Super proton synchrotron
CERN's accelerator complex | |
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List of the current particle accelerators at CERN |
|
Linac 2 | Accelerates protons |
Linac 3 | Accelerates ions |
Linac 4 | Accelerates negative hydrogen ions |
AD | Brakes antiprotons |
LHC | Collides protons or heavy ions |
LEIR | Accelerates lead ions |
PSB | Accelerates protons or ions |
PS | Mainly accelerates protons |
PLC | Accelerates protons, among other things |
The Super Proton Synchrotron ( SPS ) is a synchrotron type particle accelerator at CERN . The SPS is used to accelerate protons and lead ions (as a pre-accelerator of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)), antiprotons , electrons , positrons and heavy ions . These particles are usually pre-accelerated in the proton synchrotron .
Technical specifications
The SPS achieves particle energies of up to 450 GeV . It has a circumference of 6,912 meters and, in addition to cavity resonators, consists of 744 dipole magnets and 216 quadrupoles .
history
The Super Proton Synchrotron was designed and built under General Manager John Adams . It went into operation on June 17, 1976. It was originally intended as a 300 GeV accelerator , but then reached 400 GeV. Even if this was an excellent achievement, it was not a world record as the Fermilab's Main Injector had already reached 500 GeV a few months earlier .
From 1981 to 1984 the accelerator was used for the collision of hadrons (especially proton - antiproton ), for example in the UA1 and UA2 experiments, which led to the discovery of the W and Z bosons , for which Carlo Rubbia and Simon van the sea were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1984 . Simon van der Meer also developed the stochastic cooling method at the SPS .
In 1999, the CP violation was also detected in the NA48 experiment .
The Super Proton Synchrotron supplied the CNGS experiment until December 2012 , during which a neutrino beam was sent to the Gran Sasso laboratory in Italy , 730 km away .
Current experiments
It is currently used in the COMPASS experiment (NA58), the NA61 experiment (SHINE), and the NA62 experiment.
Super PLC
For the future of the Large Hadron Collider , an upgrade to the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider is planned to increase the luminosity from 2025. Most of the pre-accelerators would also have to be renewed, including the SPS, in order to accelerate a higher number of protons.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ PLC operation . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
- ↑ Super Proton Synchrotron marks its 25th birthday . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
- ↑ "CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso" (accessed on August 24, 2017)
- ↑ The Super Proton Synchroton . Retrieved October 10, 2014.
Coordinates: 46 ° 14 ′ 42 " N , 6 ° 3 ′ 22" E ; CH1903: four hundred and ninety-three thousand three hundred seventy-five / 122448