Vladimir Vladimirovich Tscharnoluski

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Vladimir Vladimirovich Tscharnoluski ( Russian Владимир Владимирович Чарнолуский ; born 31 jul. / 12. June  1894 greg. In St. Petersburg , Russian Empire ; † 16th March 1969 ) was a Russian ethnographer and writer, the Sami research founded in the Soviet Union and v. a. dealt with the Sami cultures on the Kola Peninsula .

Life

Vladimir Tscharnoluski was born on June 12, 1894 to an impoverished aristocratic St. Petersburg family . His father was a writer and co-founder of the Marxist publishing house Snanije .

Between 1906 and 1914 Tscharnoluski graduated from an 8-class commercial high school in Saint Petersburg. He also attended courses in painting and drawing at the technical drawing school founded by Baron Alexander von Stieglitz . That is why he was later able to study in Saweli Seidenberg's studio at the Academy for Art and Industry that had emerged from the school . Tscharnoluski's training was interrupted by the First World War. In 1915 he voluntarily went to the front as a medic , later he served as a private and even commander of an armed company .

After the establishment of the Soviet Union as a result of the October Revolution and the end of the war in 1918, Tscharnoluski initially worked as a teacher in popular education. Between 1921 and 1925 he studied ethnography at the Geography Faculty of the State University of Petrograd ( Leningrad from 1924 ), as did his colleague in the field of Sami studies Nikolai Volkov a few years later . As a student, Tscharnoluski carried out field research in Northern Russia for the first time as a participant in a larger expedition . During the following decades Tscharnoluski took part in numerous other expeditions, mainly collecting data on the history and culture of the Sami in Russia .

Vladimir Tscharnolusky died on March 16, 1969.

Create

Tscharnoluski was the first Soviet researcher to study Sami folklore intensively . During his work, he himself acquired active knowledge of the Sami language , and the extensive material he has documented, especially on the material and immaterial culture of the Sami on the Kola peninsula , is still important sources for domestic and foreign research. Also Tscharnoluski's texts on Sami history and mythology , which are predominantly literary , are very popular with Sami and non-Sami readers in Russia.

Tscharnoluski as a researcher

The aim of Tscharnoluski's first expedition to Northern Russia in 1922, which he carried out as a student , was to document and describe reindeer herding in the Nenets on the Kanin peninsula .

In 1927 the so-called Lappish Expedition ( Russian Лопарская экспедиция ) to the seeds of the Kola Peninsula took place, on which Tscharnoluski worked together with the ethnologists Sachari Tschernjakow and Dawid Zolotarjow as well as the doctor F. G. Ivanov-Djatlow . Tscharnoluski took part in the expedition as a member of the Russian Geographical Society and the Soviet Writers' Union.

The Lappish expedition aroused Tscharnoluski's special interest in Sami studies. On several other research trips in the 1930s, he collected and studied many other ethnographic and folkloric materials. He worked mainly in the central and western regions of the Kola Peninsula with skolt- , kildin- and ters Amish groups. In the field of ethnography, he wrote about the practice of reindeer herding in the kolkhozes of Kanewka and Ivanovka , which were founded in originally Tersamian Siidas . He also described several rites associated with the myth of origin of the holy reindeer Meandasch and also put forward the thesis that the fairy tales of the East Sami even provide evidence of ancient contacts between the Sami and the southern Finno-Ugric neighboring peoples.

After the numerous expeditions in the 1930s, there was a long break until 1961, when Tscharnuluski's last research trip took place on the Kola Peninsula. Many of his research results, including those of earlier expeditions, were also only published since the 1960s. The reasons for the 30-year break between Tscharnoluski's research and the late publication of his work are the Second World War and the change in Soviet policy towards the indigenous peoples in the country, which began in the mid-1930s. Many ethnic activist and researcher of indigenous small peoples of the Russian North were during the time of Stalin's purges as nationalist accused dissenters, or they were working with allegedly fascist scientists in other countries accused.

Tscharnoluski as a writer

Tscharnoluski's activities as researcher and writer are difficult to separate from one another. By processing his research results in literary texts, he was able to popularize knowledge about ancient Sami culture and its peculiarities. The texts were in the Soviet Union and beyond rezipiert and partly by other authors further processed. Tscharnoluski's work has thus also contributed to the spread of Sami topics in world literature .

From a scientific point of view, however, the literary processing and romanticization of the Sami fairy tales and other orally transmitted texts that Tscharnoluski had collected made them unsuitable as sources for further research. On the one hand, the texts are only reproduced in Russian translation. Although Tscharnoluski claims that he originally recorded all the traditions in Sami, samples of the original language were never published. Tscharnoluski also edited the content of the texts in order to make them "easier to understand for the European ear".

In Tscharnoluski's last book "In the Land of the Flying Stone" ( Russian: В краю летучего камня ), published posthumously in 1972 , the ethnographer presents his own memories of the trips to the Kola Peninsula that took place in the early Soviet Union. He describes the life and customs of the Sami people to the non-scientific reader and also devotes many pages to the nature of the Kola peninsula. The book is also illustrated with drawings by the author and rare photos.

Fonts (selection)

In Russian

  • 1930. Materialy po bytu loparei ("Materials about the everyday life of the rags"). Leningrad
  • 1930. Sametki o pastbe i organisazii stada u loparei (“Comments on grazing and the organization of the herd among the Lappers”). Leningrad
  • 1932. Pastbishcha i priemy wypasa olenei (“The pastures and techniques of raising the reindeer”). Leningrad (together with AS Salaskin)
  • 1962. "Jaschtscher" permskogo swerinogo stilja ("The 'lizard' of the Permian animal style"). Moscow
  • 1962. Saamskie skaski (Sami Legends "). Moscow
  • 1965. Legenda ob olene-tscheloweke ("The legend of the reindeer man"). Moscow
  • 1966. O kultje Mjandascha (“On the cult of Meandasch”). Tallinn
  • 1972. W kraju letutschewo kamnja ("In the land of flying stones"). Moscow

In Swedish

  • 1993. Den vilda renen i myt och rit ("The wild reindeer in myth and rite"). Jokkmokk (translated and edited by Kerstin Eidlitz Kuoljok )

literature

  • Marina Kuropjatnik: Expeditions to Sámi territories . In: Acta Borealia . 16, No. 1, 1999, pp. 117-124. doi : 10.1080 / 08003839908580491 .
  • Lukjantschenko, Tatjana W .: WW Tscharnoluski: pewez Semli zamskoj . In: DD Tumarkin (ed.): Repressirowannye etnografy . Moscow 2003, p. 128–146 ( PDF [accessed March 23, 2016]).
  • Leif Rantala: Saami studies: Russian / USSR . In: Ulla-Maija Kulonen (ed.): The Saami: a cultural encyclopaedia . Helsinki 2005, p. 365-370 .
  • Jelena Sergejeva [Porsanger]: The research history of Kola and Skolt Sami folklore . In: Juha Pentikäinen (Ed.): Sami Folkloristics . Turku 2000, p. 155-188 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ cit. Sergejeva 2000: 174
personal data
SURNAME Tscharnoluski, Vladimir Vladimirovich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Чарнолу́ский, Влади́мир Влади́мирович (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian ethnographer and writer
DATE OF BIRTH June 12, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Saint Petersburg , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH March 16, 1969