White milk helmling
| White milk helmling | ||||||||||||
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The white milk helmling ( Mycena galopus ) |
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| Mycena galopus | ||||||||||||
| ( Pers. ) P. Kumm. |
The white milk end Helmling ( Mycena galopus , syn. Mycena galopoda ) is a fungal art from the family Mycenaceae . This widespread little helmling is easy to recognize by its white milk, which it excretes when its stem is injured. Its gray-brown fruiting bodies grow from May to the end of November on deciduous, coniferous or rotten wood.
features
Macroscopic features
The hat is 1–2.5 cm wide, conical to bell-shaped and sometimes has a blunt hump. In old age it is somewhat flattened and the edge of the hat is more or less curved up. The surface is bare, dry and wavy grooves almost to the middle. The color is very variable, it can be gray-brown, but also whitish to dark black-brown. The center is usually darker, the edge lighter in color.
The lamellae are rising, bulged, sometimes they run down with a short tooth on the stem. The lamellae are smooth to veiny and, with age, often have cross veins at the base. They are initially whitish, then brownish white to pale gray-brown. The edges are white and the spore powder is light cream in color.
The somewhat elastic, cylindrical to pencil-shaped stem is 5–8 cm long and 1–2 mm wide. It's hollow and smooth. Young specimens are frosted, but mostly bald. The stem is gray-brown in color, the stem tip is whitish-cream colored, the base is slightly darker in color. When breaking or cutting, a white milky juice is excreted, at least when fresh. The base of the stalk is sometimes thickened and often hairy white, curly hair.
The meat is thin and white and smells earthy to radish-like. The taste is mild and somewhat herbaceous.
Microscopic features
The smooth, amyloid spores are elliptical, sometimes almost pear-shaped and 11–14 µm long and 5–6 µm wide. The club-shaped basidia are 25–36 (–49) µm long and 7–9 µm wide. They are four-pore and have sterigms up to 7 µm long . The cheilocystidia measure 39–95 × 8–18 µm and in places form a sterile band on the blade edge. As a rule, they are spindle-shaped, but can also be club-shaped to oval. At the top they taper to a point or are forked. Only rarely do they have coarse growths at the tip or at the sides. The pleurocystids look similar, they too are spindle-shaped. The lamellar trama is dextrinoid and turns wine-brown in color with iodine solution. The hyphae of the hat skin ( Pileipellis ) are 1–3.5 µm wide, branched and sparsely to densely covered with 2–4.5 µm long and 1–2 µm wide outgrowths. All hyphae tend to be somewhat gelled. The hyphae of the pedunculate bark layer are 1.5–4.5 µm wide. They have widely scattered to densely standing, simple to fork-shaped outgrowths (1.5–10 × 1–2 µm). The end cells are up to 4.5 µm wide and smooth to sagging.
Species delimitation
The white-milk helmling can hardly be confused with any other helmling, as its stalk exudes a white milky sap when injured. This feature is unique among helmet rings.
The bitter helmling ( Mycena erubescens ) exudes a watery-whitish and bitter-tasting juice. Other types of milking helmets can be recognized by their colored milk. The purple-edged blood helmling ( M. sanguinolenta ) and large blood helmling ( M. haematopus ) have blood-red milk, while the yellow-and- red milk helmling ( M. crocata ) excretes yellowish-saffron-colored drops of milk.
Old, dry specimens are difficult to distinguish from other gray-brown species. In this case, they can be identified microscopically by their large, narrow spores and the large, spindle-shaped cheilo- and pleurocystids.
ecology
The helmling often appears in droves in all kinds of forests. There you can find it in moss cushions, raw humus coverings and leaves, as well as on rotten wood lying on the ground and on rotten tree stumps. The fungus usually grows on spruce, but also on red beech, it was also found on oak, alder, maple, ash and other deciduous trees, as well as on pine, silver fir and larch.
The fruiting bodies appear between June and the beginning of December, in damp and mild weather even from the end of April and until the beginning of February.
distribution
The Holarctic species is distributed all over the northern hemisphere and has a meridional to boreal (subarctic) distribution area. The Helmling was found in North Asia (Caucasus, Eastern Siberia, Japan), North America (USA, Canada), the Canary Islands, North Africa (Algeria, Morocco) and Europe. In Europe you can find it in the south in Spain, on the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Italy and Romania, in the west in France, the Benelux countries and Great Britain and there northwards up to the Hebrides and Shetland Islands. It is also widespread throughout Central Europe (Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland). In the east its distribution area extends to Belarus and Russia, in the northeast to Estonia and in the north it includes all of Fennoscandinavia. The northern border is roughly at the 69th parallel.
In Germany and Austria the species is widespread and common from the Danish border to the Alps.
Systematics
Inquiry systematics
The white milk helmling is in the section Lactipedes (Fr.) Quél. posed. The representatives of the section are small to medium-sized helmets that excrete a whitish milk when the stalk is injured. In Europe the section contains two to three species.
Subspecies and varieties
A distinction is made between several varieties, which some authors consider to be separate species. Only two play a significant role in the area.
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- Mycena galopus var. Candida Lange (1914)
- The variety is synonymous with varietas alba Rea (1922). The variety has also been described as a separate species Mycena annae Benedix (1949). The fruit bodies are more or less pure white. The Helmlinge are found preferentially on fallen leaves over waterlogged ground.
- White milk finished black helmet Ling ( Mycena galopus var. Nigra ) Rea (1922)
- The varietas nigra is a dark variant, with an almost black hat and a brown-black stem. Maas Geesteranus distinguishes them microscopically by their more developed outgrowths. The end cells of the pedunculate bark often also have capillary side branches. Some authors also see this variety as an independent species ( Mycena leucogala Cooke 1883 ).
meaning
Like all helmlings, the white-milk helmling is not an edible mushroom .
literature
Individual evidence
- ^ Synonyms of Mycena galopus. (Pers.) P. Kumm., Lead. Mushroom (Zwickau): 108 (1871). In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved December 7, 2011 .
- ↑ a b Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (= spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 125 .
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (ed.), Andreas Gminder : Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 3: Mushrooms. Blattpilze I. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3536-1 , p. 437.
- ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 92 .
- ↑ a b c Arne Aronsen: Mycena galopus. A key to the Mycenas of Norway. In: Mycena Page / home.online.no. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012 ; accessed on December 7, 2011 .
- ↑ Alexander H. Smith: North American species of Mycena . Ed .: Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. 1947, p. 133-134 (English, online ).
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Mycena galopus . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Retrieved December 7, 2011.
- ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved December 7, 2011 .
- ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed December 7, 2011 .
- ↑ Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 180 .
