Hydrogen chloride
Structural formula | ||||||||||||||||
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General | ||||||||||||||||
Surname | Hydrogen chloride | |||||||||||||||
other names |
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Molecular formula | HCl | |||||||||||||||
Brief description |
colorless, pungent smelling gas |
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properties | ||||||||||||||||
Molar mass | 36.46 g mol −1 | |||||||||||||||
Physical state |
gaseous |
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density |
1.64 kg m −3 (gas density, 0 ° C) |
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Melting point |
−114.8 ° C |
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boiling point |
−85.0 ° C |
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Vapor pressure |
4.26 M Pa (20 ° C) |
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pK s value |
−6.2 |
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solubility |
easily in water (720 g l −1 at 20 ° C) |
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Dipole moment | ||||||||||||||||
safety instructions | ||||||||||||||||
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MAK |
DFG / Switzerland: 2 ml m −3 or 3 mg m −3 |
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Thermodynamic properties | ||||||||||||||||
ΔH f 0 |
−92.3 kJ / mol |
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As far as possible and customary, SI units are used. Unless otherwise noted, the data given apply to standard conditions . |
Hydrogen chloride ( molecular formula HCl, systematically also referred to as hydrogen chloride or hydrogen chloride ) is a colorless, pungent smelling gas that dissolves very easily in water . Aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride are called hydrochloric acid or hydrochloric acid. If you inhale the gas, hydrochloric acid is produced in the lungs, which leads to severe burns, since hydrochloric acid is a very strong acid .
He was portrayed by Humphry Davy in 1808.
Extraction and presentation
Hydrogen chloride is produced in the laboratory from concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium chloride :
- Sodium chloride and sulfuric acid react to form sodium sulfate and hydrogen chloride
Instead of using sulfuric acid, sodium hydrogen sulfate can also be used. For this purpose, a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium hydrogen sulfate is heated dry. In order to keep the reaction going, the resulting hydrogen chloride gas has to be removed.
In the chemical industry, hydrogen chloride occurs mainly as a by-product in the chlorination of organic compounds or is obtained with the chlorine- explosive gas reaction (ignition of a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine, for example by exposure).
- Hydrogen and chlorine react to form hydrogen chloride
In the photochlorination or sulfochlorination of hydrocarbons, hydrogen chloride is produced as a by-product:
properties
The systematic designation hydrogen chloride uses the syllable chloride to express that the chlorine atom in the molecular compound carries a negative partial charge , similar to chloride ions , which have a negative ionic charge .
Hydrogen chloride has a slightly higher density than air . In one liter of water , 520 l dissolve at 0 ° C when heated, which corresponds to 850 g of HCl gas. At 20 ° C, 442 liters of hydrogen chloride dissolve in one liter of water. In humid air, HCl gas forms a mist of fine hydrochloric acid droplets.
Its specific heat capacity c p is 799 J / (kg K).
Biological importance
Hydrogen chloride, in the form of hydrochloric acid, is a component of the gastric juice of omnivorous animals and also causes food to be denatured in the human stomach .
use
In addition to its diverse uses as an acid, pure hydrogen chloride is also used as a chlorinating agent in the oxychlorination of ethene to vinyl chloride .
safety instructions
Hydrogen chloride is corrosive and toxic in high concentrations. However, poisoning is very rare. Inhalation can cause irritation and chemical burns to the mucous membranes and the respiratory tract, which can lead to acute bronchitis or pneumonia . If it comes into contact with skin and clothing, the acid can be washed out thoroughly and completely with water.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ entry to HYDROCHLORIC ACID in CosIng database of the European Commission, accessed on 21 March 2020th
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Entry on hydrogen chloride in the GESTIS substance database of the IFA , accessed on February 1, 2016(JavaScript required) .
- ↑ Robert Anthony Robinson, Roger G. Bates: Dissociation constant of hydrochloric acid from partial vapor pressures over hydrogen chloride-lithium chloride solutions . In: Analytical Chemistry , 43 (7), 1971, pp. 969-970.
- ↑ David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Dipole Moments, pp. 9-51.
- ↑ Entry on Hydrogen chloride in the Classification and Labeling Inventory of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), accessed on February 1, 2016. Manufacturers or distributors can expand the harmonized classification and labeling .
- ↑ Swiss Accident Insurance Fund (Suva): Limit values - current MAK and BAT values (search for 7647-01-0 or hydrogen chloride ), accessed on November 2, 2015.
- ↑ David R. Lide (Ed.): CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . 90th edition. (Internet version: 2010), CRC Press / Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances, pp. 5-8.