Tepedelenli Ali Pasha

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Ali Pasha (1819)

Tepedelenli Ali Pascha or Ali Pascha of Janina (also called "Lion of Ioannina"; Albanian  Ali Pashë Tepelenjoti , Aromanian Ali Pãshelu , Greek Αλή Πασάς Alí Pasás ; * around 1741 in the village of Beçisht near Tepedelen ; †  February 5, 1822 with Yanya ) was an Ottoman Pasha of Albanian descent who ruled large parts of what was then Ottoman Albania and Greece .

Life

Monument to Ali Pasha in his native city of Tepelena
Sultan Mahmut II is handed over to Ali Pasha's head . Lithograph by Johann Nepomuk Geiger 1860

Ali Pascha was born as the son of Veli Pascha von Delvina and his wife Chamko (Hanko) in the area around Tepelena in what is now southern Albania. His exact date of birth and the circumstances of his early years are not certain. According to local tradition, his family descended from a dervish named Nazif from " Asia Minor ". According to the historian Ahmet Uzun, this legend has no basis.

After his father's death in 1763, he became the head of a gang of thieves that operated from Epirus to Thessaly . This is how he spent the next 20 years of his life. Around 1766 he married Emine Aslan-Pashali, the daughter of Ali Kaplan Pascha. In 1787/88 he took Tahir Pascha's daughter, Zeliha Aslan-Pashali, as his wife. At around 40, he enjoyed the sultan's benevolence after betraying his gang of thieves and betraying their situation to the sultan's soldiers. Through this information he received the Paschalik of Trikala in Thessaly in 1787 . And that of Janina followed in 1788 .

In 1797 he undertook an attack on Himara , which was held by the Christian Orthodox Suliots . More than 6000 people died, and Ali Pasha triumphed over the Suliots. For this courageous act he was nicknamed Aslan (lion) by the Sublime Porte . The Suliots did not surrender, however, and Ali Pasha continued the war against them until 1803 when the Suliots gave up and thus opened the way to Corfu .

From 1807 Ali Pasha ruled from Ioannina virtually independently of the Sublime Porte , although he sent a certain tribute to Constantinople every year . Ali Pasha had a large number of armed fighters and around 1810 ruled southern Albania , Epirus , Thessaly and southwestern Macedonia . His army comprised around 100,000 men around 1815. He made a pact with the insurgents of the Greek independence movement . For his infidelity he was ostracized by Sultan Mahmud II in 1820 . In October an Ottoman army appeared outside Ioannina. Ali Pasha tried in vain to break through the siege in January 1821 and remained locked in his fortress for over a year. On February 5, 1822, he was murdered at a meeting with envoy from Minister of War Hurschid Pasha on the island in Lake Pamvotida . His three sons were executed and his Greek wife, Vassiliki, was imprisoned. She died in Messolongi in 1835 . After his death, the head was separated from Ali Pasha's body, preserved with salt and sent to Istanbul . There the head was displayed on the battlements of the Topkapı Palace for a while before being buried near the Silivritor outside the city.

The three sons of Ali Pasha were called:

  • Ahmet Muhtar Pascha, Pasha with two horse tails (around 1768 - around 1822)
  • Veli Pascha , Pascha with three horse tails (around 1773 - around 1822)
  • Salih Pascha, Pascha with two horse tails (around 1800 - around 1822)

dig

His body was buried in the tomb at the Fethiye Camii Mosque in Ioannina. In 2005, Yalova University Theological Faculty began to register all 3500 historical tombstones in Zeytinburnu Ayvalık Cemetery in Istanbul. In 2006 a tombstone of Ali Pasha was found. On February 11, 2013, the Albanian government entered into negotiations with Turkey regarding the return of Ali Pasha's head.

Ali Pasha in Art

  • The English poet Lord Byron stayed for some time in 1809 as a guest at Ali Pasha's court.
  • Albert Lortzing immortalized him as an operatic character in his one-act act Ali Pascha by Janina .
  • In the book The Count of Monte Christo Ali Pasha and the siege of Ioannina by the Turks are mentioned. His fictional daughter Haydee plays an important role.
  • In Aristotelis Valaoritis ' epic poem Frau Frosyni (Greek Ἡ Κυρὰ Φροσύνη , 1859) a demonic Ali Pasha appears as the protagonist's opponent.
  • Sabri Godo : Ali Pashë Tepelena . Artemida, Tirana 1970 (historical novel)
  • In the novel The Schandkasten of Ismail Kadare Ali Pasha is one of the rebellion leaders of the Albanians against the Ottoman yoke.
  • Mór Jókai : The last days of the Janissaries. Roman ("A Janicsárok Végnapjai"). Corvina Verlag, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-13-5229-3 .

literature

  • Frederick F. Anscombe: Albanians and "mountain bandits" (PDF; 3.8 MB). In: Frederick F. Anscombe (ed.): The Ottoman Balkans, 1750-1830. Wiener, Princeton NJ 2006, ISBN 1-55876-382-1 , pp. 87-113.
  • Samson Cerfberr de Medelsheim (Ibrahim-Manzour-Effendi): Mémoires sur la Grèce et l'Albanie pendant le gouvernement d'Ali-Pacha , Paris 1826, 2nd edition, Paris 1827. Online
    • E. Schulz (Ed.): Ali Pascha, tyrant of Albania. Memories of his reign of Ibrahim-Manzour-Efendi. (= Memoirs-Bibliothek , V series, sixth volume) Verlag Robert Lutz, Stuttgart 1914 (probably edited German edition)
  • Wolf Dietrich; Thede Kahl (2015): The soft side of Ali Pascha: The lion of Epirus and his love for music. In : Thede Kahl, Elton Prifti, Johannes Kramer (eds.): Romanica et Balcanica. Wolfgang Dahmen on his 65th birthday. (= Jena Contributions to Romance Studies , Volume 7) AVM editions, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-95477-036-6 , pp. 779–795.
  • Claude Fauriel : The Sulioten and their wars with Ali Pascha von Jannina together with the modern Greek folk songs that refer to these wars. Peucher Verlag, Breslau 1834 (popular contemporary illustration).
  • Katherine E. Fleming: The Muslim Bonaparte. Diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1999, ISBN 0-691-00194-4 .
  • Llambro Ruci: Ali Pashë Tepelena. Tiran apo reformer? Rrëfime, documents dhe këngë historike. Shtëpia e Librit Ombra GVG, Tirana 2002, ISBN 99927-779-0-7 .
  • Dennis N. Skiotis: From Bandit to Pasha: First Steps in the Rise to Power of Ali of Tepelen, 1750–1784. In: International Journal of Middle East Studies. Vol. 2, 1971, ISSN  0020-7438 , pp. 219-244.
  • Ilir Ushtelenca: Diplomacia e Ali Pashe Tepelenes (1786-1822). sn, Tirana 1996.
  • William Plomer: Ali the Lion. Ali of Tebeleni, Pasa of Janina 1741-1822 , London 1936

Web links

Commons : Ali Pasha  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Cajetan Count Alcaini: Biography of the vizier Ali-Pascha of Janina . Vienna and Pest 1823, p. 3 f . ( here in the Google book search [accessed on March 3, 2014]).
  2. HT Norris: Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1993, ISBN 978-1-85065-167-3 , pp. 231– ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. Ahmet Uzun. Ο Αλή Πασάς ο Τεπελενλής και η περιουσία του. . [Ali Pasha from Tepeleni and his fortune] (Greek), p. 3: "Εξαιτίας της μοναδικότητας του ονόματος μιας οικογένειας που μετανάστευσε από την Ανατολία στη Ρούμελη και εγκαταστάθηκε στο Τεπελένι , υπάρχουν ισχυρισμοί που τον θέλουν Τούρκο Εντούτοις οι ισχυρισμοί αυτοί είναι αβάσιμοι αφού στην πραγματικότητα είναι αποδεδειγμένο ότι καταγόταν από τη νότια Αλβανία .."
  4. Ekrem Vlora : Memoirs: 1912 to 1925 . tape 2 . Munich 1973, p. 269 .
  5. Miranda Vickers: Shqiptarët - Një histori modern . Bota Shqiptare, 2008, ISBN 978-99956-11-68-2 , Pashallëqet e Mëdha të Shkodrës dhe Janinës, p. 40 (English: The Albanians - A Modern History . Translated by Xhevdet Shehu).
  6. Miranda Vickers: Shqiptarët - Një histori modern . Bota Shqiptare, 2008, ISBN 978-99956-11-68-2 , Pashallëqet e Mëdha të Shkodrës dhe Janinës, p. 41 (English: The Albanians - A Modern History . Translated by Xhevdet Shehu).
  7. Samson Cerfberr de Medelsheim (Ibrahim-Manzour-Effendi): Mémoires sur la Grèce et l'Albanie pendant le gouvernement d'Ali-Pacha , Paris 1826, 2nd edition, Paris 1827, p. 232
  8. ^ Albania Wants Paşa's Head Back
  9. Tepedelenli Ali Paşa (Turkish)
  10. ^ Works. In: The Albert Lortzing website. July 18, 2009, accessed October 7, 2012 .