Systematics of daffodils

The system of narcissi has long been a controversial issue. The number of species belonging to the genus Narcissus is also the subject of controversial debate.

The genus Narcissus belongs to the tribe Narcisseae in the subfamily Amaryllidoideae within the family Amaryllidaceae .

Botanical history

The genus of daffodils ( Narcissus ) has been classified several times according to different criteria in the course of botanical history. In 1966, a division was made by Frederick Gustav Meyer , which many German nurseries followed. In England and in scientific circles, however, the classification published in 1968 by Abilio Fernandes was followed for a long time . For some time, the classification published by John W. Blanchard in 1990 was followed or that of Walter Erhardt was used in 1993. After molecular genetic investigations, a more recent system was carried out by Bernardus Joannes Maria Zonneveld in 2008.

The genus Narcissus was mentioned in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 289. The type species is Narcissus poeticus L. For this species alone, 23 proposals for subspecies have been documented, of which only four are currently accepted. In total, almost 1000 entries of species names, subspecies and synonyms can be found in this database for the genus Narcissus Dulac . This shows the great variability of the genus, which makes a division into a few distinguishable species difficult. The taxonomic difficulties are due to the closely spaced distribution areas of the species in the Mediterranean flora and the associated high probability of the emergence of hybrids. Furthermore, plants from breeding and cultivated stocks are naturalized. The 52 species recognized as of 2014 are divided into eleven sections.

The hybrids bred from the wild daffodils , which now comprise more than 24,000 varieties, are also classified. This is detailed in the classification of daffodils .

Classification of the genus according to Zonneveld 2008

Only about 52 species and about 60 natural hybrids are accepted, including only a few subtaxa. Molecular genetic studies confirmed the division into sub-genera and sections. A more recent system is that of Zonneveld 2008:

The sections (with the respective type-species) according to Zonneveld (2008). and Mathew (2002) who divides the sections into subsections.

• Apodanthi ( Narcissus calcicola )
• Bulbocodium ( Narcissus bulbocodium )
• Ganymedes ( Narcissus triandrus )
• Jonquillae ( Narcissus jonquilla )
• Juncifolii ( Narcissus assoanus )
• Narcissus ( Narcissus poeticus )
• Nevadensis ( Narcissus nevadensis )
• Pseudonarcissus ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus )
• Tapeinanthus ( Narcissus cavanillesii )
• Serotini ( Narcissus serotinus )
• Tazettae ( Narcissus tazetta )

For a list of the accepted species sorted by sections according to the Royal Horticultural Society , see RHS Botanical Classification (as of September 2013) on which the International Daffodil Register is based.

Knowledge Surname	author	Common name	Illustration	distribution
Subspecies Hermione (Haw.) Spach type species : N. tazetta
Section Aurelia (Gay) Baker Narcissus broussonetii (incorporated into Tazettae , 2008)
Section Serotini Parlatore
Narcissus obsoletus syn. Narcissus miniatus	(Haw.) Spach Donnison-Morgan, Koopowitz & Zonneveld			Western, Northern and Eastern Mediterranean map
Narcissus serotinus (type species)	L.			Spain, NW Africa Additional map
Section Tazettae de Candolle
Narcissus broussonetii	Lag. Y Seg.			North Africa map
Narcissus dubius	Gouan			NW Spain, S France Additional map
Narcissus elegans	(Haw.) Spach		Fig. In the web link	Western Mediterranean map
Narcissus papyraceus syn. Narcissus barlae	Ker Gawl. Parlatore	Christmas daffodil		NW Africa, western and northern Mediterranean area. Additional map
Narcissus tazetta (type species)	L.	Bouquet daffodil		Mediterranean region middle east map
Subgenus Narcissus L. (type species): N. poeticus
Section Apodanthi A. Fernandes
Narcissus albimarginatus	D.Müll.-Doblies & U.Müll.-Doblies		Fig. In the web link	Morocco map
Narcissus calcicola (type species)	Mendonça
Narcissus rupicola syn. Narcissus atlanticus	Dufour ex Schult.f. star			Portugal, Spain Morocco Additional Map
Narcissus scaberulus	Henriq.		Fig. In the web link
Before Narcissus cuatrecasasii Fern.Casas (changed to Jonquillae )
Section Bulbocodium de Candolle
Narcissus bulbocodium (type species)	L.	Crinoline Daffodil		France, Spain map
Narcissus cantabricus	DC.			Spain, NW Africa Additional map
Narcissus foliosus	(Maire) Fern.Casas		Fig. In the web link	Morocco map
Narcissus hedraeanthus	(Webb & Heldr.) Colmeiro
Narcissus nivalis	Graells		Fig. In the web link	Spain, Portugal map
Narcissus obesus	Salisb.
Narcissus romieuxii	Brown-Blanq. & Maire			Morocco map
Doubtful Narcissus hesperidis Fern.Casas Narcissus jeanmonodii Fern.Casas Narcissus tingitanus Fern.Casas
Section Ganymedes (Haworth) Schultes f.
Narcissus lusitanicus	Dorda & Fern. Casas			Portugal map
Narcissus pallidulus syn. Narcissus cernuus	Graell's Salisb.		Fig. In the web link	Spain, Portugal map
Narcissus triandrus (type species)	L.	Angel's Tears Daffodil		France Spain, Portugal map
Section Jonquilla de Candolle
Narcissus blanchardii syn. Narcissus flavus	Zonn. stat. nov. Lay.		Fig. In the web link	Portugal, Spain map
Narcissus cuatrecasasii	Fern.Casas, Lainz & Ruiz Rejon			Spain, Morocco further map
Narcissus jonquilla (type species)	L.
Narcissus viridiflorus	Schousb.			Gibraltar Morocco map
Section Juncifolii (A. Fern.) Zonn. sect nov.
Narcissus assoanus (type species)	Dufour		|	O Spain, S France Additional map
Narcissus gaditanus	Boiss. & Reuter
Section Narcissus L.
Narcissus poeticus (type species)	L.	Poet daffodil		Central Europe map
Section Nevadensis Zonn. sect. nov.
Narcissus bujei	Remote. Casas		Fig. In the web link	S Spain
Narcissus longispathus	Pugsley			S Spain map
Narcissus nevadensis (type species)	Pugsley
Section Pseudonarcissus de Candolle Trumpet daffodils
Narcissus abscissus	(Haw.) Roem. & School f.		Fig. In the web link	Spain, S France Additional map
Narcissus siensis	(Jord.) Pugsley			N Spain, Portugal map
Narcissus cyclamineus	DC.	Cyclamen Daffodil		Portugal, NW Spain map
Narcissus jacetanus	Fern.Casas			NO Spain map
Narcissus moleroi	Fern.Casas		Fig. In the web link
Narcissus primigenius	(Fern.Suárez ex M.Laínz) Fern.Casas & Laínz		Fig. In the web link
before Narcissus alcaracensis syn. Narcissus longispathus Narcissus confusus Pugsley syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus Narcissus hispanicus Gouan syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Spanish daffodil) Narcissus longispathus (modified after Nevadensis ) Narcissus minor syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Lesser Wild Daffodil) Narcissus moschatus syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus (White Daffodil) Narcissus nevadensis Pugsley (changed to Nevadensis ) Narcissus obvallaris syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus (Tenby Daffodil) Narcissus radinganorum Fern. Casas syn. Narcissus pseudonarcissus
Section Tapeinanthus (Herbert) Traub
Narcissus cavanillesii	Barra & G. Lopez			Portugal, Spain, NW Africa Additional map

Notes on the table

1. ^ Moved by Aurelia
2. ↑ (Numerous synonyms: Hermione dubia (Gouan) Haw., Narcissus dubius var. Micranthus (Jord. & Fourr.) Asch. & Graebn., Narcissus micranthus (Jord. & Fourr.) Rouy, Narcissus tazetta subsp. Micranthus (Jord. & Fourr.) K. Richt., Narcissus tazetta subsp. Dubius (Gouan) K. Richt., Narcissus linnaeanus subsp. Dubius (Gouan) Rouy, Narcissus glaucifolius Pourr., Narcissus pallidus Poir., Narcissus pumilus Redouté nom. Illeg., Helena pumila Haw., Narcissus humilis Heynh., Queltia pallida (Poir.) Salisb. Nom. Inval., Hermione micrantha Jord. & Fourr., Narcissus pallens Freyn ex Willk., Narcissus requienii var. Pallens (Freyn ex Willk.) A .Fern., Narcissus assoanus var. Pallens (Freyn ex Willk.) Fern.Casas)
3. ↑ Not currently accepted by The Plant List, (listed as a synonym of Narcissus cernuus Salisb.), Published by Mathews as a variety of N. triandrus .
4. ↑ Narcissus lusitanicus and Narcissus pallidulus originally a subspecies or variety of N. triandrus . Zonnefeld (2008) and Dorda & Fernandez Casas (1989) and Perez-Barrales et al. (2006) find numerous reasons to call them a separate species
5. ↑ Narcissus assoanus Dufour ex Schult. & School f. and Narcissus gaditanus Boiss. & Reut. was previously in Jonquilla but was transferred to Juncifolii (2008) ^Zonneveld
6. ↑ Narcissus flavus is the accepted name for this species in The Plant List . Zonneveld, who describes this species, denies that. ^Akers
7. ↑ Moved from Apodanthi ^Zonneveld
8. ↑ Fernandes considers them a subspecies of Jonquilla
9. ↑ Aedo refers to the species in the Flora Iberica as Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. subsp. nevadensis (Pugsley) A. Fern. ^Aedo Medrano et al. however, criticized this classification because phylogenetic evidence to the contrary was not considered in the work . Your data suggest a subdivision into the three types mentioned. ^Medrano
10. ↑ While the World Checklist regards it as a synonym of Narcissus longispathus , Zonneveld regards it as an independent species based on DNA examinations.
11. ↑ Originally Pseudonarcissus ^Zonneveld
12. ↑ The classification and subdivision of the formerly largest section, the pseudonarcissus, is quite problematic even after it has been divided into two subsections. Zonneveld differentiates between Pseudonarcissus (France, northern Spain and Portugal) and Nevadensis (southern Spain). Opinions on the number of species vary widely. They range from a single, very variable species to a section with a very large number of species. Zonneveld suggests eight subspecies here. He summarizes taxa with a similar DNA content as subspecies or synonyms. ^Zonneveld Mathew distinguishes between two groups, which he designates with A (small flowers up to 3.5 cm in diameter) and B (large flowers, 5–12 cm in diameter). ^Hanks

Natural hybrids

• There are many hybrids that originated in nature or that were bred in culture (see Classification of Daffodils ).
  • Natural hybrids are:
    • Narcissus × abilioi Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × alejandrei Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × alentejanus Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × alleniae Thu.-Morg.
    • Narcissus × aloysii-villarii Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × andorranus Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × bakeri K. Richt.
    • Narcissus × boutignyanus Philippe
    • Narcissus × brevitubulosus A. Fern.
    • Narcissus × buxtonii K. Richt .
    • Narcissus x caramulensis Ribeiro, P., Paiva, & Freitas, H.
    • Narcissus × cardonae Lloret & Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × carpetanus (Barra & G.López) Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × carringtonii Rozeira
    • Narcissus × cazorlanus Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × chevassutii Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × christianssenii A. Fern.
    • Narcissus × compressus Haw.
    • Narcissus × confinalensis Uribe-Ech. & Urrutia
    • Narcissus × dordae Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × felineri Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × fosteri Lynch
    • Narcissus × georgemawii Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × gredensis Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × hannibalis A. Fern.
    • Narcissus × incomparabilis Mill.
    • Narcissus × incurvicervicus Barra & G. Lopez
    • Narcissus × infundibulum Poir.
    • Narcissus × javieri (A.Fern.) Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × libarensis Sánchez García & Mart. Place.
    • Narcissus × litigiosus Amo
    • Narcissus × maginae Fern.Casas & Susanna
    • Narcissus × magnenii Rouy
    • Narcissus × martinoae Nava & Fern.Casado
    • Narcissus × medioluteus Mill.
    • Narcissus × montserratii Fern.Casas & Rivas Ponce
    • Narcissus × nutans Haw.
    • Narcissus × odorus L.
    • Narcissus × oiarbidei Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech.
    • Narcissus × paivae (A. Fern.) Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × perangustus Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × perezlarae Font cross
    • Narcissus × poculiformis Salisb.
    • Narcissus × ponsii-sorollae Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × pravianoi Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × pugsleyi Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × pujolii font cross
    • Narcissus × rafaelii Patino & Uribe-Ech.
    • Narcissus × rogendorfii Batt. & Trot.
    • Narcissus × romoi Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × rupidulus Fern.Casas & Susanna
    • Narcissus × somedanus Fern. Casado , Nava & Suárez Pérez
    • Narcissus × susannae Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × taitii Henriq.
    • Narcissus × tenuior Curtis
    • Narcissus × tortifolius Fern.Casas
    • Narcissus × tuckeri Barra & G. Lopez
    • Narcissus × urrutiae Fern.Casas & Uribe-Ech.
    • Narcissus × xaverii Nava & Fern.Casado

---

Historical systematics:

Classification of the genus according to Blanchard 1990

Walter Erhardt (1993) assumes 66 species in his very comprehensive description of the genus , 85 species were accepted in The International Daffodil Register and Classified List 2008 (the following list follows this list). Here an outline is shown in front of the results of molecular genetic investigations. It follows an old classification from 1990 by John W. Blanchard , in which many subspecies and varieties were still accepted:

Ostrich daffodil ( Narcissus tazetta )

Tapeinanthus section

Narcissus cavanillesii

Serotini Section

Narcissus serotinus

Narcissus serotinus var. Emarginatus

Narcissus serotinus var. Deficiens

Narcissus serotinus var. Serotinus

Section Aurelia

Narcissus broussonetii

Section Tazettae

Narcissus barlae

Narcissus bertolonii :

Narcissus bertolonii var. Algericus

Narcissus bertolonii var. Bertolonii

Narcissus bertolonii var. Discolor

Narcissus bertolonii var. Primulinus

Narcissus canariensis

Narcissus corcyrensis

Narcissus cypri

Narcissus dubius :

Narcissus dubius var. Dubius

Narcissus dubius var. Micranthus

Narcissus elegans :

Narcissus elegans var. Elegans

Narcissus elegans var. Fallax

Narcissus elegans var. Flavescens

Narcissus elegans var. Intermedius

Narcissus elegans var. Oxypetalus

Italian daffodil ( Narcissus italicus )

Narcissus pachybolbus

Narcissus panizzianus

Christmas daffodil ( Narcissus papyraceus )

Narcissus patulus

Narcissus polyanthos

Narcissus puccinellii

Ostrich daffodil ( Narcissus tazetta ):

Gold Yellow daffodil ( Narcissus tazetta subsp. Aureus )

Narcissus tazetta subsp. corcyrensis

Narcissus tazetta subsp. gussonei

Narcissus tazetta subsp. lacticolor

Narcissus tazetta subsp. ochroleucus

Narcissus tazetta subsp. tazetta

Narcissus tortifolius

Section Narcissus

White daffodil ( Narcissus poeticus )

White daffodil , also called poet's daffodil ( Narcissus poeticus ):

Narcissus poeticus var. Poeticus

Narcissus poeticus var. Hellenicus

Narcissus poeticus var. Majalis

Narcissus poeticus var. Physaloides

Peacock-eye daffodil ( Narcissus poeticus var. Recurvus )

Narcissus poeticus var. Verbanensis

Star daffodil ( Narcissus radiiflorus )

Narcissus radiiflorus var. Radiiflorus

Narcissus radiiflorus var. Exertus

Narcissus radiiflorus var. Petarum

Narcissus radiiflorus var. Stellaris

Jonquillae Section

Narcissus gaditanus

Narcissus assoanus :

Narcissus assoanus subsp. assoanus

var. assoanus

var. palearensis

var. pallens

var. parviflorus

Narcissus assoanus subsp. praelongus

Narcissus fernandesii :

Narcissus fernandesii var. Cordubensis

Narcissus fernandesii var. Fernandesii

Narcissus fernandesii var. Major

Narcissus gaditanus

Jonquille ( Narcissus jonquilla ):

Narcissus jonquilla var. Henriquesii

Narcissus jonquilla var. Jonquilla

Narcissus jonquilla var. Minor

Narcissus jonquilla var. Stellaris

Narcissus minutiflorus

Narcissus rivasmartinezii

Narcissus viridiflorus

Narcissus willkommii

Section Apodanthae

Narcissus albimarginatus

Narcissus atlanticus

Narcissus calcicola

Narcissus cuatrecasasii :

Narcissus cuatrecasasii var. Cuatrecasasii

Narcissus cuatrecasasii var. Segimonensis

Narcissus rupicola :

Narcissus rupicola subsp. rupicola

Narcissus rupicola subsp. marvieri

Narcissus rupicola subsp. watieri

Narcissus scaberulus

Section of Ganymedes

Angel's Tear Daffodil ( Narcissus triandrus ):

Narcissus triandrus subsp. triandrus

var. alejandrei

var. concolor

var. loiseleurii

var. pulchellus

var. triandrus

Narcissus triandrus subsp. lusitanicus

Narcissus triandrus subsp. pallidulus

var. paivae

var. pallidulus

Bulbocodium section

Crinoline Daffodil ( Narcissus bulbocodium var. Citrinus )

Narcissus bulbocodium :

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. bulbocodium

Crinoline daffodil ( Narcissus bulbocodium var. Bulbocodium )

var. citrinus

var. conspicuus

var. ectandrus

var. graellsii

var. nivalis

var. pallidus

var. serotinus

var. tenuifolius

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. obesus

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. praecox

var. paucinervis

var. praecox

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. quintanilhae

Narcissus bulbocodium subsp. validus

Narcissus cantabricus :

Narcissus cantabricus subsp. cantabricus

var. cantabricus

var. eu-albidus

var. foliosus

var. kesticus

var. petunioides

Narcissus cantabricus subsp. luteolentus

Narcissus cantabricus subsp. monophyllus

Narcissus cantabricus subsp. tananicus

Narcissus hedraeanthus

Narcissus hesperidis

Narcissus jacquemoudii

Narcissus jeanmonodii

Narcissus juressianus

Narcissus peroccidentalis

Narcissus romieuxii :

Narcissus romieuxii subsp. romieuxii

var. mesatlanticus

var. rifanus

var. romieuxii

Narcissus romieuxii subsp. albidus

var. albidus

var. zaianicus

Narcissus subnivalis

Narcissus tingitianus

Section of the pseudonarcissus

Narcissus abscissus :

Narcissus abscissus var. Abscissus

Narcissus abscissus var. Graciliflorus

Narcissus abscissus var. Serotinus

Narcissus abscissus var. Tubulosus

Narcissus albescens

Narcissus alcaracensis

Narcissus alpestris

Narcissus asturiensis

Narcissus asturiensis :

Narcissus asturiensis var. Asturiensis

Narcissus asturiensis var. Brevicoronatus

Narcissus asturiensis var. Tubulosus

Narcissus bicolor :

Narcissus bicolor var. Bicolor

Narcissus bicolor var. Concolor

Narcissus bicolor var. Lorifolius

Narcissus confusus

Cyclamen Daffodil ( Narcissus cyclamineus )

Narcissus enemeritoi

Narcissus eugeniae

Narcissus fontqueri

Narcissus gayi :

Narcissus gayi var. Gayi

Narcissus gayi var. Praelongus

Drawing of Spanish Daffodil ( Narcissus hispanicus )

Spanish daffodil ( Narcissus hispanicus ):

Narcissus hispanicus subsp. hispanicus

var. hispanicus

var. concolor

var. propinquus

var. spurius

Narcissus hispanicus subsp. bujei

Narcissus jacetanus :

Narcissus jacetanus subsp. jacetanus

Narcissus jacetanus subsp. vasconicus

Narcissus lagoi

Narcissus lobularis

Narcissus longispathus

Narcissus macrolobus

Narcissus minor :

Narcissus minor var. Conspicuus

Narcissus minor var. Minimus

Narcissus minor var. Minor

Narcissus minor var. Pumilus

Narcissus moleroi

Musk daffodil ( Narcissus moschatus )

Narcissus nanus

Narcissus nevadensis

Narcissus nobilis :

Narcissus nobilis var. Leonensis

Narcissus nobilis var. Nobilis

Narcissus obvallaris

Narcissus pallidiflorus :

Narcissus pallidiflorus var. Intermedius

Narcissus pallidiflorus var. Pallidiflorus

Narcissus parviflorus

Narcissus perez-chiscanoi

Narcissus portensis :

Narcissus portensis var. Albido-tepaloideus

Narcissus portensis var. Portensis

Narcissus primigenius

Provincial daffodil ( Narcissus provincialis )

Yellow daffodil ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus )

Yellow daffodil , also called daffodil , ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus ):

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pseudonarcissus

var. festinus

var. humilis

var. insignis

var. minoriformis

var. montinus

var. pisanus

var. platylobus

var. porrigens

var. pseudonarcissus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. calcicarpetanus

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. eugeniae

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. munozii-garmendiae

Narcissus pseudonarcissus subsp. pugsleyanus

Narcissus radinganorum

Narcissus segurensis

Narcissus tortuosus

Narcissus varduliensis

Narcissus yepesii

literature

• Bernardus Joannes Maria Zonneveld: The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 275, 1-2, September 24, 2008, pp. 109-132. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-008-0015-1
• Dumont's gardening manual: bulbs and tubers. Dumont Buchverlag, Cologne 1998, ISBN 3-7701-4336-1 .
• Walter Erhardt : Daffodils - daffodils, jonquilles, tazettes. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1993, ISBN 3-8001-6489-2 .
• The International Daffodil Register and Classified List (2008). The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 2008, ISBN 978-1-902896-95-3 . The International Daffodil Register and Classified List - The Royal Horticultural Society, London.
• Gordon R. Hanks: Narcissus and Daffodil: The Genus Narcissus . CRC Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-415-27344-2 , pp. 30–31 ( systematics on pp. 30–31 in the Google book search).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Narcissus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 16, 2014.
2. ^ ^{A b} Bernardus Joannes Maria Zonneveld: The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 275, 1-2, September 24, 2008, pp. 109-132. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-008-0015-1
3. ↑ Narcissus . In: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Ed.): World Checklist by Selected Plant Families . August. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} B. JM Zonneveld: The systematic value of nuclear DNA content for all species of Narcissus L. (Amaryllidaceae) . In: Plant Systematics and Evolution . 275, No. 1-2, September 24, 2008, pp. 109-132. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-008-0015-1 .
5. ↑ B Mathew: Classification of the genus Narcissus , pp. 30-52 (accessed October 2, 2014).
6. ^ RHS Botanical Classification

further reading

• Rocío Pérez, Pablo Vargas and Juan Arroyo: Convergent evolution of flower polymorphism in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). New Phytologist , Volume 161, Special Issue: Plant Speciation , 2004, pp. 235-252. JSTOR 1514186
• SW Graham, SC Barrett: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the evolution of stylar polymorphisms in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, Issue 7, 2004, pp. 1007-1021. doi : 10.3732 / ajb.91.7.1007 full text PDF.

Web links

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