force

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Attempt to distinguish between inner and outer layers of personality. CG Jung already held the persona (= "mask") as a shell or as a section of the ego facing the environment. The personal I (yellow) must therefore be subdivided further. The innermost core of the self is also called the self .

Coercion can be described in two ways, on the one hand as a characteristic of more external influences and, on the other hand, as a characteristic of inner psychological states , such as ideas , feelings of state or impulses to act . The subjective impression of an influence contrary to one's own free will , an external nature and / or internal, physical or psychological coercion , impairment, alienation to the self is associated with it. Individual → compulsive phenomena can also be objectively determined. (a)

More detailed labeling

Coercion is therefore also defined as a senseless impulse, against which one defends oneself in vain despite one's self-perceived contradiction. While inner mental states are referred to as subjective compulsive phenomena or as compulsive or anankastic, the external means and methods of physical coercion are usually viewed as more objectively necessary conditions, requirements or measures within social communities. The sociology has possible reciprocal relationships identified between the outer and inner compulsion to be plausible. The corresponding inner personality structures, as can be seen from the above figure, then arise in many cases through internalization based on environmental influences (internalization of external compulsion). (a) Since William Battie (1704–1776), criticism of the - as usual in absolutism - logical exclusion of "unreasonableness" and the associated external coercive measures against those affected has been exercised. However, the "disorder" is thus an independent, both the known anatomic nervous structures, as well as the psyche ascribed value. This will later serve both the psychological interpretation and give space for the assumption of autochthonous or endogenous causes of illness. (b) Instead of a structural nervous deficit may be as a result of functional z view. B. rather a traumatization can be assumed. This in turn criticizes a nosologically too rigid concept of illness in psychiatry. Regardless of this, acute to medium-term persistent obsessive-compulsive symptoms can occur both as a result of organic diseases and as a result of unusual external circumstances and extraordinary events such as terrible experiences. (c)

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms

In addition to the already mentioned ideas, feelings of state or impulses to act that are perceived as compulsive and self-distant, the compulsion to repeat is a particularly noticeable feature of compulsion. The psychologically complex occurrence of compulsory repetition has become proverbial in the myth of Sisyphus as an eternally futile effort. The absurdity of this compulsion, described by Albert Camus (1913–1960), consists in certain habits of thinking and acting of which a person trapped in it is not aware.

Psychological evaluation of symptoms

Wolfgang Loch considers the repetition compulsion to be one of the factors of overdetermination of mental achievements or failures. Compulsive repetition, for example in the form of brooding, occurs not only in compulsion, but also in depressive characters and pathological depression. (a) It is therefore a non-specific psychic manifestation. Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) viewed the more or less irresistible tendency of a person to repeat unpleasant, sometimes even painful and traumatic experiences as an effect of the death instinct. In the case of the dreamer of recurring anxiety dreams, however, it goes back in part to the staged response and defense against libidinal motives, which in turn derive from the introjected punitive tendencies of the environment. It has been shown that anxiety dreams also start from pleasurable motives. (c) Many authors therefore contradict Freud's demanded reduction of the compulsive repetition to the death instinct. (b) The repetition compulsion thus possibly represents a universal mechanism that can be understood as a functional principle ( functional circuit ) for maintaining a constantly threatened state of equilibrium in the entire nervous system. - In addition to negative sides, which are mainly represented by the point of view of the death drive, Alice Miller (1923–2010) also finds positive sides to the phenomenon of repetition compulsion. This gives the opportunity to constantly new creative insights into self-discovery , provided that the negative sides of the mostly inadequate transmission of feelings in one's own childhood are taken seriously.

psychology

Typology

Fritz Riemann (1902–1979) describes compulsive or anankastic personalities that can by no means be described as pathological, but rather as variants of personality traits . Riemann describes the search for security as an essential characteristic of the compulsive personality. Legally predictable processes and the reliable return of the familiar are of the greatest importance for the anankastic character type. The model for such processes are the laws of nature as conveyed by the physical worldview . Such security and unconditional guarantee is mostly also claimed by the representatives of a legal or moral structure that is binding for the respective human community. Immanuel Kant recorded this in his famous comparison: "The starry sky above me and the moral law in me". (KpV A 288) The same thing as described in Chap. More detailed identification broached question of the connection between structure and function.

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud attributed the compulsive phenomena to conflicts within the structural model of the psyche . In particular, the punishing superego is essential for the development of the compulsive phenomena . Fixations in the late anal phase lead to the development of compulsive behaviors. (d)

pedagogy

According to the predominant pedagogical view, upbringing should be aimed at avoiding coercion as far as possible. Such an upbringing, which largely renounces compulsion, aims to increasingly replace compulsion with insight and self-control. Nevertheless, it appears to be an indispensable means of education in order to avert immediate danger for the adolescent (e.g. with small children) or those around him (e.g. with neglect). Since the drawing of boundaries cannot always be done easily and without contradictions, Klaus Dörner speaks of a dialectic of coercion. (d) Physical aspects of the personality model shown in the figure prove to be essential for physical maturation during puberty , cf. the importance and limitations of sex education .

psychiatry

ICD

According to ICD-10, a distinction is made between obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder . This group of disorders is the fourth most common psychiatric illness.

History of Psychiatry

Compulsory treatment as the deliberate application of external coercion to mentally conspicuous people was common, especially in the 19th century during and after the founding phase of institutional psychiatry . Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) speaks of the inevitability of coercion in hospital treatment. This does not only mean that there are house rules in every institution, which have to be stricter the more people a house has taken in, and can vary from institution to institution and depend on the director of the institution. A longer stay in such an institution can lead to subjective and objective obsessional symptoms, even if - as for example in the pleasantly scenic surroundings of an institution such as the York Retreat , which can be described as a model in terms of psychiatry history - if not for a job that is perceived as meaningful . occupational therapy is provided. Even progressive representatives of institutional psychiatry at the time, such as Christian Roller (1802–1878), who wanted to give his patients "only pity and help", was criticized by other more liberal institution founders for not ensuring that his patients were reintegrated into social life as quickly as possible, and thereby also for inclusion in the general work process. His institution with its own music teacher, clergy and with the opportunity to do gymnastics, lectures and dance events is geared too much towards the permanent isolation of the insane from society and thus promotes the development of hospitalism . Roller also declined no-restraint treatment. (e)

criticism

sociology

Criticism of the use of coercion touches on the question of inadmissible use of force . It appears u. a. the fact of group formation matters. (a) If one defines external coercion as a social reaction by means of violence to possible individual behaviors that are assessed as threatening, then the collective role of this society appears as an authority that uses violent means to its own existence. Such individual behaviors that are viewed as threatening can affect society as a whole as well as the individual himself as part of society. According to Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) , the force that establishes such a community is ultimately the fear of violent death, which prompts people to abandon the natural state (pure self-preservation with the help of the war of all against all) and to found a community. (b)

Psychotherapy versus psychiatry

Criticism of classical German psychiatry has been leveled primarily by representatives of psychotherapeutic procedures . This criticism relates to the lifting of medical one-sidedness in an exclusively scientific approach, which favors physical treatment methods and often refers to coercive measures without the patient's own insight into the disease .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Jolande Jacobi : The psychology of CG Jung. An introduction to the complete works. With a foreword by CG Jung. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1987, ISBN 3-596-26365-4 , pp. 36-39 on the "Persona" section.
  2. ↑ The Brockhaus Psychology. Mannheim 2008, p. 541.
  3. ↑ Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984, p. 628 on Wb.-lemmas: “Force, outer” and “Force, inner”.
  4. ↑ a b The Great Brockhaus. Compact edition in 26 volumes. 18th edition. Vol. 24, FA Brockhaus, Wiesbaden 1983, ISBN 3-7653-0353-4 , p. 366 on Lemma “Zwang”.
  5. ^ A b c d Wilhelm Karl Arnold et al. (Hrsg.): Lexikon der Psychologie . Bechtermünz, Augsburg 1996, ISBN 3-86047-508-8 :
    (a) Sp. 2597 on Lex.-Lemma “Zwang”;
    (b) as (a);
    (c) Col. 81 on Lex.-Lemma "Anal Phase";
    (d) like (c).
  6. ^ Karl-Heinz Hillmann : Dictionary of Sociology (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 410). 4th, revised and expanded edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1994, ISBN 3-520-41004-4 , pp. 956 f. to Wb.-Lemma “Zwang”.
  7. ↑ a b c d e Klaus Dörner : Citizens and Irre. On the social history and sociology of science in psychiatry. Fischer Taschenbuch, Bücher des Wissens, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-436-02101-6 :
    (a) pp. 94–105, 117, 240, 249, 292 on Stw. “Internalization of external compulsion”;
    (b) p. 55 on Stw. “inner compulsion as a supposedly independent reality”;
    (c) P. 94 on Stw. “Power-protected seizure of the human interior”;
    (d) pp. 80–118 on chap. “Dialectic of Coercion”;
    (e) p. 297, footnote 290 on head. "no-restraint" and p. 298 on head. "Help and compassion".
  8. ^ Giovanni Jervis : Critical Manual of Psychiatry. 3. Edition. Syndikat, Authors and Publishing Company, Frankfurt 1978, Fuldaer Verlagsanstalt 1980, ISBN 3-8108-0167-4 kart, p. 95 ff. On the section “Group, Individual and Power”.
  9. ↑ Hans Lamer , Paul Kroh: Dictionary of antiquity. 10th edition. Volume 96, Alfred-Kröner, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-520-09610-2 , p. 687 on Lemma "Sisyphos".
  10. ↑ Albert Camus : The Myth of Sisyphus. An attempt at the absurd. (= Rowohlt's German Encyclopedia. Volume 90). 2nd Edition. Rowohlt, Hamburg 1960, p. 14 ff. On chap. "The absurd walls".
  11. ↑ a b Wolfgang Loch : On the theory, technology and therapy of psychoanalysis . S. Fischer Conditio humana (ed. Von Thure von Uexküll & Ilse Grubrich-Simitis 1972, ISBN 3-10-844801-3 :
    (a) p. 54 on tax. “Repetition compulsion”;
    (b) p. 122 on tax "Repetition compulsion and death instinct".
  12. ↑ Gerd Huber : Psychiatry. Systematic teaching text for students and doctors. FK Schattauer, Stuttgart 1974, ISBN 3-7945-0404-6 , p. 34 on Stw. "Unspecific predilection types".
  13. ↑ Sigmund Freud : Analysis of the phobia of a five-year-old boy . [1909] In: Collected Works. Volume X: Works from 1906–1909. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-596-50300-0 , p. 371, footnote 2) on taxation “Death Drive”.
  14. ↑ Alice Miller : The Drama of the Gifted Child and the Search for the True Self. 30th edition. Suhrkamp Frankfurt am Main 2016, ISBN 978-3-518-37450-4 , p. 129 ff. On stw. “Obligation to repeat, negative and positive sides”.
  15. ↑ Fritz Riemann : Basic forms of fear. A depth psychological study. 6th edition. Ernst Reinhardt Verlag, Munich 1974/1975 , ISBN 3-497-00749-8 , p. 105 ff. On the subject “Obsessive personality”.
  16. ↑ Stavros Mentzos : Neurotic Conflict Processing. Introduction to the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, taking into account more recent perspectives. Kindler, Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1992, ISBN 3-596-42239-6 , p. 164 f. to Stw. "Über-Ich".
  17. ↑ Sven Olaf Hoffmann , G. Hochapfel: Neuroses, psychotherapeutic and psychosomatic medicine. (= Compact textbook ). 6th edition. Schattauer, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 , p. 157 on "Obsessive Compulsive Disorder".
  18. ↑ Karl Jaspers : General Psychopathology. 9th edition. Springer, Berlin 1973, ISBN 3-540-03340-8 , p. 701 on “Institutional Psychiatry”.
  19. ↑ a b Hannah Arendt : Power and violence. 4th edition. R. Piper, Munich 1970, ISBN 3-492-00301-X :
    (a) pp. 60, 6070, 67 f. to Stw. "Group formation";
    (b) p. 69 on tax office “Thomas Hobbes”.
  20. ↑ Klaus Dörner , Ursula Plog: To err is human or textbook of psychiatry / psychotherapy. 7th edition. Psychiatrie-Verlag, Rehburg-Loccum 1983, ISBN 3-88414-001-9 , p. 436 ff. On tax “Abolition of medical one-sidedness”.