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[[Image:WellingtonTrolleybuses.jpg|thumb|right|Trolleybuses in Wellington.]]
A natural resource qualifies as a '''renewable resource''' if it is replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users. Solar radiation, tides, winds and hydroelectricity are ''perpetual resources'' that are in no danger of long-term availability. Renewable resources may also mean [[commodity|commodities]] such as [[wood]], [[paper]], and [[leather]].


'''Public transport in New Zealand''' exists in many of the country's urban areas, and takes a number of forms. [[Bus]] transport is the main form of public transport, though two major cities, Auckland and Wellington, also have [[Commuter rail|suburban rail]] systems which have been gaining more patronage in recent years. Some cities also operate local [[ferry]] services. There are no remaining [[tram]] / light rail systems active anywhere in New Zealand (except for some museum systems), though trams (and their horse-drawn pedecessors) once had a major role in New Zealand's public transport.
Some natural renewable resources such as [[geothermal power]], fresh water, timber, and biomass must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the environment's capacity to replenish them. A [[life cycle assessment]] provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability.


==Usage==
The term has a connotation of [[sustainability]] of the [[natural environment]]. [[Gasoline]], [[coal]], [[natural gas]], [[diesel]], and other commodities derived from [[fossil fuel]]s are non-renewable. Unlike fossil fuels, a renewable resource can have a [[sustainable yield]].
According to the Ministry for the Environment, overall use of public transport in New Zealand is low, with only around 2.5% of trips making use of it.<ref>[http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/transport/sustainable/public.html Ministry for the Environment - Public transport]</ref> This figure is for the whole of New Zealand and includes centres that may have limited public transport. New Zealand was rated only 22nd in a survey for public transport use amongst 28 countries worldwide, with only 56% always, or sometimes, using public transport to reach work. At the same time, this share was much higher than for example in the US, with only 34% usage.<ref>''[http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/423466/1084773 Kiwis not keen on public transport]'' - [[Kelly Services]], via [[TVNZ]], Friday 27 April 2007</ref>


Considering the regions like [[Auckland]], where the overall share is about 5%.<ref>[http://www.transport.govt.nz/mode-of-transport/ Mode of Transport, Figure for New Zealand Regions] (from the Travel Survey Highlights 1997-98, New Zealand Ministry of Transport)</ref>, this figure is comparable to numerous [[North America]]n and [[Australian]] cities. <ref>[http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-intl-cityshare.htm Private Vehicle & Public Transport Market Share: International Urban Areas: 1990/1991] (from the [[Wendell Cox|Wendell Cox Consultancy]] website)</ref> However, use of public transport is higher in major cities, which have more developed systems. According to the 2006 census, 17% of [[Wellington]]ians took public transport to work, as did 7% of [[Auckland]]ers.<ref>[http://www.metlink.org.nz/story21978.php Metlink website - Statistics]</ref> [[Wendell Cox]], public policy consultant said in 2001 that Auckland's "public transport's [[downtown]] work trip market share is 31%" compared to [[Wellington]]'s 26%. Cox further stated that no other centre in New Zealand achieved as high a market share as the Auckland city centre. <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-wlgtext.htm|title=Urban Transport Planning in New Zealand: From Fantasy to Reality |author=[[Wendell Cox]]|accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref>.
==Renewable Energy==
[[Image:Windpark Galicia.jpg|thumb|right|A [[wind farm]] in [[Spain]].]]
[[Image:Available Energy-4.png|thumb|right|Total solar (left), wind, hydropower and geothermal energy resources compared to global energy consumption (lower right).]]
{{main|Renewable energy}}
<!-- This section is kept short on purpose - see [[Wikipedia:Summary style]]-->
[[Solar power]] is the energy derived directly from the [[Sun]]. It is the most abundant source of energy on Earth. The fastest growing type of alternative energy, increasing at 50 percent a year, is the [[photovoltaic cell]], which converts sunlight directly into energy. <ref> "The Power and the Glory." The Economist 21 June 2008: 6.</ref> The Sun yearly delivers more than 10,000 times the energy that humans currently use. <ref> Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2003.</ref>


==Modes==
[[Wind power]] is derived from uneven heating of the Earth's surface from the Sun and the warm core. Most modern wind power is generated in the form of electricity by converting the rotation of [[Wind turbine design|turbine blade]]s into electrical current by means of an electrical generator. In [[windmill]]s (a much older technology) wind energy is used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water.
[[Bus]]es are the most common form of public transport in New Zealand, making up the majority of trips in every city that has public transport (and often being the only public transport mode available). They are followed by [[train]]s, which are found in Wellington and Auckland. [[Ferry|Ferries]] also play a role, mainly in Auckland but also in other cities. [[Trams in New Zealand]], while once common in many cities and towns, now survive only as heritage displays. [[Cable car (railway)|Cable car]]s have also been employed; the [[Dunedin cable tramway system]] was both the second and second-last to operate in the world, while the [[Wellington Cable Car]] is now a [[funicular]].


==Provision by area==
[[Hydropower]], energy derived from the movement of water in rivers and oceans (or other energy differentials), can likewise be used to generate electricity using turbines, or can be used mechanically to do useful work. It is a very common resource.
===Auckland===
[[Image:AucklandFerry.jpg|thumb|right|An Auckland ferry.]]
[[Image:Stagecoach Bus And Link Bus Queen.jpg|thumb|right|An Auckland bus.]]
{{main|Public transport in Auckland}}


Public transport in [[Auckland]] is managed by the [[Auckland Regional Transport Authority]] (set up by the regional council) under the MAXX brand. It consists of buses, trains, and ferries. According to ARTA, over 50 million passenger trips are made in Auckland each year.<ref>[http://www.arta.co.nz/xxarta/what-we-do/ ARTA - What we do]</ref> This makes the Auckland transport system New Zealand's largest by total passenger volume, although not by trips per capita.
[[Geothermal power]] directly harnesses the natural flow of heat from the ground. The available energy from natural decay of radioactive elements in the earth's [[crust]] and [[mantle]] is approximately equal to that of incoming solar energy.


Buses are the most widely used form of public transport in Auckland. They are operated by a number of companies, including [[NZ Bus]] (operating under various brands) and [[Ritchies Transport]]. The route network is dense, covering all parts of the Auckland urban area (including [[Waiheke Island]]).
Alcohol derived from [[corn]], [[sugar cane]], [[switchgrass]], etc. is also a [[renewable]] source of energy. Similarly, oils from plants and seeds can be used as a substitute for non-renewable diesel. Methane is also considered as a renewable source of energy.


Auckland also has a commuter rail system, one of two in the country. The system uses diesel-powered trains, although planning is in motion to electrify it. There are three main lines, designated Western, Southern, and Eastern (the latter two of which eventually merge). The trains are operated by [[Veolia (New Zealand)|Veolia's New Zealand branch]].
== Renewable materials ==
{{See|bioplastics|bioasphalt}}


Ferries also play a significant role in Auckland's transport network &mdash; more so than in other New Zealand cities. Ferries travel between the city centre and a number of destinations, including several points on the [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]], [[Half Moon Bay, Auckland|Half Moon Bay]], [[Waiheke Island]], [[Rangitoto Island]], and [[Great Barrier Island]]. The largest operator is [[Fullers Ferries]].
===Agricultural products===


Auckland, like many others in New Zealand, previously operated trams. The first ran in 1884, and the last ran in 1956. The [[Museum of Transport and Technology]] subsequently constructed a 2km heritage line linking its two sites and [[Auckland Zoo]].
Techniques in [[agriculture]] which allow for minimal or controlled environmental damage qualify as [[sustainable agriculture]]. Products ([[food]]s, [[chemical]]s, [[biofuel]]s, etc) from this type of agriculture may be considered "sustainable" when [[process]]ing, [[logistics]], etc. also have sustainable characteristics.


===Christchurch===
Similarly, [[forest product]]s such as [[lumber]], [[plywood]], [[paper]] and [[chemical]]s, can be renewable resources when produced by [[sustainable forest management]] techniques.
{{main|Public transport in Christchurch}}


The [[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch]] public transport system is based principally around buses, although the city also has a ferry service and a heritage tramway. The services are operated under the Metro brand, administered by the regional council, [[Canterbury Regional Council (Environment Canterbury)|Environment Canterbury]].
===Water===

{{see|Water resources}}
Buses operate to all parts of the Christchurch urban area, including [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]]. There are also services to outlying towns such as [[Rangiora]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]], and [[Burnham, New Zealand|Burnham]]. There are around 40 routes in total,<ref> [http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/timetable_maps.html Metro - Timetables] </ref> plus a free shuttle following a loop through the central city <ref>[http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/docs/Shuttle_web.pdf Metro - The Shuttle] (PDF)</ref>.
[[Water]] can qualify as a renewable material when carefully controlled usage, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, [[groundwater]] could be removed from an [[aquifer]] at a rate greater than the [[Sustainability|sustainable]] recharge. Removal of water from the pore spaces may cause permanent compaction ([[subsidence]]) that cannot be reversed.

Since 12 November 2007, Christchurch has been carrying out the first New Zealand trial for bikes on buses <ref> [http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/bikeRacks_Main.html Bikes on Buses]</ref>, which amongst other things gives cyclists access through the [[Lyttelton Road Tunnel]] <ref>[http://spokes.org.nz/newsletter/2007/09#7 Progress with Bikes on Buses]</ref>.

A ferry service operates between [[Lyttelton, New Zealand|Lyttelton]] and [[Diamond Harbour, New Zealand|Diamond Harbour]], a small settlement on the opposite side of [[Lyttelton Harbour]].

Christchurch used to operate an extensive tram network,<ref> [http://www.tram.co.nz/education.html Christchurch Tramway - Education]</ref> but this service was discontinued in 1954. In 1995, a heritage tramway was re-opened in the city centre, primarily serving tourists.

===Dunedin===
{{main|Public transport in Dunedin}}

[[Dunedin]] has a substantial public transport system based around buses. There are 14 routes, covering the Dunedin urban area (including [[Mosgiel]] and [[Port Chalmers]]), plus a service to [[Waikouaiti]] and [[Palmerston, New Zealand|Palmerston]]. Services are administered by the Otago Regional Council, and run mainly by [[Citibus (New Zealand)|Citibus]] (owned by the Dunedin City Council) and [[Passenger Transport (New Zealand)|Passenger Transport]], (a private company based in Invercargill).

The city formerly operated other forms of public transport &mdash; the [[Dunedin cable tramway system]] (similar to the famous [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco cable cars]]) operated between 1881 and 1957, and electric trams operated on several routes from 1900 to 1956. Commuter trains ran from the [[Dunedin Railway Station]] to Mosgiel and Port Chalmers until 1979 and 1982, respectively.

===Hamilton===
{{main|Public transport in Hamilton}}

[[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] has a bus system covering most of its urban area, with around 25 routes.<ref>[http://www.ew.govt.nz/regionalservices/passengertransport/hamiltoncity/index.htm Environment Waikato - Hamilton routes]</ref> There are also bus services to (and sometimes between) other towns in the Waikato region &mdash; [[Taupo]], [[Huntly, New Zealand|Huntly]], [[Coromandel, New Zealand|Coromandel]], [[Thames, New Zealand|Thames]], [[Tokoroa]], [[Meremere]], [[Te Kauwhata]], [[Cambridge, New Zealand|Cambridge]], [[Paeroa]], [[Raglan, New Zealand|Raglan]], [[Mangakino]], and [[Te Awamutu]] are among the destinations.

Hamilton formerly had a commuter train to Auckland, the [[Waikato Connection]]. Proposals exist to re-instate the service.

===Wellington===
{{main|Public transport in Wellington}}

[[Image:Tranz Metro EMU Wellington.jpg|thumb|right|A Wellington commuter train.]]
[[Wellington]] has the highest percentage of citizens using public transport in the country.<ref>[http://www.metlink.org.nz/story21978.php? Metlink website - Statistics]</ref> Its public transport system, organised under the Metlink brand, consists of buses (including trolleybuses), trains, ferries, and a funicular (the [[Wellington Cable Car]]).

The most widely used form of public transport are buses, which are operated mainly by [[NZ Bus]] and [[Mana Coachlines]] (both using multiple brands). The network extends across the whole region, with slightly over 100 routes and around 2,800 stops. Some bus routes are served by the [[Trolleybuses in Wellington|Wellington trolleybus system]], which replaced the city's historic [[Wellington tramway system]].

The second most popular form of public transport is rail, which makes up around a third of the total. Wellington's commuter rail network carries passengers between the central city and suburban areas to the north, as well as to smaller towns in [[Wairarapa]]. It is the larger of New Zealand's two commuter rail systems, with 49 stations, and is mostly electrified. The two non-electrified services are diesel trains: the [[Wairarapa Connection]] from [[Masterton]] and the [[Capital Connection]] from [[Palmerston North]]. The latter is not run by the suburban operator, [[Tranz Metro]], but by long distance operator [[Tranz Scenic]]; however, in practice, it serves as a commuter service.

The remainder of trips use either the [[Ferries in Wellington|Wellington ferry system]] or the Wellington Cable Car. The ferry service operates across [[Wellington Harbour]], connecting [[Eastbourne, New Zealand|Eastbourne]], [[Matiu/Somes Island]], and the central city. The iconic [[Wellington Cable Car]] (strictly speaking, a [[funicular]], rather than a true cable car) travels between the central city and the suburb of [[Kelburn, New Zealand|Kelburn]], and is still used as a regular means of transport.

===Other areas===
*'''[[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]]''' has a small bus service operating on Tuesdays and Thursdays. It has two loop routes, serving the northern and southern halves of the town from a central hub. It is operated by [[Ritchies Transport]] on behalf of the Marlborough regional council.<ref> [http://www.marlborough.govt.nz/content/docs/roads/The_Bus.pdf Blenheim Bus] (PDF)</ref>
*'''[[Gisborne]]''' operates a bus service covering most of the town's urban area. There are six routes. <ref>[http://www.gdc.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/6D7AAC4C-67AB-44C7-A718-02F7BBC15E09/36477/busroutes06.pdf Gisborne District Council - Bus Routes] (PDF)</ref> It is run by a local company on behalf of Gisborne District Council.
*'''[[Invercargill]]''' has a bus service with eight routes <ref>[http://www.icc.govt.nz/icc/index.cfm?F4B90F89-FEC7-E0B2-4260-D249534FBF09 Invercargill City Council - Bus Timetables]</ref> (four of which are loops that have different designations for the inbound and outbound sections). They operate from a hub in the central city, and are administered by the Invercargill City Council. Some of the routes are [[zero-fare|free]], and others are free outside peak hours. See [[Public transport in Invercargill]]. Invercargill formerly had the southernmost tram system in the world; construction began in January 1911<ref>Graham Stewart, ''The End of the Penny Section: When Trams Ruled the Streets of New Zealand'', rev. ed. (Wellington: Grantham House, 1993), p. 112.</ref> and the network operated from [[26 March]] [[1912]] to [[10 September]] [[1952]]. At its greatest extent, it had four separate routes.<ref>Stewart, ''The End of the Penny Section'', p. 236.</ref> Commuter trains also ran along the [[Bluff Branch]] railway line between Invercargill and [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]] from the line's opening in 1867 until the final service was cancelled in 1967. Multiple stops within Invercargill were serviced, and as late as 1950, seven trains ran each way on the average weekday.
*'''[[Levin, New Zealand|Levin]]''' has an internal bus service consisting of three loop routes converging on a central hub.<ref>[http://www.horizons.govt.nz/default.asp?pageid=130 Horizons Regional Council - Levin Buses] </ref> The buses are operated by Madge Coachlines on behalf of Horizons Regional Council. There is also a bus to Palmerston North.
*'''[[Masterton]]''' has an internal bus network consisting of three routes, operated as part of the Wellington regional transport system. There are also bus connections to nearby towns.
*'''[[Napier-Hastings Urban Area|Napier-Hastings]]''' has a bus service with eight routes &mdash; two in [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] proper, three in [[Hastings, New Zealand|Hastings]] proper, and routes between Hastings and Napier, between Hastings and [[Flaxmere]], and between Hastings and [[Havelock North]].<ref>[http://www.nimons.co.nz/UserFiles/timetable.pdf Nimon - Timetable]</ref> The buses are operated by Nimon and Sons, a local company, under the Nimbus brandname. They are funded by the regional council.
*'''[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]''' has four bus routes within its urban area, forming loops into the city's suburbs from a hub at Wakatu Square. <ref> [http://www.nelsoncitycouncil.co.nz/services/services_downloads/The%20Bus%20brochure%20final.pdf Nelson City Council - Bus brochure] (PDF)</ref> There is also a separate service to [[Richmond, New Zealand|Richmond]], which is outside Nelson's official boundaries but which is often considered part of the Nelson urban area.<ref>[http://nelsoncoaches.co.nz/timetable.htm Nelson Coaches - Nelson-Richmond timetable]</ref>
*'''[[New Plymouth, New Zealand|New Plymouth]]''' has a bus service connecting the central city and the suburbs.<ref>[http://www.okatobus.co.nz/citybus.htm Okato Bus Lines - New Plymouth City Bus]</ref> Four loop routes cover the city's main urban area, and there are also services to [[Waitara, New Zealand|Waitara]] and [[Oakura]], small towns not far from the city. Services are operated by Okato Bus Lines and administered by the Taranaki Regional Council.
*'''[[Palmerston North]]''''s public transport system consists of five bus routes, forming loops through the city's suburbs from a central station in the city's centre.<ref>[http://www.horizons.govt.nz/default.asp?pageid=58 Horizons Regional Council - Palmerston North Urban Bus Routes]</ref> The outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also less frequent services to places outside the immediate urban area, such as [[Ashhurst]], [[Fielding, New Zealand|Fielding]], [[Levin]], [[Taihape]], and the [[Linton Army Camp]].
*'''[[Pukekohe]]''' has an internal bus loop operated as part of the Auckland transport system.
*'''[[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]]''' has a bus service with three routes, serving most of Queenstown proper, [[Frankton, Otago|Frankton]] (including [[Queenstown Airport]]), and [[Arrowtown]].<ref>[http://www.connectabus.com/connectabus%20timetable%20final.pdf Connectabus Timetable] (PDF)</ref> It operates seven days a week.
*'''[[Rotorua]]''' has a network of ten bus routes, serving all parts of the urban area.<ref>[http://www.baybus.co.nz/Regions/Rotorua/Default.aspx Bay Bus - Rototua]</ref> The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty's regional council. There are links to other towns in the area.
*'''[[Taupo]]''' has a single-route bus service covering the Taupo urban area.<ref> [http://www.ew.govt.nz/regionalservices/passengertransport/documents/taupotimetable.pdf Taupo Connector timetable] (PDF)</ref>
*'''[[Tauranga]]''' employs buses and ferries in its public transport system. Its bus system has around a dozen routes, covering all major parts of its urban area.<ref>[http://www.baybus.co.nz/Regions/Tauranga/Default.aspx Bay Bus - Tauranga]</ref> The buses run six days a week. There are also bus connections to other places in the [[Bay of Plenty]] region. The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty regional council. Ferry services run between central Tauranga and [[Mount Maunganui]].<ref>[http://www.bayofplentynz.com/Tauranga/Bay_Ferries___Harbour_Cruises_ov=2551_.html Bay Ferries & Harbour Cruises]</ref>
*'''[[Timaru]]''''s public transport network consists of four bus routes within its urban area, plus a route to nearby [[Temuka]].<ref>[http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/timTimetables.html Metro - Timaru]</ref> The four urban routes are loops, with a hub in the city centre.
*'''[[Wanganui]]''' operates buses on four loop routes, originating from a central terminus and passing through the city's suburbs.<ref>[http://www.horizons.govt.nz/default.asp?pageid=61 Horizons Regional Council - Wanganui City Bus Routes]</ref> As in Palmerston North (whose service is administered by the same region), the outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also buses to [[Taihape]].
*'''[[Whangarei]]''' has a bus service administered by the regional council, funded by the district council and [[Land Transport New Zealand]], and operated by Adams Travelines (a NZBus owned company) under the name CityLink Whangarei.<ref>[http://www.nrc.govt.nz/transport/whangarei_bus_service.shtml Northland Regional Council - Transport]</ref> The system has five routes, covering most of the Whangarei urban area. <ref>[http://www.wdc.govt.nz/customerservice/?lc=reader&m=tssd&i=2992)]</ref> It runs six days a week.

==Overview table==
The table below lists towns in New Zealand that have or once had public transport systems. It includes only internal services (as opposed to services between towns), and does not include services run primarily for heritage reasons.

{| class="wikitable"
!City
!Buses
!Urban rail
!Ferries
!Funicular
!Trams
|---
|[[Auckland]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || ||align=center {{partial|(1884-1956)}}
|---
|[[Blenheim, New Zealand|Blenheim]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Christchurch, New Zealand|Christchurch]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{partial|(closed 1976)}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || ||align=center {{partial|(1880 - 1954)}}
|---
|[[Dunedin]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{partial|(closed 1982)}} ||align=center {{partial|(1880s?-1950s?)}} || ||align=center {{partial|(1881-1957)}}
|---
|[[Gisborne]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1913-1929)}}
|---
|[[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || ||
|---
|[[Invercargill]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{partial|(1867-1967)}} || || ||align=center {{partial|(1912-1952)}}
|---
|[[Levin, New Zealand|Levin]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Masterton]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Napier-Hastings Urban Area|Napier-Hastings]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1913-1931)}}
|---
|[[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1862-1901)}}
|---
|[[New Plymouth, New Zealand|New Plymouth]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1916-1954)}}
|---
|[[Palmerston North]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Pukekohe]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Queenstown, New Zealand|Queenstown]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Rotorua]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Taupo]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Tauranga]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || ||
|---
|[[Thames, New Zealand|Thames]] || || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1871-1874)}}
|---
|[[Timaru]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|---
|[[Wanganui]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||align=center {{partial|(1908-1950)}}
|---
|[[Wellington]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} ||align=center {{partial|(1878-1964)}}
|---
|[[Whangarei]] ||align=center {{yes2}}{{Y}} || || || ||
|}


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Rail transport in New Zealand]]
{{portal|Sustainable development}}
* [[Nature's services]]
*[[Trams in New Zealand]]
*[[Transport in New Zealand]]
* [[Scarcity]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2008}}

==Further reading==
* Sawin, Janet. "Charting a New Energy Future." State of the World 2003. By Lester R. Brown. Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, Incorporated, 2003.


==External links==
[[Category:Renewable resources]]
*[http://www.transport.govt.nz/current-issues/ Current Issues] (from the [[New Zealand Ministry of Transport]])
*[http://www.thehub.co.nz/ The Hub] (private forum for discussion of public transport in New Zealand)


[[Category:Public transport in New Zealand| ]]
[[cy:Adnodd adnewyddadwy]]
[[de:Nachwachsender Rohstoff]]
[[et:Taastuv ressurss]]
[[fr:Ressource renouvelable]]
[[ru:Возобновляемые ресурсы]]
[[simple:Renewable resource]]
[[fi:Uusiutuvat luonnonvarat]]
[[sv:Förnybar resurs]]

Revision as of 04:29, 13 October 2008

Trolleybuses in Wellington.

Public transport in New Zealand exists in many of the country's urban areas, and takes a number of forms. Bus transport is the main form of public transport, though two major cities, Auckland and Wellington, also have suburban rail systems which have been gaining more patronage in recent years. Some cities also operate local ferry services. There are no remaining tram / light rail systems active anywhere in New Zealand (except for some museum systems), though trams (and their horse-drawn pedecessors) once had a major role in New Zealand's public transport.

Usage

According to the Ministry for the Environment, overall use of public transport in New Zealand is low, with only around 2.5% of trips making use of it.[1] This figure is for the whole of New Zealand and includes centres that may have limited public transport. New Zealand was rated only 22nd in a survey for public transport use amongst 28 countries worldwide, with only 56% always, or sometimes, using public transport to reach work. At the same time, this share was much higher than for example in the US, with only 34% usage.[2]

Considering the regions like Auckland, where the overall share is about 5%.[3], this figure is comparable to numerous North American and Australian cities. [4] However, use of public transport is higher in major cities, which have more developed systems. According to the 2006 census, 17% of Wellingtonians took public transport to work, as did 7% of Aucklanders.[5] Wendell Cox, public policy consultant said in 2001 that Auckland's "public transport's downtown work trip market share is 31%" compared to Wellington's 26%. Cox further stated that no other centre in New Zealand achieved as high a market share as the Auckland city centre. [6].

Modes

Buses are the most common form of public transport in New Zealand, making up the majority of trips in every city that has public transport (and often being the only public transport mode available). They are followed by trains, which are found in Wellington and Auckland. Ferries also play a role, mainly in Auckland but also in other cities. Trams in New Zealand, while once common in many cities and towns, now survive only as heritage displays. Cable cars have also been employed; the Dunedin cable tramway system was both the second and second-last to operate in the world, while the Wellington Cable Car is now a funicular.

Provision by area

Auckland

An Auckland ferry.
An Auckland bus.
Main article: Public transport in Auckland

Public transport in Auckland is managed by the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (set up by the regional council) under the MAXX brand. It consists of buses, trains, and ferries. According to ARTA, over 50 million passenger trips are made in Auckland each year.[7] This makes the Auckland transport system New Zealand's largest by total passenger volume, although not by trips per capita.

Buses are the most widely used form of public transport in Auckland. They are operated by a number of companies, including NZ Bus (operating under various brands) and Ritchies Transport. The route network is dense, covering all parts of the Auckland urban area (including Waiheke Island).

Auckland also has a commuter rail system, one of two in the country. The system uses diesel-powered trains, although planning is in motion to electrify it. There are three main lines, designated Western, Southern, and Eastern (the latter two of which eventually merge). The trains are operated by Veolia's New Zealand branch.

Ferries also play a significant role in Auckland's transport network — more so than in other New Zealand cities. Ferries travel between the city centre and a number of destinations, including several points on the North Shore, Half Moon Bay, Waiheke Island, Rangitoto Island, and Great Barrier Island. The largest operator is Fullers Ferries.

Auckland, like many others in New Zealand, previously operated trams. The first ran in 1884, and the last ran in 1956. The Museum of Transport and Technology subsequently constructed a 2km heritage line linking its two sites and Auckland Zoo.

Christchurch

Main article: Public transport in Christchurch

The Christchurch public transport system is based principally around buses, although the city also has a ferry service and a heritage tramway. The services are operated under the Metro brand, administered by the regional council, Environment Canterbury.

Buses operate to all parts of the Christchurch urban area, including Lyttelton. There are also services to outlying towns such as Rangiora, Lincoln, and Burnham. There are around 40 routes in total,[8] plus a free shuttle following a loop through the central city [9].

Since 12 November 2007, Christchurch has been carrying out the first New Zealand trial for bikes on buses [10], which amongst other things gives cyclists access through the Lyttelton Road Tunnel [11].

A ferry service operates between Lyttelton and Diamond Harbour, a small settlement on the opposite side of Lyttelton Harbour.

Christchurch used to operate an extensive tram network,[12] but this service was discontinued in 1954. In 1995, a heritage tramway was re-opened in the city centre, primarily serving tourists.

Dunedin

Main article: Public transport in Dunedin

Dunedin has a substantial public transport system based around buses. There are 14 routes, covering the Dunedin urban area (including Mosgiel and Port Chalmers), plus a service to Waikouaiti and Palmerston. Services are administered by the Otago Regional Council, and run mainly by Citibus (owned by the Dunedin City Council) and Passenger Transport, (a private company based in Invercargill).

The city formerly operated other forms of public transport — the Dunedin cable tramway system (similar to the famous San Francisco cable cars) operated between 1881 and 1957, and electric trams operated on several routes from 1900 to 1956. Commuter trains ran from the Dunedin Railway Station to Mosgiel and Port Chalmers until 1979 and 1982, respectively.

Hamilton

Main article: Public transport in Hamilton

Hamilton has a bus system covering most of its urban area, with around 25 routes.[13] There are also bus services to (and sometimes between) other towns in the Waikato region — Taupo, Huntly, Coromandel, Thames, Tokoroa, Meremere, Te Kauwhata, Cambridge, Paeroa, Raglan, Mangakino, and Te Awamutu are among the destinations.

Hamilton formerly had a commuter train to Auckland, the Waikato Connection. Proposals exist to re-instate the service.

Wellington

Main article: Public transport in Wellington
A Wellington commuter train.

Wellington has the highest percentage of citizens using public transport in the country.[14] Its public transport system, organised under the Metlink brand, consists of buses (including trolleybuses), trains, ferries, and a funicular (the Wellington Cable Car).

The most widely used form of public transport are buses, which are operated mainly by NZ Bus and Mana Coachlines (both using multiple brands). The network extends across the whole region, with slightly over 100 routes and around 2,800 stops. Some bus routes are served by the Wellington trolleybus system, which replaced the city's historic Wellington tramway system.

The second most popular form of public transport is rail, which makes up around a third of the total. Wellington's commuter rail network carries passengers between the central city and suburban areas to the north, as well as to smaller towns in Wairarapa. It is the larger of New Zealand's two commuter rail systems, with 49 stations, and is mostly electrified. The two non-electrified services are diesel trains: the Wairarapa Connection from Masterton and the Capital Connection from Palmerston North. The latter is not run by the suburban operator, Tranz Metro, but by long distance operator Tranz Scenic; however, in practice, it serves as a commuter service.

The remainder of trips use either the Wellington ferry system or the Wellington Cable Car. The ferry service operates across Wellington Harbour, connecting Eastbourne, Matiu/Somes Island, and the central city. The iconic Wellington Cable Car (strictly speaking, a funicular, rather than a true cable car) travels between the central city and the suburb of Kelburn, and is still used as a regular means of transport.

Other areas

  • Blenheim has a small bus service operating on Tuesdays and Thursdays. It has two loop routes, serving the northern and southern halves of the town from a central hub. It is operated by Ritchies Transport on behalf of the Marlborough regional council.[15]
  • Gisborne operates a bus service covering most of the town's urban area. There are six routes. [16] It is run by a local company on behalf of Gisborne District Council.
  • Invercargill has a bus service with eight routes [17] (four of which are loops that have different designations for the inbound and outbound sections). They operate from a hub in the central city, and are administered by the Invercargill City Council. Some of the routes are free, and others are free outside peak hours. See Public transport in Invercargill. Invercargill formerly had the southernmost tram system in the world; construction began in January 1911[18] and the network operated from 26 March 1912 to 10 September 1952. At its greatest extent, it had four separate routes.[19] Commuter trains also ran along the Bluff Branch railway line between Invercargill and Bluff from the line's opening in 1867 until the final service was cancelled in 1967. Multiple stops within Invercargill were serviced, and as late as 1950, seven trains ran each way on the average weekday.
  • Levin has an internal bus service consisting of three loop routes converging on a central hub.[20] The buses are operated by Madge Coachlines on behalf of Horizons Regional Council. There is also a bus to Palmerston North.
  • Masterton has an internal bus network consisting of three routes, operated as part of the Wellington regional transport system. There are also bus connections to nearby towns.
  • Napier-Hastings has a bus service with eight routes — two in Napier proper, three in Hastings proper, and routes between Hastings and Napier, between Hastings and Flaxmere, and between Hastings and Havelock North.[21] The buses are operated by Nimon and Sons, a local company, under the Nimbus brandname. They are funded by the regional council.
  • Nelson has four bus routes within its urban area, forming loops into the city's suburbs from a hub at Wakatu Square. [22] There is also a separate service to Richmond, which is outside Nelson's official boundaries but which is often considered part of the Nelson urban area.[23]
  • New Plymouth has a bus service connecting the central city and the suburbs.[24] Four loop routes cover the city's main urban area, and there are also services to Waitara and Oakura, small towns not far from the city. Services are operated by Okato Bus Lines and administered by the Taranaki Regional Council.
  • Palmerston North's public transport system consists of five bus routes, forming loops through the city's suburbs from a central station in the city's centre.[25] The outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also less frequent services to places outside the immediate urban area, such as Ashhurst, Fielding, Levin, Taihape, and the Linton Army Camp.
  • Pukekohe has an internal bus loop operated as part of the Auckland transport system.
  • Queenstown has a bus service with three routes, serving most of Queenstown proper, Frankton (including Queenstown Airport), and Arrowtown.[26] It operates seven days a week.
  • Rotorua has a network of ten bus routes, serving all parts of the urban area.[27] The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty's regional council. There are links to other towns in the area.
  • Taupo has a single-route bus service covering the Taupo urban area.[28]
  • Tauranga employs buses and ferries in its public transport system. Its bus system has around a dozen routes, covering all major parts of its urban area.[29] The buses run six days a week. There are also bus connections to other places in the Bay of Plenty region. The buses are administered by the Bay of Plenty regional council. Ferry services run between central Tauranga and Mount Maunganui.[30]
  • Timaru's public transport network consists of four bus routes within its urban area, plus a route to nearby Temuka.[31] The four urban routes are loops, with a hub in the city centre.
  • Wanganui operates buses on four loop routes, originating from a central terminus and passing through the city's suburbs.[32] As in Palmerston North (whose service is administered by the same region), the outward and inward portions of each loop are given distinct labels. There are also buses to Taihape.
  • Whangarei has a bus service administered by the regional council, funded by the district council and Land Transport New Zealand, and operated by Adams Travelines (a NZBus owned company) under the name CityLink Whangarei.[33] The system has five routes, covering most of the Whangarei urban area. [34] It runs six days a week.

Overview table

The table below lists towns in New Zealand that have or once had public transport systems. It includes only internal services (as opposed to services between towns), and does not include services run primarily for heritage reasons.

City Buses Urban rail Ferries Funicular Trams
Auckland Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY (1884-1956)
Blenheim Green tickY
Christchurch Green tickY (closed 1976) Green tickY (1880 - 1954)
Dunedin Green tickY (closed 1982) (1880s?-1950s?) (1881-1957)
Gisborne Green tickY (1913-1929)
Hamilton Green tickY
Invercargill Green tickY (1867-1967) (1912-1952)
Levin Green tickY
Masterton Green tickY
Napier-Hastings Green tickY (1913-1931)
Nelson Green tickY (1862-1901)
New Plymouth Green tickY (1916-1954)
Palmerston North Green tickY
Pukekohe Green tickY
Queenstown Green tickY
Rotorua Green tickY
Taupo Green tickY
Tauranga Green tickY Green tickY
Thames (1871-1874)
Timaru Green tickY
Wanganui Green tickY (1908-1950)
Wellington Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY Green tickY (1878-1964)
Whangarei Green tickY

See also

References

  1. ^ Ministry for the Environment - Public transport
  2. ^ Kiwis not keen on public transport - Kelly Services, via TVNZ, Friday 27 April 2007
  3. ^ Mode of Transport, Figure for New Zealand Regions (from the Travel Survey Highlights 1997-98, New Zealand Ministry of Transport)
  4. ^ Private Vehicle & Public Transport Market Share: International Urban Areas: 1990/1991 (from the Wendell Cox Consultancy website)
  5. ^ Metlink website - Statistics
  6. ^ Wendell Cox. "Urban Transport Planning in New Zealand: From Fantasy to Reality". Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  7. ^ ARTA - What we do
  8. ^ Metro - Timetables
  9. ^ Metro - The Shuttle (PDF)
  10. ^ Bikes on Buses
  11. ^ Progress with Bikes on Buses
  12. ^ Christchurch Tramway - Education
  13. ^ Environment Waikato - Hamilton routes
  14. ^ Metlink website - Statistics
  15. ^ Blenheim Bus (PDF)
  16. ^ Gisborne District Council - Bus Routes (PDF)
  17. ^ Invercargill City Council - Bus Timetables
  18. ^ Graham Stewart, The End of the Penny Section: When Trams Ruled the Streets of New Zealand, rev. ed. (Wellington: Grantham House, 1993), p. 112.
  19. ^ Stewart, The End of the Penny Section, p. 236.
  20. ^ Horizons Regional Council - Levin Buses
  21. ^ Nimon - Timetable
  22. ^ Nelson City Council - Bus brochure (PDF)
  23. ^ Nelson Coaches - Nelson-Richmond timetable
  24. ^ Okato Bus Lines - New Plymouth City Bus
  25. ^ Horizons Regional Council - Palmerston North Urban Bus Routes
  26. ^ Connectabus Timetable (PDF)
  27. ^ Bay Bus - Rototua
  28. ^ Taupo Connector timetable (PDF)
  29. ^ Bay Bus - Tauranga
  30. ^ Bay Ferries & Harbour Cruises
  31. ^ Metro - Timaru
  32. ^ Horizons Regional Council - Wanganui City Bus Routes
  33. ^ Northland Regional Council - Transport
  34. ^ [1]

External links

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