bottom is usually hairless.

In the cup-shaped inflorescence there are seldom ray florets and mostly only tubular florets. Only rarely are female, more or less zygomorphic flowers on the edge of the flower head interpreted as ray florets . Usually there are one to more than three rows, mostly female, often over 100 tubular flowers, which are mostly yellow or purple to whitish, they are also called ray flowers due to their location (note that these are tongue flowers in most of the other Asteraceae) ). The seldom only one to ten, usually more, disc-shaped florets are usually radially symmetrical tubular florets , which are hermaphroditic or functionally male and fertile with usually four, rarely five corolla lobes. The anthers are usually more or less tailed at their base and have appendages. Usually no appendages can be seen on the stylus.

fruit

All achenes of an infructescence are mostly the same; they are ovoid or obovate and smooth, hairy or papilose and usually two, three or five-ribbed. In this tribe there is usually a pappus made of mostly bearded to rarely feathery pappus bristles or scales, sometimes it is a combination of bristles and scales.

Systematics and distribution

The tribe Gnaphalieae was spun off from the formerly much larger tribe Inuleae . Closest related are the tribe Anthemideae , Astereae, and Calenduleae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .

The taxa of the Gnaphalieae tribe are native to both the Old World and the New World . They thrive in tropical, subtropical, temperate, and arctic or alpine areas. The centers of biodiversity are the Capensis and Australia . Some species are neophytes in many countries around the world.

The greatest biodiversity is in South Africa with 174 genera, of which 80 only occur there, with a total of 2072 species. In Australia there are about 84 genera, of which 28 are monotypical and only ten with more than ten species, with a total of around 475 species. In South America there are 19 to 20 genera about 111 species. In North America , too, there are 19 genera with around 111 species. The subtribe Relhaniinae is only found in Africa with around 19 genera . In Pakistan there are about twelve genus with about 45 species. In the Eurasian part of the northern hemisphere there are only a few genus, for example Antennaria , Leontopodium and Gnaphalium .

The tribe Gnaphalieae is divided into five to six subtribes:

Subtribe Angianthinae Benth. : All of the approximately 60 genera, with the exception of Craspedia (which is also found in New Zealand), only occur in Australia.
Subtribus Cassiniinae Anderb. : It contains about 16 genera ( Anaphalis , Antennaria , Chionolaena , Gnaphaliothamnus ).
Subtribus Filagininae O. Hoffm. : ( Filago , Logfia , Micropus , Psilocarphus , Stylocline )
Subtribus Gnaphaliinae (Cass.) Dum. : It contains about 47 genera ( Achyrocline , Belloa , Berroa , Chevreulia , Cuatrecasasiella , Facelis , Gamochaetopsis , Helichrysum , Jalcophila , Lucilia , Luciliocline , Pseudognaphalium ).
Subtribus Loricariinae Anderb. : It contains about six genera:
Subtribe Relhaniinae Less. : The 19 or so genera ( Amphiglossa , Disparago , Elytropappus , Metalasia , Relhania , Stoebe and some small genera) occur only in Africa.
Habit of Achyrocline satureioides
Carpathian cat paws ( Antennaria carpatica )
Calocephalus platycephalus
Habit of Elytropappus rhinocerotis
Dwarf feltwort ( Filago minima )
Whole inflorescence with some flower heads of Gamochaeta purpurea
Gnaphalium sandwicensium
Helichrysum moeserianum
Helichrysum stoechas
Total inflorescence with many flower heads with red bracts and many individual flowers of Helichrysum sanguineum
Leontopodium shinanense
Leucophyta brownii , Syn .: Calocephalus brownii , seldom also called lattice herb or silver head, it is used as an ornamental plant
Total inflorescence with many flower heads of Ozothamnus diosmifolius close together
Habitus and flower heads from Phagnalon rupestre
Pseudognaphalium stramineum
Habit of Psilocarphus tenellus
Cushions from Raoulia hookeri
Isolated flower heads of Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea
Stoebe passerinoides
Habitus, leaves and flower heads of Stylocline gnaphaloides
Flower heads of Syncarpha vestita
Flower head of the garden straw flower ( Xerochrysum bracteatum )

Alphabetical list of genres

The tribe Gnaphalieae contains about 184 to 187 genera with 1240 to over 2100 species:

  • Acanthocladium F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
  • Achyrocline (Less.) DC. : The 32or sospecies are distributed in Africa , Madagascar , Central and South America .
  • Acomis F. Muell. : The three or so species are common in Australia.
  • Actinobole Fenzl ex Endl. : The three or so species are common in Australia.
  • Alatoseta Compton : it contains only one species:
  • Aliella Qaiser & Lack : The three or so species are common in Africa.
  • Ammobium R.Br. : There are around three species common in Australia, for example:
    • Paper button ( Ammobium alatum R.Br. )
  • Amphiglossa DC. (Syn .: Pterothrix DC. ): The eleven or so species are mainly found in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape, two species are also found in Namibia and one species is also found in the provinces of Eastern Cape , Free State , Mpumalanga , Northwest .
  • Anaphalioides (Benth.) Kirp. : Of the approximately seven species, five are found in New Zealand and two in New Guinea .
  • Anaphalis DC. : The 110or sospecies are mainly found in Central Asia and India . Only one species occurs ( Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. F. ) In North America.
  • Anaxeton Gaertn. : The approximately ten species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Ancistrocarphus A.Gray : The only two species are distributed from the southwestern USA to northwestern Mexico .
  • Anderbergia B.Nord. : The approximately six species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Anemocarpa Paul G.Wilson : There are about two species common in Australia.
  • Angianthus J.C. Wendl . : The 15 or so species are common in Australia.
  • Anisochaeta DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Anisothrix O. Hoffm . : The only two species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Katzenpfötchen ( Antennaria J.Gaertn. ): The 45 to 71 species are common in temperate and arctic / alpine regions, mainly in North America (34 species), Mexico and Eurasia , also a few species in South America.
  • Antithrixia DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Apalochlamys Cass. : It contains only one type:
  • Argentipallium Paul G.Wilson : The six or so species are common in Australia.
  • Argyroglottis Turcz. : It contains only one type:
  • Argyrotegium J.M.Ward, Breitw. & C.Flann : The genus, newly published in 2003, is distributed in Australia with about four species.
  • Arrowsmithia DC. : It contains only one type:
  • Artemisiopsis S.Moore : It contains only one species:
  • Asteridea Lindl. : The six or so species are common in Australia.
  • Athrixia Ker Gawl. : The approximately 14 species are distributed in the Capensis (nine species), in tropical Africa and Madagascar.
  • Atrichantha Hilliard & BLBurtt : It contains only one species:
    • Atrichantha gemmifera ( Bolus ) Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Balladonia P.S.Short : It was established in 2016 and contains only two species that are only found in the Australian state of Western Australia .
  • Basedowia Pritzel : It contains only one type:
  • Bellida Ewart : It contains only one species:
  • Belloa Remy : The nine or so species are common in South America.
  • Berroa Beauverd : it contains only one species:
  • Blennospora A.Gray : The three or so species are distributed in southern Australia.
  • Bombycilaena (DC.) Smolyan. : The threeor sospecies arewidespreadin Eurasia and North America .
  • Bryomorphic Harv. : It contains only one type:
  • Callilepis DC. : The roughly five species distributed in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Gauteng , KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo , Mpumalanga , Free State , Northern and Eastern Cape.
  • Calocephalus R.Br. sl: The ten or so species occur in Australia.
  • Calomeria Vent. : It contains only one species:
  • Calotesta P.O.Karis : It contains only one species:
    • Calotesta alba P.O.Karis : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Cassinia R.Br. : The twenty or so species are common in Australia.
  • Castroviejoa Galbany, L.Sáez & Benedí : It was set up in 2004 and there are around two species only in the western Mediterranean area:
  • Catatia Humbert : There are about two species in Madagascar.
  • Cephalipterum A.Gray : It contains only one species:
  • Cephalosorus A.Gray : It contains only one species:
  • Chamaepus Wagenitz : It contains only one species:
  • Chevreulia Cass. : The six or so species are common in South America.
  • Chiliocephalum Benth. : The one or two types are common in Africa.
  • Chionolaena DC. : The eleven or so species are distributed in Central and South America.
  • Chondropyxis D.A.Cooke : It contains only one type:
  • Chrysocephalum Walp. : The seven or so species are common in Australia.
  • Chthonocephalus Steetz : The four or so species are common in Australia.
  • Cladochaeta DC. : The roughly two species are common in Eurasia.
  • Comborhiza Anderb. & K.Bremer : There are roughly two species in Africa.
  • Coronidium Paul G.Wilson : The genus, newly published in 2008, is distributed in Australia with around 17 species.
  • Craspedia G. Forest. (Syn .: Pycnosorus Benth. ): The approximately 23 species are distributed in Australia and New Zealand .
  • Cremnothamnus C.F. Puttock : It contains only one species:
  • Cuatrecasasiella H.Rob. : The approximately two types are common in South America.
  • Cymbolaena Smolyan. : It contains only one type:
  • Decazesia F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
  • Denekia Thunb. : It contains only one type:
  • Diaperia Nuttall: The approximately three types are distributed from the central USA to northern Mexico.
  • Dielitzia P.S.Short : it contains only one type:
  • Disparago Gaertn. : The approximately nine species are common in the Capensis.
  • Dithyrostegia A.Gray : The roughly two types are common in Australia.
  • Dolichothrix Hilliard & BLBurtt : It contains only one species:
    • Dolichothrix ericoides (Lam.) Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs only in the South African provinces of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape.
  • Edmondia Cass. : The only three species occur only in the South African Western Cape.
  • Elytropappus Cass. : The eight or so species are common in the Capensis.
  • Epitriche Turcz. : It contains only one type:
  • Eriochlamys Sond. & F.Muell. : The one to four types are common in Australia.
  • Erymophyllum Paul G.Wilson : The five or so species are common in Australia.
  • Euchiton Cass. : The approximately 17 species are distributed in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and in eastern Asia. Some species are neophytes in many regions of the world.
  • Evacidium pomel : it contains only one type:
  • Ewartia Beauverd : The four or so species are common in Australia.
  • Ewartiothamnus Anderb. : It contains only one type:
  • Facelis Cass. : The three to four species are common in North and South America, Africa and Australia.
  • Feldstonia P.S.Short : It contains only one species:
  • Felt herbs ( Filago L. ): The 12 to 46 species are mainly found in the Mediterranean region (North Africa and Europe) and in western Asia, as well as on Atlantic islands. Individual species are neophytes in some regions of the world.
  • Fitzwillia P.S. Short : It contains only one species:
  • Galeomma Rauschert : The only two types are common in the Capensis.
  • Gamochaeta Wedd. : The 50 to 52 species are naturally common in the New World. The center of biodiversity is South America; there are also twelve species in North America. In many parts of the world, some species are neophytes and are considered invasive plants .
  • Gamochaetopsis anderb . & Freire : It contains only one species:
  • Gilberta Turcz. : It contains only one type:
  • Gilruthia Ewart : It contains only one species:
  • Gnaphaliothamnus Kirp. : The ten or so species are common in Central America, especially Mexico.
  • Ruhr herbs ( Gnaphalium L. ): It is distributed almost worldwide with around 38 to 200 species.
  • Gnephosis Cass. s. st. (Syn .: Chrysocoryne Endl. , Pachysurus Steetz ): The eight or so species are common in Australia.
  • Gnomophalium Greuter : It contains only one species:
  • Gratwickia F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
  • Haeckeria F. Muell. : The three or so species are common in southeastern Australia.
  • Haegiela P.S. Short & Paul G.Wilson : It contains only one species:
    • Haegiela tatei ( F.Muell. ) PSShort & Paul G.Wilson : It is common in Australia.
  • Haptotrichion Paul G.Wilson : The roughly two types are common in western Australia.
  • Helichrysopsis Kirp. : It contains only one type:
  • Everlasting flowers ( Helichrysum Mill. ) (Syn .: Elichrysum Mill. Orth. Var. Leontonyx Cass. , Virginea (DC.) Nicoli ): The approximately 600 species are almost worldwide, mainly in the Old World, especially in Africa and Madagascar. There are 244 species in the Capensis.
  • Hesperevax (A.Gray) A.Gray : The approximately three species are common in the southwestern United States.
  • Homognaphalium Kirp. : It contains only one (or two) types:
  • Humeocline Anderb. : It contains only one type:
  • Hyalochlamys A.Gray : it contains only one species:
  • Hyalosperma Steetz : The nine or so species are common in Australia.
  • Hydroidea P.O.Karis : It contains only one species:
    • Hydroidea elsiae (Hilliard) POKaris : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Ifloga Cass. : The 6 to 15 species are distributed from Africa to the Middle East and the Canary Islands. Four of them in the Capensis.
  • Ixiolaena Benth. : It contains only one type:
  • Ixodia R.Br. : The two or three types are common in Australia.
  • Jalcophila M.O.Dillon & Sagást. : With three species in the Andes of Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador
  • Lachnospermum Willd. : The three species occur only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Langebergia Anderb. : It contains only one type:
  • Lasiopogon Cass. : All eight species are found in the Capensis, but some are also found in North Africa, the Middle East, Spain, India and Pakistan.
  • Lawrencella Lindl.  : The only two types are common in Australia.
  • Leiocarpa Paul G.Wilson : The genus newly published in 2001 is common in Australia and Madagascar.
  • Lemoorea P.S.Short : it contains only one type:
  • Edelweiss ( Leontopodium R.Br. ex Cass. ): The approximately 30 to 58 species are distributed in Asia, Europe and North America. There are also some natural hybrids . There are 36 species in China, 18 of which are only found there. There are nine species in Nepal , eight species in Pakistan and four species in Russia.
  • Lepidostephium Oliv. : The only two types are common in the Capensis.
  • Leptorhynchos Less. : The ten or so species are common in Australia.
  • Leptotriche Turcz. : The twelve or so species are common in Australia.
  • Leucochrysum (DC.) Paul G.Wilson : The five or so species are common in southern Australia.
  • Leucogenes Beauverd : The only two species occur only in New Zealand.
  • Leucophyta R.Br. : It contains only one type:
  • Leysera L .: Of the only three species, one species ( Leysera leyseroides (Desf.) Maire ) occurs from North Africa to the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East and in Spain and Pakistan ( Baluchistan ). The other two species are only found in the Capensis.
  • Logfia Cass. : Of the approximately twelve species, six are distributed in North America, also distributed in northern Mexico, Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Especially in South America and the Pacific Islands, but also in other parts of the world, some species are neophytes.
  • Loricaria Wedd. : The 20 or so species are common in the Andes .
  • Lucilia Cass. : The eight or so species are common in South America.
  • Luciliocline Anderb. & Freire : The approximately 13 species thrive at higher altitudes in the Andes from Venezuela to Chile and Argentina .
  • Macowania Olive. : Of the approximately twelve species, ten are native to the Capensis and the other two on the Arabian Peninsula and Ethiopia .
  • Metalasia R.Br. : The approximately 52 species are only common in the Capensis. 47 species are endemic to the Western Cape. The remaining five species are more common in the Capensis, but only three of them are not found in the Western Cape.
  • Mexerion G.L.Nesom : The only two species are common in Mexico.
  • Micropsis DC. : The approximately five species are common in southern South America. One species occurs, presumably introduced, in the south-central USA.
  • Micropus L. The approximately five species are distributed in the western USA, northwest Mexico, southern Europe, southwest Asia and North Africa.
  • Millotia Cass. (Syn .: Scyphocoronis A. Gray , Toxanthes Turcz. ): The ten or so species are common in Australia.
  • Mniodes (A. Gray) Benth. : The five or so species thrive only in the Andes of Peru.
  • Myriocephalus Benth. : The ten or so species are common in Australia.
  • Neotysonia Dalla Torre & Harms : It contains only one species:
  • Nestlera Spreng. : It contains only one type:
    • Nestlera biennis (Jacq.) Spreng. : It occurs only in the South African provinces in the North Cape and Western Cape.
  • Notisia P.S.Short : It was set up in 2016 and contains only one type:
  • Odixia Orchard : The only two species occur only in Tasmania .
  • Oedera L .: The 18 species occur only in the South African provinces of the Western Cape and Eastern Cape.
  • Omalotheca Cass .: The eight to ten species are mainly found in Eurasia ; three types occur in North America.
  • Oreoleysera K.Bremer : It contains only one species:
    • Oreoleysera montana (Bolus) K.Bremer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Oxylaena Benth. ex Anderb. : It contains only one type:
    • Oxylaena acicularis (Benth.) Anderb. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Ozothamnus R.Br. : The approximately 50 species are common in Australia and New Caledonia.
  • Parantennaria Beauverd : It contains only one dioecious species:
  • Pentatrichia Klatt : The four species are common in the Capensis.
  • Petalacte D.Don : It contains only one species:
  • Phaenocoma D.Don : It contains only one species:
  • Stone immortelles ( Phagnalon Cass. ): The 36 to 43 species distributed from central Asia over the Himalayas to western Asia, Europe ( southern France and northern Italy ), northern Africa and Macaronesia , including:
  • Philyrophyllum O. Hoffm. : It contains only two types:
  • Pithocarpa Lindl. : The roughly two species are common in western and southwestern Australia.
  • Planea P.O.Karis : It contains only one species:
    • Planea schlechteri (L.Bolus) POKaris : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
  • Plecostachys Hilliard & BLBurtt : The roughly two species are distributed in the South African provinces of the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. There is also a report from Swazilandfrom Plecostachys polifolia (Thunb.) Hilliard & BLBurtt .
  • Pleuropappus F. Muell. : The only two types are common in the Capensis.
  • Podolepis Labill. : The 20 or so species are common in Australia.
  • Podotheca Cass. : The six or so species are common in Australia.
  • Pogonolepis Steetz : The roughly two species distributed in Australia.
  • Polycalymma F. Muell. & Sond. : It contains only one type:
  • Printzia Cass .: The three species are common in the Capensis.
  • Translucent gnaphalium ( Pseudognaphalium Kirp. ): The 80 to 100 species are distributed mainly in Central and South America. There are 21 species in North America. There are also some species in Africa, Asia and Europe. They mainly thrive in temperate regions.
  • Psilocarphus Nutt. : The five or so Neotropical species are common in western North America, northwestern Mexico, and southern South America.
  • Psychrophyton Beauverd : The ten or so species occur only in New Zealand .
  • Pterochaeta Steetz : It only contains one species:
  • Pterygopappus Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
  • Quinetia Cass. : It contains only one species.
  • Quinqueremulus Paul G.Wilson : It contains only one species:
  • Rachelia J.M.Ward & Breitw. : It contains only one type:
  • Raoulia Hook. f. : The approximately 26 species occur in New Guinea and New Zealand.
  • Raouliopsis S.F.Blake : The only two species thrive in the Andes in Colombia .
  • Relhania L'Herit. : The approximately 13 species are common in the Capensis.
  • Rhetinocarpha Paul G.Wilson & MAWilson : The genus, newly published in 2006, occurs in western Australia.
  • Rhodanthe Lindl. : The 46 or so species are common in Australia.
  • Rhynchopsidium DC. : The only two species occur only in the South African provinces of the North Cape and Western Cape.
  • Rosenia Thunb. : The approximately four species are common in the Capensis.
  • Rutidosis DC. : The seven or so species are common in Australia.
  • Schoenia Steetz : The five or so species are common in Australia.
  • Seriphium L .: The approximately three species are common in the Capensis.
  • Siloxerus Labill. : The four or so species are distributed in southwestern Australia, one of which is also found in Tasmania.
  • Sinoleontopodium Y.L.Chen : According to Flora of China 2011 it contains only one species:
  • Sondottia P.S.Short : There are about two species common in Australia.
  • Stenocline DC. : The three or so species occur in Madagascar or Mauritius.
  • Stenophalium Anderb. : The four or so species are common in Brazil.
  • Stoebe L .: The 25 or so species are distributed in Africa and Madagascar, 21 of which are found in the Capensis.
  • Stuartina Sond. : The roughly two species are common in southern and eastern Australia.
  • Stuckertiella Beauverd : The two types are common in Argentina.
  • Stylocline Nutt. : The approximately seven species are distributed from the southwestern USA to northwestern Mexico.
  • Syncarpha DC. : The 30 or so species are common in southern Africa.
  • Syncephalum DC. : The five or so species occur only in Madagascar.
  • Taplinia Lander : It contains only one species:
  • Tenrhynea Hilliard & BLBurtt : It contains only one species:
  • Thiseltonia Hemsl. : The roughly two types are common in western Australia.
  • Tietkensia P.S. Short : it contains only one species:
  • Trichanthodium Sond. & F.Muell. : The four or so species are common in Australia.
  • Trichogyne Less. (sometimes in Ifloga Cass. ): The nine or so species are common in the Capensis.
  • Triptilodiscus Turcz. : It contains only one type:
  • Troglophyton Hilliard & BLBurtt : The six or so species are common in the Capensis.
  • Vellereophyton Hilliard & BLBurtt : The seven or so species are common in the Capensis.
  • Waitzia J.C. Wendl . : The five or so species are common in Australia.
  • Xerochrysum Tzvelev : The six or so species are common in Australia. Including:
    • Garden straw flower ( Xerochrysum bracteatum (Ventenat) Tzvelev ): It is cultivated as an ornamental plant around the world and is overgrown in many areas.

swell

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  • Iziko Museums of Cape Town (Ed.): Biodiversityexplorer. The Web of Life in Southern Africa. Tribe: Gnaphalieae. Accessed February 3, 2011.
  • Randall J. Bayer, David G. Greber, Neil H. Bagnall: Phylogeny of Australian Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae) Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear Sequences, the trnL Intron, trnL / trnF Intergenic Spacer, matK, and ETS. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 27, No. 4, 2002, pp. 801-814, DOI: 10.1043 / 0363-6445-27.4.801 , PDF file.
  • Rob D. Smissen, Mercè Galbany-Casals, Ilse Breitwieser: Ancient allopolyploidy in the everlasting daisies (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae): Complex relationships among extant clades. In: Taxon. Volume 60, No. 3, 2011, pp. 649-662, abstract .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jose L. Panero, Vicki A. Funk: Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae). In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Volume 115, No. 4, 2002, pp. 909-922, online.
  2. ↑ a b Kerry A. Ford: Origin and Biogeography of New Zealand Craspedia (Compositae: Gnaphalieae). PhD thesis 2004, PDF file.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Philip Sydney Short : Notes concerning the classification of species included in Calocephalus R.Br. s.lat. and Gnephosis Cass. s.lat. (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae), with descriptions of new genera and species. In: Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens , Volume 29, 2016, pp. 147-220.
  4. ↑ a b Mercè Galbany ‐ Casals, Núria Garcia ‐ Jacas, Llorenç Sáez, Carles Benedí, Alfonso Susanna: Phylogeny, biogeography, and character evolution in Mediterranean, Asiatic, and Macaronesian Helichrysum (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) inferred from nuclear phylogenetic analyzes. In: International Journal of Plant Sciences , Volume 170, Issue 3, 2009, pp. 365-380. JSTOR 10.1086 / 596332
  5. ↑ Paul G. Wilson: Coronidium, a new Australian genus in the gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). In: Nuytsia. Volume 18, 2008, p. 325, PDF file .
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant- Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  7. ↑ a b c Chen Yousheng, Zhu Sixin, Randall J. Bayer: Tribe Gnaphalieae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 774 (English). , same text online as the printed work.
  8. ^ Arne A. Anderberg: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Tribe Gnaphalieae (Asteraceae). In: Opera Botanica. Volume 104, 1991, p. 125.
  9. ↑ Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (eds.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Phagnalon In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  10. ↑ NC Bergh, CH Trisos, G. A Verboom: Phylogeny of the "Ifloga clade" (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae), a lineage occurring disjointly in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, and inclusion of Trichogyne in synonymy with Ifloga. In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 1065-1075.

Web links

Commons : Gnaphalieae  - collection of images, videos and audio files