Wapnica (Wolin)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marina in Wapnica
Jezioro Turkusowe ( Turquoise Lake )

Wapnica [ vapˈɲit͡sa ] (formerly German Kalkofen ) is a small village on the island of Wolin . It belongs to the municipality Międzyzdroje (German Misdroy ) in the powiat Kamieński ( Cammin district ) of the Polish West Pomeranian Voivodeship .

Geographical location

The place is located in a swampy valley, a silted up former part of the Szczecin Lagoon , in the southwestern area of ​​the Misdroy-Lebbiner terminal moraine , immediately north of Lubin (formerly Lebbin ). The place has a small, canal-shaped sailing and fishing port with a 175 m long concrete quay at Wicko Wielkie (German: Großer Vietziger See ), a bay in the Szczecin Lagoon, and a beach south of the pier . In the valley, which extends about 2 km to the east, are the two small forest settlements Kępa and Trzciągowo (German Stengow ) belonging to Wapnica . To the north of the village, the road to Międzyzdroje runs along the east bank of the Wicko Małe ( Little Vietzig Lake ), through Wicko ( Vietzig ) and past Zalesie, the former Laatziger Ablage , at its northern end, where bathers for Międzyzdroje used to be landed by steamer.

The village

The oak "Dąb Prastary"
Decaying Building (2019)

The village, once home to fishermen and small farmers, then mostly miners and factory workers from the local chalk and lime industry, has around 350 inhabitants and is now economically more dependent on tourism. There are several motels in the village and in July / August the school building is used as a summer hostel.

In the village meadow there is an oak tree , the "Dąb Prastary" (the ancient one), estimated to be 450 years old , with a circumference of 6.5 meters and a height of 21 meters.

Jezioro Turkusowe ( turquoise lake ), which is around 400 × 250 m in size and surrounded by beech forest , is a popular excursion destination on the southeast edge of Wapnica . The lake was created by filling an abandoned chalk pit and is part of the Wolin National Park ( Woliński Park Narodowy ).

Administrative history

Lime kiln formed until 1937, a rural municipality in the district of Lebbin, district of Pomerania in the Prussian province of Pomerania . There were no other places to live in the community. In 1925 Kalkofen had a resident population of 535 in 160 households. Kalkofen belonged to the district of the district court in Wollin. The inhabitants were almost without exception Protestant and their community belonged to the Lebbin parish . On April 1, 1937 lime kiln, together with the neighboring communities Stengow and Vietzig after Lebbin incorporated.

At the beginning of May 1945 the island of Wolin was occupied by the Red Army and then, with all of the Pomerania , part of Poland . In 1947 the village, like Lubin, was incorporated into Międzyzdroje, which at the same time received city ​​rights . From 1973 to 1984 Międzyzdroje with the incorporated villages was a district of Świnoujście ( Świnoujście ). Since then it has been an independent urban and rural community again .

history

As early as the 16th century, the chalk limestone and chalk marl from the Oberturon that emerged in the area were used to bleach textiles and as fertilizer, and a lime kiln is mentioned as early as 1578. The settlement itself was founded in 1771 under Frederick the Great , when colonists were given building and arable land on extremely favorable terms so that they could create new farm positions. The lime extraction from the chalk deposits of the neighboring hills had already been abandoned as no longer profitable by the royal administration in Wollin, but the subordinates were still allowed to break lime to build their houses. As early as September 1770, the chief building officer Friedrich Holsche was on site on behalf of the mining and smelting commission as part of the general directorate and visited the lime pit and kiln near Stengow. The lime there had a bad reputation, because it burst from the walls because of the enclosed flints during whitening and cleaning. The lime pit itself looked very devastated. The kiln and the homestead belonging to it also made a bad impression, so that Holsche made extensive suggestions for improvement.

Towards the end of the 18th century, the colonist Christian Küster acquired land in the small hamlet of Stengow at the east end of the valley, but on the condition that, as the new owner, neither crushing nor burning lime. When this restriction was lifted in 1802, Küster began to mine a lime pit in the nearby forest. His son, the fisherman and farmer Ludwig Küster, built himself a house in Kalkofen, intensified the expansion of a large chalk pit between Kalkofen and Stengow and built lime kilns and molding shops there. The business flourished and sexton became wealthy. With the influx of workers and employees, the small settlement became the handsome village of Kalkofen. A road led from the pit to the Great Vietziger See, and there a short branch channel was created, where barges and small ships loaded lime in order to bring it to Stettin , up the Oder , to the places around the Stettiner Haff and also to the Pomeranian Baltic coast bring.

The former factory harbor and remains of the Lebbin cement factory (February 2009)

In 1855 Ludwig Küster sold his large chalk pit and the associated lime kilns and concentrated on the management of his agricultural property. (A few smaller pits remained in the family's possession.) The buyer was the Stettin entrepreneur Johannes Quistorp , who had the chalk mined on a large scale for his Portland cement factory , which was built in 1855 on the shores of Lake Vietziger between Lebbin and Kalkofen . The factory was the second in Germany and at times the largest in Europe; around 1890 it had around 600 employees. The chalk was transported to the factory by narrow-gauge railway and cable car, and the cement was transported from the factory's own port by ship. Quistorp had around 150 company apartments and other social facilities built for his workers in Lebbin . When the local chalk mining was no longer sufficient for cement production, his son and heir Martin Quistorp had chalk delivered from the island of Rügen with his own ships like the Lebbin II via the Lebbin factory port from 1899 . The Quistorp'schen cement factories, which were put into operation in Wolgast in 1899 and 1901 , were also supplied with chalk lime in this way.

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Lebbin cement factory got into a severe sales crisis, and both cement production and chalk mining had to be temporarily stopped, but were then resumed, with mining operations now being largely mechanized. Until almost the end of the Second World War , chalk was still quarried from the large, deep and steep lime kiln pit.

After the war ended, the factories and mines were dismantled in the summer of 1945 and brought to the Soviet Union as reparations . The pit was left to its own devices and was full of water. In 1948 the water was pumped out, the necessary systems were set up and lime extraction was resumed. However, because lime mining became more and more complex over time and the pit became deeper and deeper, production was finally stopped in 1954 and the pit filled with water again in the following years.

The turquoise lake

Entrance to the turquoise lake

The turquoise lake Jezioro Turkusowe ( turquoise lake ) created in the pit is 21.2 m deep and 6.74 hectares and is a popular destination. The lake has two or three groundwater outflows at the bottom of the pit, and its water level has been at the same level as that of the Szczecin Lagoon since 1960, 2.6 meters above sea level.

The lake owes its name to the blue-green color of its water surface, which gives it an unusual character. The turquoise green color is caused by the refraction and scattering of the sunlight in the clear water and the light reflection from the white, calcareous pit floor. A hiking trail with beautiful viewpoints has been leading around the lake since 2005, especially from Piaskowa Góra ( sand mountain ) on the southern shore of the lake.

Personalities

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.insel-usedom-wollin.de/kalkofen/rieseneiche.html
  2. ↑ Tourist Map - Wollin Island and Surroundings, Warsaw 2012
  3. ↑ Kalkofen municipality in the Pomeranian information system.
  4. ^ Lime kiln in the Pomeranian information system.
  5. ^ Fritz R. Barran: City Atlas Pomerania. 2nd Edition. Rautenberg, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8003-3097-0 , p. 192.
  6. ↑ Dirk Schleinert, “The investigation of all lime and stone pits in the province of Vor- and HinterPommern, which was carried out by the Oberbaurate Holsche” - a contribution to the mining and economic history of Pomerania in the 18th century, in: Pommern. Magazine for culture and history, 47th year (2009), issue 3, p. 6f.
  7. ^ Johann Christian * Friedrich Küster (* November 28, 1765 in Leopoldshagen , † September 19, 1819 in Kalkofen) ( http://gedbas.genealogy.net/person/show/1088497819 ).
  8. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Daniel Küster, born January 18, 1794 in Stengow, † September 20, 1874 in Wapnica. He was the father of the medical doctor and publicist Konrad Küster (1842-1931) and the medical professor Ernst Küster (1839-1930) and grandfather of the surgeon Carl Ludwig Schleich (1859-1922), who developed infiltration anesthesia .
  9. ↑ The chalk deposits on the island of Wollin are older and less pure than the Rügen writing chalk. The Rügen chalk lacks the clay required for cement production , which the Wollin chalk has with only 40-60% lime content .
  10. ↑ In 1872 Johannes Quistorp brought all of his companies into the largely family-owned “Pomeranian Industry Association on Actien” in Stettin.
  11. ↑ Jezioro Turkusowe w ujęciu Historyczno-geologicznym

Web links

Commons : Wapnica  - collection of images, videos and audio files

literature

See also

Coordinates: 53 ° 53 '  N , 14 ° 26'  E