Tubocapsicum
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Tubocapsicum is a plant genus with two species from the family of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The genus occurs exclusively in East Asia.
description
Tubocapsicum are upright, perennial, herbaceous plants that are usually 0.5 to 1 meter, rarely up to 1.5 meters. The strong rungs are hollow and can be hairy. At the beginning of growth, the plant forms a relatively strong, upright trunk, which forms leaves at 2/5 circle intervals. The first inflorescence forms at a height of 30 to 50 cm, accompanied by a leaf, the trunk divides into two to three more or less equally strong branches. These branches also end in an inflorescence and a single leaf. The division of the branches continues to follow the same pattern. When the outer branches become thin and weak with age, they tend to horizontal. If further branches form on horizontally lying branches, the lower branch of the branch becomes the more dominant, the upper branch is significantly reduced in size.
With advancing age, further secondary trunks emerge near the base of the trunk, which are similar to the actual main trunk and show the same growth behavior, but usually have larger leaves. The first sign of a secondary sprout forming are two to six small leaves that do not develop any further. The first division of the secondary shoot occurs after six to 13 leaf nodes. Due to the bending of the branches and the formation of side shoots, older plants often have a spindle-shaped appearance, and a main stem is often not visible.
The single leaves or unevenly paired leaves are (5) 8 to 15 (20) × (2) 4 to 6 (10) cm in size, ovate, lanceolate or elliptical-ovate, sometimes strangely wavy. The leaf tip is pointed, the base tapering down to the petioles. The petioles are relatively short with a length of (6) 10 to 35 (40) mm.
The inflorescences standing in the sprout axils consist of two to five, rarely six flowers . These stand on 15 to 25 mm long flower stalks that are thickened in an inverted cone shape at the end. The cup-shaped calyx is barely 2 to 3 mm long, flat and has a cut edge. The five petals are yellowish, bent back and rolled up so far that the tip is covered and half of them are fused to 1/3. They form a bell-shaped to funnel-shaped crown. The corolla tube has no folds or is only barely folded. In the crown there are five stamens , the stamens of which are as long or longer than the anthers . The ovary is pear-shaped or almost spherical, the nectaries are arranged in a ring, the stylus is cylindrical and the stigma is disc-shaped, with a flattened groove in the middle.
After the fruit set, the calyx enlarges so that it is almost as big as the actual fruit, to which it is tight. The berry-shaped , red fruits are round, 6 to 7 mm in size and contain 10 to 15 seeds. The seeds are yellowish, almost spherical, strongly flattened and 2.2 to 2.5 mm long.
Occurrence
While the species Tubocapsicum anomalum is widespread in East Asia (Central and South China , Taiwan , Central and South Japan , South Korea , the Philippines and Borneo ), the species Tubocapsicum obtusum is only known from Japan. The plants grow in moderately moist, evergreen forests, from coastal areas to an altitude of around 700 meters.
Culture, breeding and use are unknown.
Systematics
External system
The classification of the genus Tubocapsicum in the nightshade family has not yet been unequivocally clarified. Hunziker suspects a relationship to the genera Witheringia and Cuatresia , therefore places the genus in the tribe Solaneae. In the D'Arcy systematics, the genus is first placed in the tribe Capsiceae, but in his revision of the genus he follows Olmstead, who, based on cp DNA analyzes, moves the genus with the Aureliana and Witheringia into the tribe Physaleae.
Internal system
Two species are assigned to the genus Tubocapsicum :
- Tubocapsicum anomalum (Franch. Et Sav.) Makino
- Tubocapsicum obtusum (Makino) Kitamura
Botanical history
The first description of a species of the genus Tubocapsicum was made in 1879 by the French botanists Adrien René Franchet and Paul Amedée Ludovic Savatier , when they described Tubocapsicum anomalum still belonging to the genus Paprika ( Capsicum ). Further descriptions of the species as Solanum anodontum and Solanum philippinense followed, but were classified by Georg Bitter as synonyms for T. anomalum in 1913 and 1917, respectively.
The name Tubocapsicum was first used by Richard Wettstein in 1898 , but at that time not as an independent genus, but as a section within the genus Capsicum . The genus status was first proposed in 1908 by the Japanese botanist Tomitaro Makino , but was initially mostly not recognized, for example by bitter. In some cases these assignments were made without the authors being able to look at specimens of the corresponding species.
In 1926 Makino described a specimen found in 1921 as Tubocapsicum anomalum var. Obtusum , but as early as 1937 Kitamura suggested the species status of the plant described. Between 1963 and 1998 a few brief descriptions of the species appeared in Asian flora works, some brief mentions can also be found in other publications, the majority of the publications of this time recognize the genus status of Tubocapsicum .
A first comprehensive treatise on the genus, in which both known species are described, was created by a research team led by William D'Arcy and published in 2001 after D'Arcy's death.
swell
- ↑ a b c d e William G. D'Arcy et al .: The genus Tubocapsicum (Solanaceae) (PDF; 713 kB) . In: Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. , Volume 42, 2001. Pages 67-84.
- ↑ a b c d Armando T. Hunziker: Tubocapsicum . In: The Genera of Solanaceae. ARG Gantner Verlag KG, Ruggell, Liechtenstein 2001. ISBN 3-904144-77-4 .
- ↑ RG Olmstead et al .: Phylogeny and Provisional Classification of the Solanaceae Based on Chloroplast DNA (PDF; 131 kB) . In Solanaceae IV, Advances in Biology and Utilization , editors: M. Nee, DE Symon, JP Jessup, and JG Hawkes, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1999. Pages 111-137.
