Goal-line technology

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The term goal-line technology or goal-line technology (sometimes also goal technology ) describes technical aids that check whether the ball has completely crossed the goal line in soccer or not. In the past, controversial decisions of this kind regularly led to discussions regarding the introduction of such a technology.

history

On July 5, 2012, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) decided after extensive testing of various systems to introduce goal-line technology. Of the original eight companies that presented their systems to FIFA , four systems remained after the first two test phases, which were first used for testing at the FIFA Club World Cup in 2012 and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013 .

The technology is or was used in the English Premier League and for the first time at the 2014 World Cup in Brazil . For the first and second German league, the costs in 2014 would have been between 10 million euros ( chip in the ball ) up to 22 million euros (Hawk-Eye, GoalControl). Cologne's manager Jörg Schmadtke commented on the DFL clubs' clear failure in the spring of 2014: “The costs are so exorbitant that it is not affordable”. In December 2014 there was another vote in the first Bundesliga. The introduction of goal-line technology was decided by a two-thirds majority.

Systems

All systems can be roughly divided into two categories: The position of the ball is determined either optically or by radio.

Ball location via radio

GoalRef

The GoalRef system, which was developed at Fraunhofer IIS , “works in a similar way to theft protection in department stores,” says the director of the GoalRef project, René Dünkler. A weak magnetic field is generated and monitored in the goal using antennas behind the crossbar. This magnetic field is influenced by the thin and therefore light coils in the ball as soon as the ball approaches the goal line. By means of a processor , the position of the ball is now determined exactly based on the antenna signals. When the ball crosses the goal line with the full diameter, the system sends an encrypted radio signal to the referees' special wristwatches, which communicate this information to the referees by means of vibration and a visual display on the watch display . Since this system works with radio, obscuration and poor visibility due to bad weather, for example, are irrelevant.

A disadvantage of this system is that a special ball has to be used because the coils have to be built into it. A ball from the Danish manufacturer Select Sport was used in the tests, which is also called iBall due to its intelligent communication with the goal . Balls from other manufacturers can also be modified without restricting their properties.

Cairos

Like GoalRef, the German company Cairos uses magnetic field technology, but under the playing field and in the goal area and with a sensor in the ball that sends a signal to the referee when the ball has crossed the goal line. The system was tested in Karlsruhe and licensed by FIFA in February 2013.

Camera based

Hawk Eye

Hawk-Eye is a camera-based system that has been used in tennis and cricket for several years . In the system developed for soccer, six to eight high-speed cameras monitor the goal area from different angles and can use this to calculate the exact position of the ball; The referee receives feedback from the system within one second.

The possibility of creating a 3D representation of the flight curve of the ball from the recorded data and thus also being able to make the decision comprehensible and clear to the spectators could be an advantage of Hawk-Eye over GoalRef. But in contrast to tennis, where such a representation is common, these images will probably be withheld from viewers in football.

A disadvantage compared to GoalRef, besides the high costs and the complex installation of a hawk-eye system, is that the system only works if the ball is visible to the cameras to a certain extent. However, the information on the visibility of the ball is still contradicting itself, so it is said once that more than 25% must be visible, another time it is said that at least 75% is necessary.

Hawk-Eye was tested at the FIFA Club World Cup in 2012 and has been used in the Premier League since the 2013/14 season .

Hawk-Eye was used for the first time in Germany on May 30, 2015 at the final of the DFB Cup 2014/15 at the Olympic Stadium in Berlin .

The system has also been used in the German Bundesliga since the 2015/16 season .

GoalControl

GoalControl was licensed by FIFA as a goal-line technology in March 2013. GoalControl-4D uses 14 cameras, seven per goal, and according to the manufacturer works with every ball and every goal. A combination of GoalControl (for location) and GoalRef (for display) was selected by FIFA for testing at the 2013 Confederations Cup.

GoalControl-4D was used at the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco. The GoalControl Replay system was also used (for the display). It was used to create animations of controversial goal scenes and to show them to stadium visitors on large display boards and to TV viewers on the screen. These animations made it clear whether a ball had actually completely crossed the goal line, a necessary condition for a correct goal.

At the 2014 World Cup in Brazil , GoalControl was also used as an aid for the match officials in all twelve stadiums, for the first time at a FIFA World Cup.

GoalControl has been used in all 20 stadiums of the French first division, Ligue 1, since the 2015/2016 season. GoalControl continues to equip the final tournament of the Portuguese League Cup and is now also used in the French League Cup.

Public Opinions

The introduction of technical aids in football is controversial. Goal-line technology is welcomed by many, including coaches, sporting directors and referees such as Jupp Heynckes , Bruno Labbadia , Frank Arnesen and Knut Kircher . Proponents argue that this technique is of great help to referees in disputed decisions and thus reduces the enormous pressure on referees. For Heynckes and Arnesen, the introduction of such a technology is “long (over) due”.

Opponents of goal-line technology fear that as a result of the increasing mechanization of football, technical monitoring will also be extended to other areas of the game, for example fouls and offside decisions. They also fear that what makes up a large part of the fascination of football, namely emotions and discussions, will eventually be lost. The then UEFA President Michel Platini was one of the sharpest critics of goal-line technology, but he was increasingly willing to talk and no longer categorically ruled out the introduction of this technology for the European Football Championship in 2016 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Start for the "Hawk Eye": What you now need to know about gate technology. www.tz.de , December 4, 2014, accessed November 15, 2017 .
  2. a b c d e GoalRef: FIFA recommends intelligent goal from Fraunhofer . Fraunhofer ISS website, July 5, 2012. Accessed August 23, 2012.
  3. Test phase at FIFA tournaments - FIFA says yes to Chip and Hawkeye . kicker online, July 5, 2012. Accessed October 2, 2012.
  4. Football: Bundesliga does without goal-line technology , Spiegel Online, March 24, 2014
  5. a b c IFAB gives the green light for goal-line technology . FIFA website, July 5, 2012. Accessed August 23, 2012
  6. a b Stefan Karger: FIFA allows technical aids | Hawk-Eye or GoalRef the better solution? . Austrian Soccer Board & abseits.at, July 8, 2012. Accessed August 23, 2012
  7. a b Gate technology test at the World Cup dress rehearsal FIFA relies on German company , April 2, 2013
  8. Goal-line technology from Ismaning Magnetfeld under the goal area , Süddeutsche Zeitung, March 12, 2013
  9. Goal cameras at the ConfedCup in Brazil: Never again a Wembley goal taz.de, April 3, 2013
  10. a b c Two systems fight for approval - hawk-eye or chip in the ball . spox.com, July 4, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012
  11. ^ Louise Taylor: Goalline technology set to be used in the Premier League from 2013 . The Guardian Online, July 4, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012
  12. Goal-line technology: This is "Hawk-Eye". Retrieved December 4, 2014
  13. Special features of the Confed Cup 2013. confed-cup.de, accessed on March 2, 2020 .
  14. Goal-line technology for the first time in Africa. In: fifa.com. FIFA, December 10, 2013, accessed December 19, 2013 .
  15. ^ The FIFA Club World Cup 2013 in Morocco also with Goal-Line Technology by GoalControl. goalcontrol.de, October 10, 2013, accessed on December 21, 2013 .
  16. Via GoalControl Replay. goalcontrol.de, October 10, 2013, accessed on December 22, 2013 .
  17. Repetitions of goal-line technology on large screens. In: fifa.com. FIFA, December 15, 2013, accessed December 19, 2013 .
  18. Germany becomes world champion 2014. In: deutschlandtrikot.de. Retrieved March 4, 2020 .
  19. Sport1.de: Ligue 1 opts for goal-line technology GoalControl . In: Sport1.de . ( sport1.de [accessed on December 2, 2016]).
  20. https://goalcontrol.de/aktuell.htm/ accessed on May 19, 2019
  21. Voices from the Bundesliga on the decision - goal-line technology "long overdue" . kicker online, July 6, 2012. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  22. Technical aids in football - Cons: The video evidence destroys the game of emotions . Badische Zeitung, June 28, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  23. Pros and Cons - Prove that . Der Tagesspiegel, June 29, 2010. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
  24. Will goal-line technology also be used at EURO 2016 in France? In: EM2016-Frankreich.net. December 8, 2013, accessed December 6, 2013 .