Titanium (IV) chloride

Structural formula
General
Surname	Titanium (IV) chloride
other names	Titanium tetrachloride
Molecular formula	TiCl 4
Brief description	colorless, pungent smelling liquid that smokes heavily in moist air
External identifiers / databases
EC number	231-441-9
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.584
PubChem	24193
Wikidata	Q413471
properties
Molar mass	189.71 g mol −1
Physical state	liquid
density	1.728 g cm −3
Melting point	−24.1 ° C
boiling point	136.4 ° C
Vapor pressure	12 h Pa (20 ° C); 21 hPa (30 ° C); 55 hPa (50 ° C); 100 hPa (65 ° C);
solubility	Decomposes in water; soluble in hydrochloric acid and ethanol ;
Refractive index	1.6076 (18 ° C)
safety instructions
H and P phrases	H: 314-330-335
	EUH: 014
	P: 280-301 + 330 + 331-304 + 340-305 + 351 + 338-308 + 310
	As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . Refractive index: Na-D line , 20 ° C

Titanium (IV) chloride ( titanium tetrachloride ) is a chemical compound made from chlorine and titanium . The titanium is in TiCl ₄ in its highest and most stable oxidation state .

Other titanium chlorine compounds are known, including, for example, titanium (III) chloride , which is a strong reducing agent.

Manufacturing

Titanium tetrachloride is produced by carbochlorination of titanium dioxide in the presence of carbon and chlorine at 700–1000 ° C:

{\ displaystyle {\ ce {TiO2 + 2C + 2Cl2 -> TiCl4 + 2CO}}}

It is an intermediate product of the Kroll process for the production of titanium .

properties

Titanium tetrachloride is a colorless liquid that boils at 134.4 ° C under normal pressure . According to Antoine, the vapor pressure function results from log ₁₀ (P) = A− (B / (T + C)) (P in Torr, T in ° C) with A = 6.79094, B = 1348.56 and C = 208 , 52 in the temperature range from 40 to 142 ° C. Titanium tetrachloride hydrolyzes with water in a violent exothermic reaction to form titanium dioxide and hydrogen chloride . However, no pure titanium dioxide is produced, but an addition compound containing water and hydrogen chloride.

{\ displaystyle {\ ce {TiCl4 + 3H2O -> [TiO2 * H2O * 3HCl] + HCl}}}

The heat of hydrolysis is −295 kJ mol ⁻¹ . The hydrolysis already takes place on contact with humidity.

use

Titanium tetrachloride is an important Lewis acid and is used in organic chemistry in Knoevenagel reactions and the Mukaiyama-Michael reaction . It is also the basic material for catalysts , such as Ziegler-Natta catalysts , and the starting material for organo-titanium compounds. Titanium tetrachloride is used in smoke generators for military purposes ( smoke warfare agent ). Titanium tetrachloride occurs as an intermediate product in the purification of titanium dioxide (" chloride process ") and in the manufacture of titanium (" Kroll process "). It is also used in wet analytical chemistry for the detection of peroxides. In the presence of peroxide, the solution turns yellowish to orange.

Effect in the body

Especially when used in the military as a smoke warfare agent there is a risk of inhaling the hydrogen chloride HCl that is formed. This can lead to irritation or even chemical burns of the mucous membranes or lung tissue. The first symptoms when inhaling are cough and chest pain. If the symptoms last longer than 20 minutes, life-threatening pulmonary edema is to be expected, which can occur even without persistent symptoms.

Web links

Commons : Titanium (IV) Chloride - Collection of Pictures, Videos, and Audio Files

ChemSub Online: Titanium (IV) chloride

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Entry on titanium chloride. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on September 29, 2014.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Entry on titanium (IV) chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on December 9, 2019(JavaScript required) .
↑ David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, pp. 4-140.
↑ Entry on Titanium tetrachloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
↑ On the determination of titanium dichloride and trichloride in alkali or alkaline earth chloride melts , in Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry , 171/1959, pp. 151–152
↑ ^a ^b Pike, FP; Foster, CT: Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Titanium Tetrachloride in J. Chem. Eng. Data 4 (1959) 305-306.
↑ ^a ^b Kapias, T .; Griffiths, RF: Accidental releases of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl ₄ ) in the context of major hazards — spill behavior using REACTPOOL in J. Hazard. Mater. 119 (2005) 41-52, doi : 10.1016 / j.jhazmat.2004.12.001 .
↑ ^a ^b Vechot, L .; Buston, JEH; Kay, J .; Round, GA; Masharani, S .; Tickle, GA; Rowlands, R .: Experimental study of the liquid phase hydrolysis reaction of titanium tetrachloride . In: I. Chem. E. Symp. Series 156 (2011) 238-245.

[roempp-1] Entry on titanium chloride. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on September 29, 2014.

[GESTIS-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Entry on titanium (IV) chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on December 9, 2019(JavaScript required) .

[CRC90_4_140-3] David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids, pp. 4-140.

[CLP_100.028.584-4] Entry on Titanium tetrachloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .

[5] On the determination of titanium dichloride and trichloride in alkali or alkaline earth chloride melts , in Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry , 171/1959, pp. 151–152

[Pike-6] Pike, FP; Foster, CT: Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point of Titanium Tetrachloride in J. Chem. Eng. Data 4 (1959) 305-306.

[Kapias-7] Kapias, T .; Griffiths, RF: Accidental releases of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl ₄ ) in the context of major hazards — spill behavior using REACTPOOL in J. Hazard. Mater. 119 (2005) 41-52, doi : 10.1016 / j.jhazmat.2004.12.001 .

[Vechot-8] Vechot, L .; Buston, JEH; Kay, J .; Round, GA; Masharani, S .; Tickle, GA; Rowlands, R .: Experimental study of the liquid phase hydrolysis reaction of titanium tetrachloride . In: I. Chem. E. Symp. Series 156 (2011) 238-245.