Ulzana

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Ulzana (as Josanni or Jolsanie known * 1821 in the USA ; † 21st December 1909 in Fort Sill , Oklahoma , USA) was segundo his brother Chihuahua (also Kla-esh ), the leader of the northeastern local group (Engl. Local tape ) of Chokonen ( Chu-ku-hands - Ridge of the Mountain Side People '), a group (engl. tape ) of the Chiricahua Apache .

Chokonen Territory

The territory of this local group, also called Chokonen , lay west of what is now Safford , Arizona, along the upper reaches of the Gila River , and northeast along the San Francisco River to the Mogollon Mountains and east to the San Simon Valley in southwest New Mexico.

The second, southwestern local group of the Chokons, the Chihuicahui , was once headed by Cochise , but at that time by his son, Naiche . The Chihuicahui lived in southeastern Arizona west of the San Pedro River , their western border was formed by today's towns of Engin, Benson , Johnson and Willcox , northward to the San Simon River and eastward to southwestern New Mexico, ruled the Huachuca Mountains , the southern Pinaleno , and the Winchester , Dos Cabezas , Chiricahua , Dragoon and Mule Mountains .

In addition to the aforementioned Chokonen and Chihuicahui, there were also the Dzilmora , Animas and three other local groups who lived in the Sonoran Desert and the Sierra Madre south and east of Fronteras in the northeast of Sonora .

For the Apache, now generally referred to as Chiricahua, only the Chokonen and Chihuicahui local groups were "real Chiricahua" - the remaining local groups, including the Bedonkohe , Chihenne and Nednhi , who also belong to the Chiricahua , were related to one another and sometimes joined in war together, but mostly acted independently. Although they had not developed a tribal identity like the Cheyenne and sometimes even fought against each other, they distinguished themselves from the neighboring Western Apache and Mescalero Apache due to their cultural and linguistic similarity to one another .

Life

Ulzana worked for some time in the US Army as a scout , where she acquired knowledge of warfare in the American army, in particular in handling and deploying the Apache scouts.

On May 17, 1885, he joined other Chiricahua war chiefs and left his reservation without permission . With ten other Apaches, he carried out numerous attacks on white settlers in Arizona from Mexico . After an attack on Fort Apache and the relatives of the White Mountain Apache (a group of the Western Apache ) who lived there, but who cooperated with the army , in which twelve peaceful Apaches were killed, Ulzana and his now 10 warriors fled from up to 1,000 US soldiers and their Apache and Diné scouts across Arizona and New Mexico . On their escape, they covered around 1,900 kilometers in ten days, avoided numerous ambushes, killed 38 whites and captured around 250 horses and mules .

The stolen horses and mules were ridden without consideration until the animals were completely exhausted, then killed, the meat then served the Apaches as food and the blood (in emergencies) as a substitute for water. During the raid, they changed horses at least twenty times, were even unridden twice, and yet made it unscathed across the border to Mexico, where they joined forces with other groups of Chokons , Chihennes , Bedonkohe and Nednhi still living in the wild .

The raid, commonly known as Ulzana's Raid , can perhaps best be compared to Nana's raid led by Nana , a leader of the Chihenne Apaches east of the Chokonen. In these raids, undertaken by a small number of warriors, they were distinguished by their speed, lack of need, perseverance as well as their overview and brutality in battle, as well as in the guerrilla tactics that the Apaches masterfully used , the traditional warfare they practiced.

Ulzana had two wives, Nah-Zis-Eh and Nahn-Tsh-Klah, two daughters and five sons, only two of whom survived: Richard, who attended the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle in 1894 , and Samuel, who was left by his relative, the former scout William Coony (also Coonie , Kuni ) and his wife Tah-das-te (also Dah-te-ste ) was raised. Ulzana was buried in the Chief Chihuahua Apache Cemetery in Comanche County , Oklahoma, alongside his brother Chihuahua, wives and children.

Works about Ulzana

The life of Ulzana, especially its existence against the overwhelming power of the whites, was the subject of several films and a radio play.

Movies

radio play

  • 2005: Ulzana's revenge , by Daniel Lindemann (Germany)

Books

  • Karl H. Schlesier: Ulzana's war. The whites called him Josanie. The last Apache war. Traumfänger-Verlag, 2011. ISBN 9783941485068 (With many documents and ceremonial song texts)

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jerry Eagan: Hiking Apacheria: Searching for Ulzana . Desert Exposure - Arts & Leisure in Southern New Mexico website, June 2006, accessed August 26, 2017.
  2. ↑ Edwin R. Sweeney: Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. University of Oklahoma Press 1995, ISBN 978-0-8061-2606-7
  3. ↑ Billy Kaderli, Akaisha Kaderli: Sonoran Desert Ancient Peoples . Retire Early Lifestyle website, June 2, 2016, accessed August 26, 2017
  4. ↑ Eve Ball: Indeh, to Apache Odyssey. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0806121659 , p. 22.
  5. ^ H. Stiebritz: Ulzana, war chief of the Chiricahua. The Indians in North, Central & South America, December 21, 2001, accessed August 26, 2017.
  6. ^ Paul Iselin Wellman: Death in the desert: the fifty years' war for the great Southwest .
  7. ↑ Chihuahua and Ulzana . American-Tribes.com, February 17, 2010, accessed on August 26, 2017 (with many pictures; English).
personal data
SURNAME Ulzana
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Josanni, Jolsanie
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American Apache chief
DATE OF BIRTH 1821
PLACE OF BIRTH United States
DATE OF DEATH December 21, 1909
Place of death Fort Sill , Oklahoma , USA