Tundra-Nench language
| Tundra Nenzisch | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
 Russia
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| speaker | 21,900 (native speakers) | |
| Linguistic classification |
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The Tundra-Nenets is a dialect of the Nenets language . It differs sufficiently from the Wald-Nenzische dialect that some linguists see it as a separate language.
classification
Together with the Wald-Nenzisch dialect, the Tundra-Nenzisch forms the Nenets language , a Samoyed language . The difference between Wald- and Tundra-Nench is comparable to the difference between the German and Dutch language, and the two groups mostly cannot understand each other.
Geographical distribution
Official status
The Tundra- Nenets itself is not an official language, but the Nenets language is the official language of the Autonomous Okrug of the Nenets and the Yamal-Nenets .
Dialects and sociolects
Although the Tundra-Nench is spoken over a wide linguistic area, the language shows very little dialectal diversity . Speakers of the different dialects can understand each other, which is partly due to the traditional nomadic lifestyle, which makes the population very mobile.
There are generally three dialectal groups:
- Western dialects west of the Pechora spoken
- central dialects that are spoken between the Pechora and the Ural Mountains
- Eastern or Siberian dialects spoken east of the Ural Mountains
Phonetics and Phonology
Consonants
Except for the approximants and velar sounds, all consonants in the tundra niche have a palatized counterpart. Only the non-palatized consonants are listed in the table.
| bilabial | dental | alveolar | velar | glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | sth. | stl. | stl. | sth. | |
| Plosives | p | b | t | d | k | ʔ | |||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||||||
| Vibrants | r | ||||||||
| Fricatives | s | x | |||||||
| Approximants | w | j | |||||||
| lateral approximants | l | ||||||||
Vowels
| front | central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| closed | i | u | |
| half closed | e | O | |
| medium | ə | ||
| almost open | æ | ||
| open | a |
The vowel system in Tundra-Nenzische also differentiates between the length of the phonemes, and the almost open front vowel is realized as a diphthong in some dialects.
Emphasis
In the tundra niche, the first syllable has the primary stress, the secondary stress falls on subsequent odd syllables (i.e. the 3rd, 5th, etc.). The Schwa is never emphasized.
grammar
morphology
Tundra-Nench is an agglutinating language. The noun types are nouns (name words) and verbs, whereby adjectives, pronouns, numerals and some adverbial classes behave morphologically like nouns. There are also the secondary classes of conjunctions, particles and interjections.
noun
Nouns are divided into case, number ( singular , dual and plural ), possessor and "destinative". The destinative is used together with the possessor marking and is comparable to German paraphrases such as "my future husband".
The singular is mostly unmarked morphologically and is often used after numerals. The dual indicates exactly two objects that are already known from the previous context. It is not used in all cases; H. you can only see it in the nominative, accusative and genitive case. The dual marker differs, however, between the possessive and non-possessive forms. The suffix -xoh is usually used for the non-possessive form. In the possessive form there is the marker -xeyu- followed by a suffix. Due to phonological differences, the suffix varies in the 2nd and 3rd person, while it remains the same in the 1st person.
The plural is used for all sets of countable objects, as well as nouns that normally exist in pairs. Almost every noun can be plural. In the case of the plural, the non-possessive marker is -q, while the possessive case depends heavily on the case. In all cases except for the nominative, the plural is followed by the accusative stem and the corresponding case affixes.
In Tundra-Nenzische there are seven cases, which are divided into structural (grammatical) and local cases. The structural ones include the nominative, accusative and genitive; to the local the dative, locative, ablative and prolative. More precise local meanings are realized by post positions.
In most cases, the nominative in Tundra-Nenzische denotes the subject in the sentence, but it also appears with apposition, a predicate or an imperative object, which can also appear in the accusative.
The accusative occurs with the direct object. The ending in both the 2nd and 3rd person -m (-). If it is a form with possessor, it is - and the appropriate ending is appended.
The genitive is primarily used when expressing possession. Furthermore, it is also used with subjects in non-finite phrases or occurs, for example, together with temporal adjuncts. In the genitive, too, a distinction is made between possessive and non-possessive forms in the distribution of the endings. The ending for the latter is -h. Depending on the place of articulation, it is realized as a nasal consonant. This is always the case if and only if a homorgan obstruent (i.e. an obstruent from the same place of articulation) precedes.
As in German, the dative is also used in Tundra-Nenzische to express the indirect object. Non-possessive forms in the dative are formed with -n ° h or -t ° h in Tundra-Nenzische. These forms differ from the possessive forms, which in the 1st pers. with -xə- and in the 2nd and 3rd pers. are each formed with -xəh-.
The locative indicates a general location, circumstances, means or transportation. There are also differences between the 1st and 2nd / 3rd. Person. In non-possessive forms the affix is formed with -xen (') a.
The ablative indicates a direction, the beginning of a period of time, a cause or a comparison. In the ablative, the mark -xedo- in the non-possessive, -xete- in the possessive in the 1st person. appended, while the 2nd and 3rd pers. be formed with -xeteh-.
The prolative refers to a movement towards or between something, a cause, relationship or context. Marked with -mən (`) a in the non-possessive. In the 1st pers. of the possessive it is -mən (`) a- and the 2nd and 3rd pers. can be recognized by the fact that they are formed with -mən (`) ah-.
As is typical for Uralic languages, the possessessor is marked on the noun if the possessessor is a person. This is comparable to the possessive pronouns in German (mein, dein, etc.).
Verbs
Verbs are inflected according to tense and mode and agree with the subject case and, in the case of transitive verbs, also with the object case. There are also four participles, two action face value, four in the infinite forms converbs and Konnegativ. Verbs can also change valence or aspect through morphological processes .
Converbs differ from action nominal in that they do not inflect the case. A distinction is made between three different conversions, here too they all have their own affix.
In the case of the conditional, the affix depends on the tense.
In the Tundra-Nench, there are five tenses: present, past, future, habit (usually, normally) and future-in-the-past. However, the latter is often used as an unrealis form instead of the tense form. The mode system is very distinctive and includes fifteen different modes expressing different epistemic, deontic and evidentiary meanings.
The auditory can be recognized by the affix -m (an) oh. It usually stands independently and relates to the subject in the nominative.
The connegative is created by an inflected negated auxiliary verb and it is not finite because it is never dependent. It is formed with the suffix -q, often preceded by the `` ° ''.
syntax
Similar to German, the word order is largely free, but the most unmarked and most common word order is typical for Uralic languages SOV. As is typical for SOV languages, the Tundra-Nenzische also has almost exclusively postal positions.
font
Today's writing of the Nenets uses the Cyrillic alphabet . Many Nenets sounds correspond to their Russian counterparts well enough that transliteration is possible. Peculiarities of the Nenet languages, such as the glottal closure, are encoded by special additional characters.
literature
- Irina Nikolaeva: A Grammar of Tundra Nenets . Ed .: Mouton de Gruyter. 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-032047-3 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Irina Nikolaeva: A Grammar of Tundra Nenets . Ed .: Mouton de Gruyter. 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-032047-3 , pp. 2-4 .