Stealth master

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László Szőgyény-Marich , Royal (Hungarian) he chief treasurer or tárnokmester 1884–1888

The Tarnackmeister ( mlat. Magister tavernicorum (regalium), m. Tavarnicorum r. Or camerarius, at times also thesaurarius, Hungarian tárnokmester, in German also "(royal) treasurer", sometimes incorrectly also "tarnachmeister") is the third highest or fourth highest personal office in the Kingdom of Hungary after the Palatine (palatinus), the regional judge (iudex curiae) and the Ban of Croatia-Slavonia , with the rank of baron . He was in charge of the royal property, especially the royal mines and the crown estates. Together with the Palatine and the regional judge as well as the so-called personalis (personalis presentiae regiae locumtenis, Hungarian személynök), the stealth master was one of the four grand judges of the kingdom. The Tarnackmeister was the chief judge of the royal free cities and presided over the tavernical court . The title was retained until the end of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , but the scope of functions changed significantly over time. Jurisdiction ended with the dissolution of the Tavernikal Court in 1848; the title of camouflage master was retained within the hierarchy of the nobility and was associated with a seat in the Hungarian upper house, the magnate table .

term

The derivation of the term is not completely clear; Due to the treasurer function, a Latinization from Hungarian “tár” or “távár” (supply, provisions) or Slavic “tovor” (chest) is close.

Economic and fiscal function

The beginnings of the office of camouflage master are lost in the dark of history, it goes back at least to the early days of the Hungarian kingdom, the title has been occupied since 1214. In the time of the Árpáden the tarnack master was in charge of the "tavernici" who collected the taxes in kind for the king. As a member of the royal chamber (curia regis), to which he had belonged since the 13th century, he was responsible for the royal chamber property. As a rule, aristocrats from the group of the most influential large landowners were appointed to be stealth masters. The importance of the chamberlain-like function decreased with the emergence of an independent treasurer's office (office of thesaurarius) in the 14th century, which was partly merged with the office of stealth master at a later time and under different conditions. Even after the treasurer's office was separated, the tarnack master was still responsible for monitoring the implementation of decisions in the coinage system, although the fiscal and monetary responsibilities had changed significantly since the middle of the 14th century.

Development of the legal function

Since the 13th century there have been various possibilities of appeal in Hungary. From that time on, the stealth master was approached in certain cases. There is a city ​​privilege from 1230, in which the master of stealth is listed as a possible appeal instance. The sedes tavernicalis , the tavernical court, was finally recognized under King Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1405 as the highest appeal body of the royal free cities. The jurisdiction for the affairs of the Jews resulted from the responsibility for the royal chamber property . The members of the tavernical court were initially Hungarian nobles , although in the 15th century citizens were repeatedly and increasingly appointed as assessors. Since the 15th century the master of camouflage appointed a citizen of Buda as vice master of camouflage several times . The court met in Buda and is one of the institutions that anticipated the centrality of what would later become the Hungarian capital, Budapest . Law and jurisdiction within the jurisdiction of the court formed a separate area of ​​law, the “ius tavernicale”, the first collection of which dates back to the years 1412-18 ( Vetusta iura civitatum sive iura civilia ). The area of ​​responsibility of the court with the right to elect the assessors included seven cities since 1453 at the latest and eight cities since the end of the 15th century, all with Buda city ​​rights , whereby other cities could also appeal to the court. István Werbőczy lists 1514 in his influential right work "Tripartitum" (Tripartitum opus iuris consuetudinarii inclyti regni Hungariae) under the free royal cities, the eight so-called "treasurer cities" ( "Tavernikalstädte" ung. Tárnoki Városok, slow. Tavernikálne mestá) with the Tarnackmeister as the parent Appeals body to: Pressburg / Prešporok / Pozsony / ( Bratislava ), Kaschau / Kassa / Košice , Tyrnau / Nagyszombat / Trnava , Bartfeld / Bártfa / Bardejov , Eperies / Eperjes / Prešov , Ofen / Buda, Pest , Ödenburg / Sopron . In the following centuries (until 1848) the number of tavernical towns increased to at least 20.

literature

  • Zoltán Fallenbüchl: Magyarország főméltóságai , Maecenas Könyvkiadó 1988, ISBN 963-02-5536-7 (= The highest dignitaries of Hungary).
  • András Kubinyi: Tarnackmeister (Lexikonartikel) - In: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol. 8, Sp. 478.
  • András Kubinyi: Tavernikalstadt (Lexikonartikel) - In: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol. 8 Sp. 514.
  • András Kubinyi: On the question of the representation of the cities in the Hungarian Reichstag until 1526 - In: Ders .: King and people in late medieval Hungary. Tibor Schäfer Verlag, Herne 1998, ISBN 3-933337-02-X , pp. 65-102.
  • Article: The Crown and Court Offices of the Kingdom of Hungary. (With special consideration of the Palatinate) - In: Austria: Austrian Universal Calendar, 1848, pp. 192–208.
  • Štefánia Mertanová: Ius tavernicale: Štúdie o procese formovania práva taverníckych miest v etapách vývoja taverníckeho súdu v Uhorsku 15th - 17th stor , Veda - vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémikalte: Study on the legal process of the tavernical education, Bratislava 1985 (= the stages of development of the tavernical dish from the 15th to 17th centuries)
  • Martyn Rady: Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave (together with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London) 2000, ISBN 0-333-80085-0 .
  • Vladimír Segeš: Taverník (lexicon article) - In: Škvarna, Dušan / Bartl, Július / Čičaj, Viliam / Kohútová, Mária / Letz, Róbert / Segeš, Vladimír: Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon; Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Wauconda (Illinois) 2002, ISBN 0-86516-444-4 .
  • Miklós Veres: A tárnoki hatóság és a tárnoki szék 1526–1849 , Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1968 (= The Tavernical Authority and the Tavernical Court 1526-1849) (Weblink: https://library.hungaricana.hu/ki/view/MolDigi/? pg = 0 & layout = s ).

Edition of the tavernical law

  • Martinus Georgius (Martin Georg or Marton György) Kovachich: Codex authenticus iuris tavernicalis statutarii communis, complectens monumenta vetera a recentiora partim antea vulgata partim hactenus inedita , Buda 1803.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8, Sp 478th..
  2. ↑ The ranking is given inconsistently in the literature. The Austrian universal calendar should at least correctly reflect the contemporary ranking (1848). On p. 192 of this calendar is listed as the third highest dignitary of the Ban (us) of Croatia . Possibly. The result is the diverging count, depending on whether you include Croatia or not. See the section Der Oberschatzmeister (Magister Tavernicorum regalium, Thesaurarius) in: The Crown and Court Offices of the Kingdom of Hungary - In: Austria: Austrian Universal Calendar, 1848, pp. 192–208, here: p. 206.
  3. ↑ Tár is now translated as warehouse, collection, magazine, the term Távár is at least rare today, etymology here according to: Der Oberschatzmeister (Magister Tavernicorum regalium, Thesaurarius) in: The Crown and Court Offices of the Kingdom of Hungary - In: Austria: Austrian Universal -Kalender, 1848, p. 192–208, here: p. 206 - there may be a direct relationship with meaning and word-like Tovor (cf. e.g. Slovenian tovor = freight, cargo). This could also be indicated by the word component -nik / -nic in “tavernic”, if it is not taken directly from the Latin -icus, but is identical to the Slavic suffix , which is added to nominal stems to indicate an operator or a member of a place or to designate a person, cf. German "-er" with a similar function: Glocke-> Glöck (n) er, Wien-> Wiener
  4. ↑ András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8, Sp 478th..
  5. ↑ András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8, Sp 478th..
  6. ^ Ferdinand Opll : Pressburg and Vienna in the Middle Ages. Differences, parallels and encounters. In: Yearbook for regional studies of Lower Austria. Volume 59, 1993, p. 187, PDF on ZOBODAT .
  7. ↑ András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8, Sp 478th..
  8. ↑ Cf. Márton (Kálnoki-) Gyöngyössy: The great monetary and coin reform by Matthias Corvinus , p. 1 (Gyöngyössy, Márton: The great monetary and coin reform by Matthias Corvinus - In: Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Numismatik Gesellschaft; 52. 2012 - 53. 2013; No. 1) http://renaissance.elte.hu/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Marton-Gyongyossy-Die-grosse-Geld-und-Munzreform-von-Matthias-Corvinus.pdf
  9. ↑ András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8, Sp 478th..
  10. ^ András Kubinyi: On the question of the representation of cities in the Hungarian Diet until 1526 , page 69
  11. ↑ The tax on Jews, on the other hand, was the responsibility of the treasurer after this function had been separated from the master of stealth. According to András Kubinyi: - Tarnackmeister (lexicon article) - In: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol. 8, Sp. 478 - Cf. also Judenregal
  12. ↑ András Kubinyi: Tavernikalstadt (encyclopedia articles) - In: Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol 8 Sp 514th..
  13. ↑ a b Evamaria Engel / Karen Lambrecht / Hanna Nogossek (ed.): Metropolis in Transition: Centrality in East Central Europe at the turn of the Middle Ages to the modern age . Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1995, ISBN 978-3-05-002816-3 .
  14. ↑ András Kubinyi: On the question of the representation of the cities in the Hungarian Reichstag until 1526 , page 73 - The city of Gran had sent an assessor to the court seat in 1439, but fell out of the ranks of those entitled since the 1450s
  15. ↑ Pest was added as the eighth city in the 1480s , cf. András Kubinyi: On the question of the representation of cities in the Hungarian Diet until 1526 , pages 75–76.
  16. ^ The Buda law became fundamental for the tavernical law; see. this z. BS 224 and p. 227–228 in: Ibolya Katalin Koncz: The Roots of Women's Rights in Medieval Legal Books - In: Elemér Balogh (Ed.): Schwabenspiegel Research in the Danube Region: Conference Contributions in Szeged on Medieval Legal Transfer German Spiegel, Berlin / Boston 2015, SS 219–236 ISBN 9783110389760 and András Kubinyi: Tavernikalstadt (Lexikonartikel) - In: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich / Zurich 1997, Vol. 8, Sp. 514.
  17. ↑ These cities are: Bártfa, Debrecen , Prešov, Eisenstadt , Krupina , Kőszeg , Kaschau, Komorn , Ofen, Pest, Pressburg, Győr , Modra , Ödenburg, Satu Mare , Szeged , Skalica , Tyrnau, Sombor , Novi Sad - cf. The Oberschatzmeister (Magister Tavernicorum regalium, Thesaurarius) in: The Crown and Court Offices of the Kingdom of Hungary - In: Austria: Österreichischer Universal-Kalender, 1848, S. 192-208, here: S. 206.