Treaty of Grimnitz
In the Treaty of Grimnitz of August 26, 1529, the long-standing dispute between the Greifen and Hohenzollern families about the legal status and succession in the Duchy of Pomerania was settled. The treaty reinforced and expanded the Treaty of Pyritz, concluded in 1493 .
With a few formal reservations, the Hohenzollerns recognized the imperial immediacy of the Pomeranian duchy among the Griffins. In return, the Brandenburg margraves were granted inheritance by the griffins in the event that the line of griffins in the male line was extinguished. The contract was between Joachim I. Nestor, Margrave of Brandenburg , and the Pomeranian dukes Barnim IX. and Georg I in Grimnitz near Eberswalde and confirmed by Emperor Charles V in 1530 at the Reichstag in Augsburg .
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The Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict on the question of whether Pomerania was a Brandenburg or imperial fiefdom had already been settled in 1493 by the conclusion of the Pyritz Treaty between the Brandenburg Hohenzollern Johann Cicero and the Pomeranian griffon duke Bogislaw X. In this contract, Bogislaw X. was released from the obligation resulting from the Prenzlauer Treaties (1472/79) to take his duchy as a fiefdom from the Brandenburgers, in return the Hohenzollern inheritance was already in Pyritz in the event of the extinction Gripping has been committed.
When Johann Cicero concluded the Pyritzer Treaty, he hoped that the inheritance would occur soon, since Bogislaw X. was childless at that time. When this changed shortly afterwards, however, he intrigued against Bogislaw X. to prevent him from actually enforcing the imperial immediacy of Pomerania. Emperor Charles V (HRR) then enfeoffed both the margrave and the griffin with Pomerania, and demanded the appropriate tax rate from both. When Bogislaw X died in 1523, his sons Barnim IX took over. and Georg I. jointly governed the government in Pomerania, and continued the dispute with Joachim Cicero's successor Joachim I.
After the conflict caused quite a stir in the Reichstag , various high nobility offered themselves as mediators. Ultimately, this was achieved by the Brunswick Dukes Erich I and Heinrich , on whose mediation a contract was concluded in the Brandenburg Castle of Grimnitz north of Eberswalde .
Content of the contract
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Joachim I. Nestor, accepted the imperial immediacy of the Duchy of Pomerania . The Pomeranian Dukes Barnim IX. and Georg I accepted the succession of the Brandenburg margraves in the event of the griffin family becoming extinct .
The Brandenburg margraves should be informed before any Pomeranian enfeoffment of the griffins in order to exercise the right granted to them in the contract to touch the Pomeranian flags at the ceremony if they were presented to the griffins by the emperor. Furthermore, the Hohenzollern received the right to send representatives to pay homage to the Pomeranian dukes by the Pomeranian estates. The Hohenzollern was also granted the right to a formal enfeoff with the inheritance option on Pomerania by the emperor. The Grimnitz treaty should also be read out and confirmed every time the griffins are lent to Pomerania.
Furthermore, the Brandenburg margraves were allowed to use the Pomeranian duke titles and coat of arms, but not in the presence of the griffin dukes.
implementation
Lending
The contractual clauses on the lending were implemented at the Augsburg Reichstag of 1530, when the Pomeranian dukes Barnim IX. and George I were formally enfeoffed with Pomerania for the first time. Emperor Charles V and the electors were the first to enter the room, and after they had taken their seats, Joachim I Nestor presented his formal objection to the enfeoffment of the Pomeranian dukes, but agreed to give his consent if he raised the Pomeranian flag during the ceremony may touch. The Kaiser announced that he had taken note of the reservation. Thereupon Georg , Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach , joined Joachim's protest.
Thereupon the griffin dukes entered the room, followed by the flags of Pomerania , Stettin , Slavia , Barth , Rügen , Wolgast , Usedom , Gützkow and Kashubia , which were presented to the emperor before they took the oath on their knees. Elector Joachim I Nestor then repeated his protest, and when the griffins received the Pomeranian flags back from the emperor, he stepped forward and touched each one with his hand. This ritual was repeated with each subsequent enfeoffment.
Inheritance
During the Thirty Years' War , King Gustav Adolf of Sweden conquered the duchy occupied by imperial troops in 1630 and forced Duke Bogislaw XIV , the last of the Griffins , to form an "alliance" in the Treaty of Stettin (1630) . It also assured Sweden that he would govern in Pomerania in the event of his death. After Bogislaw had become incapacitated by a stroke in 1633, Sweden took power in Pomerania. When Bogislaw died in 1637, Emperor Ferdinand III enfeoffed. in the execution of the Grimnitz Treaty in 1638 the Elector Georg Wilhelm of Brandenburg with the Duchy of Pomerania. Georg Wilhelm, who had no armed forces worth mentioning and was sick in Königsberg (Prussia) outside the empire , was unable to take possession of the duchy. Sweden did not voluntarily surrender the duchy to Georg Wilhelm, relying on the alliance treaty. It was not until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 that Pomerania was divided into a Swedish and a Brandenburg part, which left Sweden in the possession of Stettin, the estuary of the Oder, Rügen and Stralsund . It took the Szczecin border recession from 1653 until Sweden completely cleared the Brandenburg part the following year.
Bibliography
Footnotes
- ↑ a b Branig (1997), p. 94
- ↑ a b Schleinert (2007), p. 37
- ↑ a b Krause (1997), p. 44
- ↑ Schmidt (2007), p. 120
- ↑ a b c Schmidt (2007), p. 10
- ↑ a b Lucht (1996), p. 77
- ↑ Christian von Nettelbladt and Karl Friedrich Wilhelm von Nettelbladt : Nexus Pomeraniae cum SRG, or attempt at a treatise on the liability of the Pomeranian Lands, especially the Royal Swedish share, with the Holy Roman-German Empire . Garbe, Frankfurt / M. 1766, pp. 156-160 .
- ↑ Heitz (1995), p. 202
- ↑ Materna (1995), p. 260
- ↑ Stollberg-Rilinger (2008), p. 81
- ^ Stollberg-Rilinger (2008), pS. 81-82
- ↑ Krause (1997), p. 43
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Stollberg-Rilinger (2008), p. 82
- ↑ a b c d e f g Stollberg-Rilinger (2008), p. 83
- ↑ The presentation follows Roderich Schmidt : The historical Pomerania. People, places, events . Böhlau, Cologne, Weimar, Vienna 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-27805-2 , pp. 664-669
- ↑ Heitz (1995), p. 226
bibliography
- Hans Branig, Werner Buchholz: History of Pomerania I: From the becoming of the modern state to the loss of state independence, 1300-1648 . Böhlau, 1997, ISBN 3412071897 .
- Derek Croxton, Anuschka Tischer: The Peace of Westphalia: a historical dictionary . Greenwood Press, 2002, ISBN 0313310041 .
- Gerhard Heitz, Henning Rischer: History in data. Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . Koehler & Amelang, Münster-Berlin 1995, ISBN 3733801954 .
- Gerhard Krause, Gerhard Müller (Ed.): Theologische Realenzyklopädie, Volume 27 . Walter de Gruyter, New York-Berlin 1997, ISBN 3110154358 .
- Dietmar Lucht: Pomerania: History, culture and economy up to the beginning of the Second World War , 2nd edition, Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1996.
- Ingo Materna , Wolfgang Ribbe (ed.): Brandenburg history. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-05-002508-5 .
- Dirk Schleinert: The Codex dipolomaticus Bogislai X . In: Michael Scholz (Hrsg.): Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany. Volume 53 . Walter de Gruyter, 2007, ISBN 3598232020 .
- Roderich Schmidt: The historical Pomerania: people, places, events. Series Volume 5 41 . Böhlau, 2007, ISBN 341227805X .
- Barbara Stollberg-Rilinger: The emperor's old clothes: constitutional history and symbolic language of the old empire . CH Beck, 2008, ISBN 3406570747 .