Vitis amurensis
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Vitis amurensis |
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Vitis amurensis , also called Amur grapevine , is a species of grapevine ( Vitis ) within the grapevine family(Vitaceae). This wild grape species occurs with two varieties only in Eastern Asia .
description
Appearance and tendril
Vitis amurensis grows as a climbing shrub to Liane . The bark of the stem-like branches is initially sparsely covered with spider-shaped hairs ( trichomes ) and is later bare. The tendrils inserted opposite the leaves are two or three pronged.
leaf
The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The 4 to 14 cm long petiole is initially sparsely covered with spider-shaped hair and sometimes bald. The simple lobed leaf blade is ovoid with a length of 6 to 24 cm and a width of 5 to 21 cm with a heart-shaped base. The leaf lobes have rounded to blunt, rarely pointed indentations and pointed to pointed upper ends. The leaf margin has 28 to 36 sharp teeth on each side, somewhat irregular. The upper side of the leaf is initially sparsely covered with woolly spider-shaped hair and then becomes bald. The five basal nerves and five or six pairs of side nerves are clearly or slightly depressed on the upper side of the leaf and clearly recognizable on the upper side of the leaf and are more or less raised, mostly hairy or balding. The membranous, brown stipules are 4 to 8 mm long and 3 to 5 mm wide with a smooth edge and a blunt upper end.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering period in China extends from May to June. The loose, paniculate inflorescence , opposite the leaves, is 5 to 13 cm long. The well-developed inflorescence axes are initially sparsely covered with woolly spider-shaped hairs and sometimes bald. The 2 to 6 mm long pedicels are bare.
Vitis amurensis is polygamous, dioecious separate sexes ( diocesan ). With a length of 1.5 to 3 mm, the flower buds are obovate with a rounded upper end. The mostly functionally unisexual flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope. The bald calyx is 0.2 to 0.3 mm long with an almost smooth edge. The five petals are fused at the top and stand out as a whole when they bloom like a cap (calyptra). The conspicuous discus is 0.3 to 0.5 mm in size. There is only the inner circle with five stamens . In male flowers, the stamens inserted on the disc are thread-like and 0.9 to 2 mm long. The yellow anthers are ovate-elliptical with a length of 0.4 to 0.6 mm. In female flowers, the stunted stamens are short. Derkonische, Upper permanent, two-chamber ovary contains two each ovary chamber ovules . The clearly recognizable stylus is somewhat thickened at its base and ends in a somewhat widened scar .
Fruit and seeds
In China, the fruits ripen between July and September. With a length of about 16 mm and a diameter of about 10 mm, the berry contains two to four seeds. The obovate seeds are trimmed at the top. The chalazal knot is elliptical.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38.
Systematics and distribution
The first description of Vitis amurensis was made in 1857 by Franz Josef Ruprecht in Bulletin de la Classe Physico-Mathématique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint-Pétersbourg , vol 15, p 266. The epithet amurensis refers to their first location, the Amur - Valley with the river of the same name on the Russian-Chinese border. A synonym for Vitis amurensis Rupr. is Vitis shiragae Makino.
Vitis amurensis belongs to the Vitis series from the subgenus ( Eu -) Vitis in the genus Vitis .
Of Vitis amurensis there are only two confirmed varieties:
- Vitis amurensis Rupr. var. amurensis (Syn: Vitis vinifera var. amurensis Rule 1861, Vitis amurensis var. genuina, Vitis thunbergii auct. non Sieb. et Zucc. 1886): The number of chromosomes is 2n = 38. It only thrives at altitudes between 200 and 2100 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui (Jinzhai), Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Shanxi and Zhejiang. It is also found in the Russian administrative districts of Amur and the Primorye region and in Korea .
- Vitis amurensis var. Dissecta Skvortsov (Syn .: Vitis amurensis var. Yanshanensis D.Z.Lu & HPLiang , Vitis baihuashanensis M.S.Kang & DZLu ): You only thrives in altitudes between 100 and 200 meters in the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning.
In the Flora of China , a third variety is Vitis amurensis var. Funiushanensis F.S.Wang (it was described in Fa Song Wang, Zhu Changshan, Yang Depo & Zhang Hongda: Systematic study on the genus Vitis L. of China , In: Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany , Volume 8, Issue 1, 2000, p. 5 published), mentioned; it is said to occur in Henan, but the authors of the Flora of China have not seen any material of this variety.
use
Vitis amurensis is often used as a cross partner in rootstock breeding because of its good fungal resistance (for example against powdery mildew and powdery mildew ) . Vitis amurensis was used as a father in crosses made in Hungary. After a few backcrosses, very frost-hardy, high-yielding varieties for extreme climates could be achieved.
The highly valued fruits are used raw or cooked and dried for the winter. They are used in beverages. The relatively small berries have a slightly bitter taste and when dried they are usually bitter. Young leaves are eaten cooked as a vegetable. The young leaves are cooked filled and then have a pleasant taste. Young tendrils are eaten raw or cooked.
The medicinal effects were examined. Some ingredients are said to have an effect on certain forms of cancer.
A yellow dye is obtained from the fresh or dried leaves.
The Amur vine is used as an ornamental plant on pergolas and walls .
swell
- Hui Ren & Jun Wen: Vitis : Vitis amurensis , p. 218 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (editor): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 19, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1 (Sections Description, Distribution and Systematics)
- Y.-H. Wan, H. Schwaninger, D. Li, CJ Simon, Y. Wang & C. Zhang: A review of taxonomic research on Chinese wild grapes , In: Vitis (Geilweilerhof) , Volume 47, 2008, p. 85. ISSN 0042- 7500 full text PDF. (Section systematics)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Hui Ren & Jun Wen: Vitis : Vitis amurensis , p. 218 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (editor): Flora of China , Volume 12 - Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 19, 2007. ISBN 978-1-930723-64-1
- ↑ a b c Vitis amurensis at Plants For A Future . Retrieved August 25, 2013.
- ^ Vitis amurensis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ Vitis amurensis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 23, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Vitis amurensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
- ↑ a b Y.-H. Wan, H. Schwaninger, D. Li, CJ Simon, Y. Wang & C. Zhang: A review of taxonomic research on Chinese wild grapes , In: Vitis (Geilweilerhof) , Volume 47: 2008, p. 85. ISSN 0042- 7500 full text PDF.
- ↑ Fa Song Wang, Zhu Changshan, Yang Depo & Zhang Hongda: Systematic study on the genus Vitis L. of China , In: Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany , Volume 8, Issue 1, 2000, p. 5.
- ^ I. Koleda: Results of crosses between Vitis amurensis and Vitis vinifera in the breeding of frost-resistant vines , In: Vitis , Volume 14, 1975, pp. 1-5. Full text PDF.
- ↑ Min-Ji Bak, Mira Jun & Woo-Sik Jeong: Procyanidins from Wild Grape (Vitis amurensis) Seeds Regulate ARE-Mediated Enzyme Expression via Nrf2 Coupled with p38 and PI3K / Akt Pathway in HepG2 Cells , In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences , Volume 13, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 801-818. doi : 10.3390 / ijms13010801
- ↑ Assortment of plants for ground-based facade greening at dach-und-gruen.de .
Supplementary literature
- Jancis Robinson: The Oxford Wine Lexicon . Gräfe and Unzer Verlag, Munich 2003. ISBN 3-7742-0914-6
- Pierre Galet: Dictionnaire encyclopédique des cépages. 1st edition. Hachette Livre, 2000. ISBN 2-01-236331-8 .
- Walter Hillebrand, Heinz Lott, Franz Pfaff: Paperback of the grape varieties. 13th edition. Fachverlag Fraund, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-921156-53-X . (with historical systematics)
