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{{Infobox VG
{{for|the geologist|Henry Darwin Rogers}}
|title = Madden Football 64
|image = [[Image:Madden Football 64 Coverart.png‎]]
|developer = [[EA Tiburon]]
|publisher = [[EA Sports]]
|designer =
|engine =
|released = {{vgrelease|United States of America|USA|October 31, 1997}}<br>{{vgrelease|PAL Region|PAL|December, 1997}}
|genre = [[Sports]]
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer]]
|ratings = [[ESRB]]: Kids to Adults (K-A)
|platforms = [[Nintendo 64]]
|media =
|requirements =
|input =
}}
'''''Madden Football 64''''' is a [[American football|football]] [[video game]]. It is the first Madden game on the [[Nintendo 64]].
The game has commentary by Pat Summerall and John Madden.


This edition does not use real NFL team names or logos, so as with past games that had players' association licenses but not those of the league, the teams, as with some early-'90s EA Sports games, use banners that consist of two bars with the team colors, and the team name on top of them in white, accompanied by players in their uniforms. The Pro Bowl is referred to as the "Madden Bowl," and the Super Bowl as the "EAS Championship."
{{Infobox Person | name =Henry Huttleston Rogers | image =Henry h rogers bw portrait.jpg | image_size = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1840|1|29}} | birth_place =[[Mattapoisett, Massachusetts]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1909|5|19|1840|1|29}} | death_place =[[New York City]] | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | residence = | nationality = | other_names = | known_for = | education = | employer = | occupation = | title = | salary = | networth = | height = | weight = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = Abigail Gifford| partner = | children =Henry Huttleston Rogers Jr<br>Millicent Rogers<br>Mai (Rogers) Coe<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Gold Coast Servants' Quarters: Less Gilt |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE6DE1F3BF930A25753C1A9649C8B63&scp=1&sq |quote=His first wife, Mai Rogers Coe, was the youngest daughter of H. H. Rogers, one of the founders of the Standard Oil Company. The Coes, who had four children, also owned a town house in Manhattan, along with the ranch in Cody, Wyo. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date= |accessdate=2008-04-26 }}</ref> | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }}


The [[New England Patriots]] are referred to as Foxboro, the [[Carolina Panthers]] are referred to as Charlotte, and certain historic teams for the [[St. Louis Rams|Los Angeles Rams]] are referred to as Anaheim. This refers to where their stadiums are actually located (despite the Rams not playing in Anaheim until the 1980s. Despite this, the [[Buffalo Bills]], [[Dallas Cowboys]], and [[Detroit Lions]] are not referred to as Orchard Park, Irving, and Pontiac respectively.
'''Henry Huttleston Rogers''' ([[January 29]] [[1840]] &ndash; [[May 19]] [[1909]]) was a [[United States]] [[capitalism|capitalist]], [[businessman]], [[industrialist]], [[financier]], and [[philanthropist]]. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Henry H. Rogers Dies Today. |url= |quote=Henry H. Rogers, the Standard Oil millionaire, passed away today at his home in this city, 3 East Seventy-eighth street. |publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=[[May 19]] [[1909]] |accessdate=2008-04-19 }}</ref>


This was also one of the first football games that could be played in the first person.
==Youth and education==
'''Henry Huttleston Rogers''' was born into a working-class family in [[Mattapoisett, Massachusetts]], on [[January 29]] [[1840]]. He was the son of Rowland Rogers, a former ship captain, bookkeeper, and grocer, and Mary Eldredge Huttleston Rogers. Both parents had roots back to the pilgrims, who arrived in the 17th century aboard the ''[[Mayflower]]''. His mother's family earlier had used the spelling "Huddleston" rather than "Huttleston," and Henry Rogers' name is often misspelled using this earlier version.


The uniform colors are also wrong at times. The Bears' helmet is orange rather than navy. The Chargers' helmet is yellow rather than navy. The Patriots' helmet is red rather than silver.
The family moved to nearby [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts]], a fishing village just over the bridge from the great [[whale|whaling]] port, [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]]. Fairhaven is a small seaside town on the south coast of [[Massachusetts]]. It borders the [[Acushnet River]] to the west and [[Buzzards Bay]] to the south. Fairhaven was incorporated in 1812 and was already steeped in history when "Hen" Rogers was just a boy. [[Fort Phoenix]] is in Fairhaven. There, during the [[American Revolution]], British troops once stormed the area. Also within sight of the fort, the first naval battle of the American Revolution took place on [[May 14]], [[1775]].


==External links==
In the mid 1850s, [[whaling]] was already an industry in decline in [[New England]]. Competition from [[Scandinavia]]n water men and the emergence of [[petroleum]] and later [[natural gas]] as a replacement fuel for lighting in the second half of the 19th century caused a much further decline.
*{{moby game|id=/madden-football-64|name=''Madden Football 64''}}


{{Sports-videogame-stub}}
Henry Rogers' father was one of the many men of New England who changed from a life on the sea to other work to provide for their families. As a teenager, "Hen" Rogers carried [[newspaper]]s and he worked in his father's grocery store, making deliveries by wagon. He was only an average student, and was in the first graduating class of the local high school in 1857. Continuing to live with his parents, he hired on with the [[Fairhaven Branch Railroad]], an early precursor of the [[Old Colony Railroad]], as an [[expressman]] and [[brakeman]], working for 3-4 years while carefully saving his earnings.


{{MaddenNFL-Games}}
==Seeking his fortune==
In 1861, 21-year-old Henry pooled his savings of approximately US$600 with a friend, [[Charles P. Ellis]]. They set out to western [[Pennsylvania]] and its newly discovered oil fields. Borrowing another US$600, the young partners began a small [[refinery]] at [[McClintocksville, Pennsylvania|McClintocksville]] near [[Oil City, Pennsylvania|Oil City]]. They named their new enterprise [[Wamsutta Oil Refinery]].


[[Category:Madden NFL]]
The old [[Native American (US)|Native American]] name "[[Wamsutta]]" was apparently selected in honor of their hometown area of New England, where [[Wamsutta Company]] in nearby [[New Bedford, Massachusetts|New Bedford]] had opened in 1846, and was a major employer. The Wamsutta Company was the first of many [[textile]] mills that gradually came to supplant whaling as the principal employer in New Bedford.
[[Category:1997 video games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 64 games]]


[[ca:Madden Football 64]]
Rogers and Ellis and their tiny [[refinery]] made US$30,000 their first year. This amount was more than three entire whaling ship trips from back home could hope to earn during an average voyage of more than a year's duration. Of course, he was regarded as very successful when Rogers returned home to Fairhaven for a short vacation the next year.
[[fr:Madden Football 64]]

=== Abbie, Henry and Anne in Pennsylvania ===
While vacationing in Fairhaven in 1862, Rogers married his childhood sweetheart, [[Abbie G. Rogers|Abbie Palmer Gifford]], who was also of ''Mayflower'' lineage. She returned with him to the oil fields where they lived in a one-room shack along Oil Creek where her young husband and Ellis worked the Wamsutta Oil Refinery. While they lived in Pennsylvania, their first daughter, Anne, was born in 1865.

In Pennsylvania, Rogers was introduced to [[Charles Pratt]] (1830&ndash;91). Born in [[Watertown, Massachusetts]], Pratt had been one of eleven children. His father, Asa Pratt, was a carpenter. Of modest means, he spent three winters as a student at Wesleyan Academy, and is said to have lived on a dollar a week at times. In nearby [[Boston, Massachusetts]], Pratt joined a company specializing in paints and whale oil products. In 1850 or 1851, he came to [[New York City]], where he worked for a similar company handling paint and oil.

Pratt was also a pioneer of the natural oil industry, and established his [[kerosene]] refinery [[Astral Oil Works]] in the Greenpoint section of [[Brooklyn, New York]]. Pratt's product later gave rise to the slogan, "The holy lamps of Tibet are primed with Astral Oil". He also later founded the [[Pratt Institute]].

When Pratt met Rogers at McClintocksville on a business trip, he already knew Charles Ellis, having earlier bought whale oil from him back east in Fairhaven. Although Ellis and Rogers had no wells and were dependent upon purchasing [[crude oil]] to refine and sell to Pratt, the two young men agreed to sell the entire output of their small Wamsutta refinery to Pratt's company at a fixed price. This worked well at first. Then, a few months later, crude oil prices suddenly increased due to manipulation by speculators. The young [[entrepreneur]]s struggled to try to live up to their contract with Pratt, but soon their surplus was wiped out. Before long, they were heavily in debt to Pratt.

Charles Ellis gave up, but in 1866, Henry Rogers went to Pratt in New York and told him he would take personal responsibility for the entire debt. This so impressed Pratt that he immediately hired him for his own organization.

=== Moving to New York, oil refining ===
Pratt made Rogers foreman of his Brooklyn refinery, with a promise of a [[partnership]] if sales ran over fifty thousand dollars a year. Henry, Abbie, and young Anne moved to Brooklyn. The Rogers family continued to live frugally and he worked very hard. Abbie brought his meals to the "works," and often he would sleep but three hours a night rolled up in a blanket by the side of a still. Rogers moved steadily from foreman to manager, and then superintendent of Pratt's Astral Oil Refinery.

As promised, Pratt gave Rogers an interest in the business. In 1867, with Henry Rogers as a partner, he established the firm of [[Charles Pratt and Company]]. In the next few years, Rogers became, in the words of [[Elbert Hubbard]], Pratt's "hands and feet and eyes and ears" (''Little Journeys to the Homes'', 1909). As their family grew, Henry and Abbie continued to live in New York City, but vacationed frequently at Fairhaven.

====Naphtha patent====
While working with Pratt, Rogers invented an improved way of separating [[naphtha]], a light oil similar to [[kerosene]], from crude oil. He was granted [http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html U.S. Patent # 120,539] on [[October 31]], [[1871]].

====Fighting, joining Rockefeller====
In the early 1871-72, Pratt and Company and other refiners became involved in a conflict with [[John D. Rockefeller]], [[Samuel Andrews]], and [[Henry M. Flagler]] (of [[Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler]]) and the infamous [[South Improvement Company]]. South Improvement was basically a scheme to obtain secret favorable net rates from [[Tom Scott (PRR)|Tom Scott]] of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] (PRR) and other railroads through secret [[rebate]]s. The unfairness of the scheme outraged many independent oil producers and owners of refineries far and new alike.

The opposition among the New York refiners was led by Henry Rogers. The New York interests formed an association, and about the middle of March 1872 sent a committee of three, with Rogers as head, to Oil City to consult with the Oil Producers' Union. Their arrival in the oil regions was a matter of great satisfaction to the local oil workers. Working with the Pennsylvania independents, Rogers and the New York delegation managed to forge an agreement with the railroads, whose leaders eventually agreed to open their rates to all and promised to end their shady dealings with South Improvement. The independent oil men were most exultant, but their joy was to be short-lived. Rockefeller and his associates were busy trying another approach, which frequently included buying-up opposing interests.

In 1874, Rockefeller approached Pratt with his plans of cooperation and consolidation. Pratt talked it over with Rogers, and they decided that the combination would benefit them. Rogers formulated terms, which guaranteed financial security and jobs for Pratt and himself. John D. Rockefeller quietly accepted the offer on Rogers' exact terms. Charles Pratt and Company (including Astral Oil) was one of the important independent refiners to become part of the [[Standard Oil]] Trust. Pratt's son, [[Charles Millard Pratt]] (1858 to 1913), became Corporate Secretary of Standard Oil.

===Standard Oil Trust: Rogers in contradictory roles===
Around 1874, the Pratt & Company oil interests, including Rogers who helped negotiate the deal, had joined John D. Rockefeller's [[Standard Oil Trust|Standard Oil]] organization. By 1890, Rogers had become one of the key men, a vice president and chairman of its operating committee. His later interviews with [[investigative journalist]] [[Ida M. Tarbell]] beginning in 1902 would later help bring what was by then also known as the Standard Oil Trust under additional regulatory control.

Typical of his seemingly dualist nature, Rogers both helped build and operate Standard Oil, and through his interviews with Tarbell, he (perhaps unintentionally) helped bring it under better control in the public interest.

====Building Standard Oil with John D. Rockefeller====
[[Standard Oil]] was an oil refining conglomerate whose predecessor companies were founded by [[marketeer]] [[John D. Rockefeller]], chemist [[Samuel Andrews]], and other partners beginning in 1863. Borrowing heavily to expand his business, he drew five big refineries including the business concern of [[Henry Morrison Flagler]] into one firm, [[Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler]]. By 1868, what was to become Standard Oil was the world's largest oil refinery.

In 1870, Rockefeller formed [[Standard Oil of Ohio|Standard Oil Company of Ohio]] and started his strategy of buying up the competition and consolidating all oil refining under one company. It was during this period that the Pratt interests and Henry Rogers were brought into the fold. By 1878 Standard Oil held about 90% of the refining capacity in the United States.

In 1881 the company was reorganized as the Standard Oil Trust. The three main men of Standard Oil Trust were Henry H. Rogers, [[William Rockefeller]] and, the most important, [[John D. Rockefeller]].

====Oil and Gas Pipelines====
Petroleum [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]]s were first developed in Pennsylvania in the 1860s to replace transport in wooden barrels loaded on wagons drawn by mules and driven by [[teamster]]s. This mule-drawn transportation was expensive and fraught with difficulties: leaking barrels, muddy trails, wagon breakdowns and mule/driver problems.

The first successful metal pipeline was completed in 1865, when [[Samuel Van Syckel]] built a four-mile pipeline from [[Pithole, Pennsylvania]], to the nearest railroad. This initial success led to the construction of pipelines to connect crude oil production, increasingly moving west as new fields were discovered and Pennsylvania fields declined, to refineries located near major demand centers in the Northeast.

When Rockefeller observed this, he began to acquire many of the new pipelines. Soon, his Standard Oil companies owned a majority of the lines, which provided cheap, efficient transportation for oil. [[Cleveland, Ohio]], became a center of the refining industry principally because of its transportation systems.

Rogers conceived the idea of long pipelines for transporting oil and [[natural gas]]. In 1881, the [[National Transit Company]] was formed by Standard Oil to own and operate Standard's pipelines. The National Transit Company remained one of Rogers' favorite projects throughout the rest of his life.<ref>[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/hhr-dab.htm HHR- Dictionary of American Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

[[East Ohio Gas Company]] (EOG) was incorporated on September 8, 1898, as a marketing company for the National Transit Company, the natural gas arm of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. The company launched its business by selling to consumers in northeast Ohio gas produced by another National Transit subsidiary, Hope Natural Gas Company.

Rubber-manufacturing city [[Akron, Ohio]], was the first to take advantage of the lower prices for natural gas. It granted the East Ohio Gas Company a franchise in September 1898, the same month that the company was founded. During the winter of 1898&ndash;99, the National Transit Company built a 10-inch [[wrought iron]] pipeline that stretched from the Pipe Creek on the [[Ohio River]] to Akron, with branches to Canton, Massillon, Dover, New Philadelphia, Uhrichsville, and Dennison. The first gas from the pipeline burned in Akron on [[May 10]], [[1899]].

====Steel====
[[Andrew Carnegie]], long the leading steel magnate of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], retired at the turn of the 20th century, and refocused his interests on philanthropy. His steel holdings were consolidated into the new [[United States Steel Corporation]]. Standard Oil's interest in steel properties led to Rogers' becoming one of the directors when it was organized in 1901.<ref>[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/hhr-dab.htm HHR- Dictionary of American Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

====Regulating Standard Oil: Ida M. Tarbell====
In 1890 the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] passed [[Sherman Antitrust Act]]. This act is the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbids every contract, scheme, deal, conspiracy to restrain trade. It also forbids inspirations to secure monopoly of a given industry. ''Standard Oil Trust'' attracted attention from [[antitrust]] authorities and the [[Ohio]] [[Attorney General]] filed and won an antitrust suit in 1892.

Unwanted attention was also drawn to the Standard Oil Trust by [[Ida M. Tarbell]], an [[United States|American]] author and journalist, known as one of the leading [[muckrakers]].

Tarbell had been born in [[Erie County, Pennsylvania]]. As a child, she lived in what became [[Rouseville, Pennsylvania]]. This was only a short distance from Henry Rogers' [[Wamsutta Oil Refinery]] at McClintocksville, which was also in [[Cornplanter Township, Pennsylvania|Cornplanter Township]] in [[Venango County, Pennsylvania|Venango County]]. However, they were apparently not destined to meet for another 37 years.

Ida Tarbell's father had been forced out of business around 1872 by the [[South Improvement Company]] scheme, perpetrated by those who built Standard Oil. In 1894, she was hired by ''[[McClure's]]'' magazine. She soon turned to [[investigative journalism]], and was the first to really use investigative reporting, as we know it today, redefining this in-depth technique of writing. Ida's method was to use various documents concerning Standard Oil, accompanied by interviews of employees, competitors, lawyers and experts on the topic. Tarbell and her fellow staff members [[Ray Stannard Baker]] and [[Lincoln Steffens]] became a celebrated [[muckraking]] trio.

Tarbell became acquainted with Rogers, who by then was the most senior and powerful director of Standard Oil, through his friend, [[Mark Twain]], who arranged a meeting. Meetings between Tarbell and Rogers began in January 1902 and continued regularly over the next two years. Tarbell would bring up various case histories and Rogers would provide for her an explanation, documents and figures concerning the case. Rogers, wily and normally-guarded in matters related to business and finance, may have been under the impression her work was to be complimentary. He was apparently uncustomarily forthcoming. However, Tarbell's interviews with Rogers formed the basis her negative exposé of the nefarious business practices of the massive Standard Oil organization.
Following extensive interviews with Rogers, Tarbell's investigations of Standard Oil for ''McClure's'', ran in 19 parts from November 1902 to October 1904. They were collected and published as ''[[The History of the Standard Oil Company]]'' in 1904. The book placed fifth in a 1999 list of the top 100 works of journalism in the 20th century.

Although public opposition to Rockefeller and Standard Oil existed prior to Tarbell's investigation, it fueled public attacks on Standard Oil and in trusts in general. Her book is widely credited with hastening the 1911 breakup of Standard Oil. ''They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me'', Tarbell wrote about the company.

The ''Standard Oil Trust'' was broken up after the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] declared the company to be an "unreasonable" [[monopoly]] under the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] on [[May 15]], [[1911]]. However, the owners remained in charge of the smaller companies which made up four of the [[Seven Sisters (oil companies)|Seven Sisters]].

Standard Oil was often not appreciated by the public. It developed a reputation among many for dubious business practices, including subduing competitors and engaging in illegal transportation deals with the [[railroad]] companies to ensure it could undercut its competitors' prices. Standard Oil, formed well before the discovery of [[Spindletop]] in Texas and a demand for oil other than for heat and light, was well placed to control the growth of the oil business. It was perceived that it did this by ensuring it owned and controlled all aspects of the trade.

===Natural gas===
Rogers joined in the organization of holding companies aimed at controlling natural gas production and distribution. In 1884, with associates, Rogers formed the [[Consolidated Gas Company]], and thereafter for several years he was instrumental in gaining control of great city plants, fighting terrific battles with rivals for some of them, as in the case of Boston. Almost the whole story of his [[natural gas]] interests was one of business warfare.

===Copper===
During the 1890s, Rogers became interested in Anaconda and other [[copper]] properties in the western United States. In 1899, with William Rockefeller, and [[Thomas W. Lawson (businessman)|Thomas W. Lawson]], he formed the first $75,000,000 section of the gigantic trust, [[Amalgamated Copper Mining Company]], which was the subject of much acrid criticism then and for years afterward. In the building of this great trust, some of the most ruthless strokes in modern business history were dealt: the $38,000,000 "watering" of the stock of the first corporation, its subsequent manipulation, the seizure of the copper property of the [[Butte & Boston Consolidated Mining Company]], the using of the latter as a weapon against the [[Boston & Montana Consolidated Copper and Silver Mining Company]], the [[guerrilla warfare]] against certain private interests, and the wrecking of the [[Globe Bank of Boston]].

A holding company aimed at controlling copper production and distribution, Amalgamated Copper controlled the copper mines of [[Butte, Montana]] and later became [[Anaconda Copper Company]].

===Transit: Staten Island, NY ===
On [[July 1]], [[1892]], [[Staten Island, New York]]'s first trolley line opened, running between [[Port Richmond, Staten Island|Port Richmond]] and [[Meiers Corners, Staten Island|Meiers Corners]]. Trolleys, which cost only a nickel a ride through most of their existence, help facilitate mass transit across the Island by reaching communities not serviced by trains. Henry H. Rogers was long-known as the Staten Island transit magnate, and was also involved with the [[Staten Island Ferry|Staten Island-Manhattan Ferry Service]] and the Richmond Power and Light Company.<ref>[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/hhr-dab.htm HHR- Dictionary of American Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

===Railroads===
Rogers was also close associate of [[E. H. Harriman]] in the latter's extensive [[railroad]] operations. He was a director of the [[Santa Fe Railroad|Sante Fe]], St. Paul, [[Erie Railroad|Erie]], [[Lackawanna Railroad|Lackawanna]], [[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]], and several other large railroads. However, he also involved himself in at least three West Virginia [[short-line railroad]] projects, one of which would grow much larger than he probably anticipated.

====Ohio River Railroad====
In mid-1890s, Rogers became president of the [[Ohio River Railroad]], founded by [[Johnson Newlon Camden]], a [[United States Senator]] from [[West Virginia]] who was also secretly involved with [[Standard Oil]]. [[Charles Pratt|Charles M. Pratt]] and Rogers were two of the largest owners and the Ohio River Railroad's General Manager was C.M. Burt. Its General Solicitor was former West Virginia governor [[William A. MacCorkle]]. The owners wished to sell the railroad, which was losing money.

Under Rogers' leadership, they formed a subsidiary, [[West Virginia Short Line Railroad]], to build a new line between [[New Martinsville, West Virginia|New Martinsville]] and [[Clarksburg, West Virginia|Clarksburg]] to reach new coal mining areas, into territory already planned for expansion by the [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&O). The expansion plans had the desired effect of essentially forcing B&O to purchase the Ohio River Railroad to block the competition in the new coal areas. The Ohio River Railroad was sold to B&O in 1898.

====Kanawha and Pocahontas Railroad Company====
The [[Kanawha and Pocahontas Railroad Company]] was incorporated in [[West Virginia]] in 1898 by either a son of Charles Pratt or the estate of Charles Pratt. Its line ran 15 miles from the [[Kanawha River]] up a tributary called [[Paint Creek (West Virginia)|Paint Creek]]. Once again, new coal mining territory was involved. Rogers, acting on behalf of [[Charles Pratt and Company]] negotiated its lease to the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] (C&O) in 1901 and its sale to a newly formed C&O subsidiary, [[Kanawha and Paint Creek Railway Company]], in 1902.

====Virginian Railway====
{{main|Building the Virginian Railway}}
His final achievement, working with partner [[William Nelson Page]], was the building of the [[Virginian Railway]] (VGN), which eventually extended 600 miles from the coal fields of southern [[West Virginia]] to port near [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] at [[Sewell's Point]], Virginia in the harbor of [[Hampton Roads]]. [[Image:Virginian Herald.svg|125px|left|]]

Initially, Rogers' involvement in the project began in 1902 with Page's [[Deepwater Railway]], planned as an 80-mile short line to reach untapped coal reserves in a very rugged portion of southern West Virginia, and interchange its traffic with the C&O and/or the N&W. The Deepwater Railway was probably intended for resale in the manner of the earlier two West Virginia short lines. However, if so, the ploy was foiled by collusion of the bigger railroads, who agreed with each other to neither purchase it or grant favorable interchange rates.

Page was the "front man" for the Deepwater project, and it is likely the leaders of the big railroads were unaware that their foe was backed by the wealthy Rogers, who did not give up a good fight easily. Instead of abandoning the project, Page and Rogers secretly developed a plan to extend their new railroad all the way across West Virginia and Virginia to port at Hampton Roads. They modified the Deepwater Railway charter to reach the Virginia-state line. A Rogers coal property attorney in [[Staunton, Virginia]] formed another intrastate railroad in Virginia, the [[Tidewater Railway]].

The battle for the Tidewater Railway's rights-of-way displayed Rogers at his most crafty and ingenious. He was able to persuade the leading citizens of [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]] and [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], both strongholds of the rival [[Norfolk and Western]], that his new railroad would be a boon to both communities, secretly securing crucial [[Right-of-way (railroad)|rights-of-way]] in the process. In 1907, the name of the Tidewater Railway was changed to The Virginia Railway Company, and it acquired the Deepwater Railway to form the needed West Virginia-Virginia link.

Financed almost entirely from Rogers' own resources, and completed in 1909, instead of interchanging, the new Virginian Railway competed with the much larger [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railway]] and [[Norfolk and Western Railway]] for [[coal]] traffic. Built following his policy of investing in the best route and equipment on initial selection and purchase to save operating expenses, the VGN enjoyed a more modern pathway built to the highest standards, and provided major competition to its larger neighboring railroads, each of whom tried several times unsuccessfully to acquire it after they realized it could not be blocked from completion.

However, the time and enormous effort Rogers expended on the project continued to undermine his already declining health, not only because of his Herculean work but also because of the uncertain economy of the period, exacerbated by the financial [[Panic of 1907]] which began in March of that year. To obtain the needed financing, he was forced to pour many of his own assets into the railroad. Management of the funding Rogers was providing was handled by [[Boston]] financier [[Godfrey M. Hyams]], with whom he had also worked on the [[Anaconda Company]], and many other natural resource projects.

On [[July 22]], [[1907]], he suffered a debilitating [[stroke]]. Over a period of about five months, he gradually recovered. In 1908, he put the remaining financing in place needed to see his railroad to completion. When completed the following year, the Virginian Railway was called by the newspapers "the biggest little railway in the world" and proved both viable and profitable.

Many historians consider the Virginian Railway to be one of Henry Rogers' greatest legacies. The 600-mile Virginian Railway (VGN) followed his philosophy regarding investing in the best equipment and paying it employees and vendors well throughout its profitable history. It operated some of the largest and most powerful steam, electric, and diesel [[locomotive]]s throughout its 50-year history. Chronicled by rail historian and [[rail photography|rail photographer]] [[H. Reid]] in ''The Virginian Railway'' (Kalmbach, 1961), the VGN gained a following of railway enthusiasts which continues to the present day.

The VGN was merged into the Norfolk & Western in 1959. However, almost all of the former VGN mainline trackage in [[West Virginia]] and about 50% of that in [[Virginia]] is still in use in 2006 as the preferred route for eastbound coal trains for [[Norfolk Southern]] Corporation due to the more favorable gradients while crossing the [[Allegheny Mountains]]' continental divide and the [[Blue Ridge Mountains]] east of Roanoke, while most westbound traffic of empty coal cars uses the original Norfolk and Western main line.

== Business summary: "Hell Hound" ==
Rogers was an energetic man, and exhibited ruthlessness, and iron determination. In the financial and business world he could be grasping and greedy, and operated under a flexible moral code that often stretched the rules of both honesty and fair play. On Wall Street in [[New York, New York|New York City]], he became known as "Hell Hound Rogers" and "The Brains of the Standard Oil Trust." He was considered one of the last and great "[[robber baron (industrialist)|robber barons]]" of his day, as times were changing. Nevertheless, Rogers amassed a great fortune, estimated at over $100 million. He invested heavily in various industries, including copper, steel, mining, and railways.

Much of what we know about Rogers and his style in business dealings were recorded by others. His behavior in public Court Proceedings provide some of the better examples and some insight. Rogers' business style extended to his testimony in many court settings. Before the [[Hepburn Commission of 1878]], investigating the railroads of New York, he fine-tuned his circumlocutory, ambiguous, and haughty responses. His most intractable performance was later in a 1906 lawsuit by the state of [[Missouri]], which claimed that two companies in that state registered as independents were actually subsidiaries of Standard Oil, a secret ownership Rogers finally acknowledged.

In ''Marquis Who's Who for 1908'', Rogers listed more than twenty corporations of which he was either president and director or vice president and director.

Henry H. Rogers is in the top 25 wealthiest men in America of all time. According to ''The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present'' published by two business professors in 1996, Rogers is #22, ranking ahead of [[J.P. Morgan]], #23, [[Bill Gates]] #31, [[William Rockefeller]] #35, [[Warren Buffett]] #39, [[J. Paul Getty]] #67, and [[Frank W. Woolworth]] #82.

== A kinder side ==
There were two very distinct aspects which characterized Rogers' seemingly dualist personality. Biographers have noted that, while pitiless in business deals, in his personal affairs, there was a much kinder side. In those matters, he was both warm and generous.

Some of the other most self-made [[robber baron]] types of the late 19th century became well-known for becoming [[philanthropy|philanthropists]] after ending their business careers. Most notable perhaps of these was Rogers' friend from business interests [[Andrew Carnegie]]. However, unlike Carnegie and others, the kinder side of Rogers seems to have also been there throughout his life.

A modest man, some of his other kindness and generosity became known for the most part only after his death. Examples are found in looking over the lives and writings of [[Helen Keller]], [[Mark Twain]], and [[Booker T. Washington]].
However, nowhere was the kinder side more apparent when he was alive than in his hometown of [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts]]. Beginning in 1885, seaside [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts|Fairhaven]] received a number of architectural gifts from the Rogers family.

These included a grammar school, Rogers School, built in 1885. The [[Millicent Library]] was completed in 1893 and was a gift to the Town by the Rogers children in memory of their sister Millicent, who had died in 1890 at the age of 17.

[[Abbie G. Rogers|Abbie Palmer (née Gifford) Rogers]] presented the new Town Hall in 1894. The George H. Taber Masonic Lodge building, named for Henry's boyhood mentor and former Sunday-school teacher, was completed in 1901. The beautiful gothic Unitarian Memorial Church was dedicated in 1904 to the memory of Henry Rogers' mother, Mary Huttleston (née Eldredge) Rogers. The Tabitha Inn was built in 1905, and a new Fairhaven High School, affectionately called "Castle on the Hill," was completed in 1906.

Henry Rogers drained the mill pond to create a park, installed the town's public water and sewer systems, and served as superintendent of streets for his hometown.

Many years later, Henry H. Rogers' daughter, Cara Leland Rogers Broughton (Lady Fairhaven), purchased the site of [[Fort Phoenix]], and donated it to the Town of Fairhaven in her father's memory.

=== Family and Children ===
Abbie and Henry Rogers had five children, four girls and a boy. Another little son had died at birth. Their oldest daughter, Anne Engle Rogers, was born in 1865 in Pennsylvania.

The family moved to New York in 1866. Daughter Cara Leland Rogers was born in Fairhaven in 1867, Millicent was born in 1873, followed by [[Mary (Mai) Huttleston Rogers Coe|Mary (a.k.a. Mai)]] in 1875. Their son, Henry Huttleston Rogers Jr., was born in 1879, and was known as Harry.

''For more detailed information about Abbie and Henry Rogers' children, marriages and their descendants, see article [[Abbie G. Rogers]]''

=== 1894: A new Town Hall and family tragedy ===
The following text about Mrs. Rogers is from the [[Millicent Library]], Fairhaven Massachusetts.

"Mother of six children, Mrs. Rogers is represented as having been of a quiet and retiring disposition, completely devoid of the ostentation often associated with great wealth. Contemporary photographs attest to a shy and gentle charm of feature, and she is known to have cherished a deep affection for Fairhaven and a nostalgia for the simple ways of her childhood.

"She was, therefore, delighted to become the donor of Fairhaven's beautiful new 'Town House', and on February 22nd and 23rd, 1894, she attended dedication exercises and received graciously at the splendid Dedication Ball, in the first gala functions marking the opening of the new building.

"It was not given those attending these happy festivities to know that - but three months later - in May, 1894, this gentle woman was to die in New York City after an operation performed to save her life."

[[Abbie G. Rogers|Abbie Palmer Gifford Rogers]] died unexpectedly on [[May 21]], [[1894]]. Her childhood home, a two-story, gable-end frame house built in the Greek Revival style has been preserved. It is made available for tours of Fairhaven, where she and her husband grew up and left many other legacies to the town and its inhabitants.

===Second wife, death===
In 1896, Henry Rogers was remarried Emelie Augusta Randel Hart, a divorcée, and New York socialite, but had no children with his second wife.

On [[May 19]], [[1909]], he died suddenly of another [[stroke]], barely 6 weeks before full operations were scheduled to begin on his Virginian Railway, and only two days short of fifteen years after his beloved Abbie, and also in New York City. After a funeral at the First Unitarian Church in [[Manhattan]], his body was transported to Fairhaven by a [[New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad|New Haven Railroad]] train. There, he was interred beside Abbie in Fairhaven's Riverside Cemetery.

=== Late life friendships, Kanawha ===
After Abbie's death, Rogers developed close friendships with two other famous Americans: [[Mark Twain]] and [[Booker T. Washington]], and was instrumental in the education and rise to fame of [[Helen Keller]]. Urged on by Twain, Rogers and his second wife financed a college education for the remarkable Ms. Keller.

In 1899, Rogers had a luxury steam [[yacht]] built by a shipyard in [[Bronx County, New York|the Bronx]]. The [[Kanawha (1899)|''Kanawha'']], at 471-tons, was about 200 feet long and manned by a crew of 39. For the final ten year of his life, Rogers entertained friends as they sailed on cruises mostly along the East Coast of the United States, north to Maine and Canada, and south the Virginia. With [[Mark Twain]] among his frequent guests, the movements of the ''Kanawha'' attracted great attention from the newspapers, the dominant public media of the era. Cruises on the ''Kanawha'' also provided a private setting for what was later revealed to be a relationship of much greater importance than mere friendship and socialization with Dr. Washington.

==== Mark Twain ====
[[Image:Mark Twain.jpg|right|thumb|''humorist Mark Twain'']]
[[Image:Twain and rogers 1908.jpg|300px|right|thumb|''Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in 1908'']]
In 1893, a mutual friend introduced Rogers to humorist [[Mark Twain]]. Rogers reorganized Twain's tangled finances, and the two became close friends for the rest of Rogers' life.

By the 1890s, Twain's fortunes began to decline; in his later life, Twain was a very depressed man, but still capable. Twain was able to respond "The report of my death is an exaggeration" in the ''New York Journal'', [[June 2]] [[1897]]. He lost 2 out of 3 of his children, and his beloved wife, Olivia Langdon, before his death in 1910.

Twain also had some very bad times with his businesses. His publishing company ended up going bankrupt, and he lost thousands of dollars on one typesetting machine that was never finished. He also lost a great deal of revenue on royalties from his books being plagiarized before he even had a chance to publish them himself. Things looked pretty grim financially until he met Henry Rogers in 1893.

Rogers and Twain enjoyed a mutually beneficial friendship which was to last for more than 16 years. Rogers' family became Twain's surrogate family and he was a frequent guest at the Rogers townhouse in New York City. Earl J. Dias described the relationship in these words: "Rogers and Twain were kindred spirits - fond of poker, billiards, the theater, practical jokes, mild profanity, the good-natured spoof. Their friendship, in short, was based on a community of interests and on the fact that each, in some way, needed the other." [http://www.millicentlibrary.org/mrktn&ml.htm#ejd]

While Twain openly credited Rogers with saving him from financial ruin; there is also substantial evidence in their published correspondence that the close friendship in their later years was mutually beneficial. Their letters back and forth are so interesting and insightful that they were published in a book, ''[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/1166.htm Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909]''.

In the written exchanges between the two men, there are pleasant examples of Rogers' sense of fun as well as Twain's well-known sense of humor.

There was a standing joke between them that Twain was inclined to pilfer items from the Rogers household whenever he spent the night there as a guest. Two of the many letters provide an illustration:

In a letter sent to Mrs. Rogers by Twain, he notes that while packing his things after a visit, he found that he had put in

:"''some articles that was laying around .......two books, Mr. Rogers' brown slippers, and a ham. I thought it was one of ourn. It looked like one we used to have, but it shan't occur again, and don't you worry. He will temper the wind to the shorn lamb, and I will send some of the things back if there is some that won't keep. Yores in Jesus, S.L.C.''"

The reply to Twain was a letter written by Henry Rogers on October 31, 1906. It reads:
:"''Before I forget it, let me remind you that I shall want the trunk and the things you took away from my house as soon as possible. I learn that instead of taking old things, you took my best. Mrs. Rogers is at the White Mountains. I am going to Fairhaven this afternoon. I hope you will not be there. By the way, I have been using a pair of your gloves in the Mountains, and they don't seem to be much of an attraction.''"

In April 1907, they traveled together in Rogers' steam yacht [[Kanawha (1899)|''Kanawha'']] to the [[Jamestown Exposition]] held at [[Sewell's Point]] near [[Norfolk, Virginia]] in celebration of the 300th anniversary of the founding of the [[Jamestown Colony]].

Although by this late date, both men were in marginal health, Twain returned to Norfolk with Rogers in April 1909, and was the guest speaker at the dedication dinner held for the newly completed [[Virginian Railway]], a "Mountains to Sea" engineering marvel of the day. The construction of the new railroad had been solely financed by industrialist Rogers.

When Rogers died suddenly in [[New York, New York|New York City]] on [[May 20]], [[1909]] of an [[stroke|apoplectic stroke]], the humorist had been on his way by train from Connecticut to visit Rogers. When Twain was met with the news at [[Grand Central Station]] the same morning by his daughter, his grief-stricken reaction was widely reported. Although he served as one of the honored pallbearers at the Rogers funeral in New York later that week, he declined to ride the funeral train from New York on to [[Fairhaven, Massachusetts|Fairhaven]] for the internment. Albert Bigelow Paine, in his book [http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/t/twain/paine/index.html ''Mark Twain: A Biography''] wrote that Twain "could not undertake to travel that distance among those whom he knew so well, and with whom he must of necessity join in conversation."

Twain himself died less than one year later. He wrote in 1909, "I came in with [[Halley's Comet]] in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it." And so he did.

==== Helen Keller's Education ====
[[Helen Keller]] was a remarkable woman who, although deaf, and blind, made a name for herself as writer and humanitarian. She became another of Rogers' closest friends. In May 1896, at the home in New York City of editor-essayist [[Laurence Hutton]], Rogers and Mark Twain first saw Ms. Keller, who was then sixteen years old. She had profited under the tutelage of her gifted teacher-companion, [[Anne Sullivan]], and when she was twenty, passed with distinction the entrance examination to [[Radcliffe College]].

In a letter to Mrs. Emile Rogers, Twain praised "this marvelous child" and hoped that Helen would not be forced to retire from her studies because of poverty. He urged Mrs. Rogers to speak to Rogers himself, to remind him of their first sight of Ms. Keller at Hutton's home and to speak also "to the other Standard Oil chiefs" to see what could be done for the meritorious Miss Keller.

Rogers was generously responsive. He and his wife helped make possible a college education for Helen Keller at Radcliffe. They even provided her, for many years after, with a monthly stipend.

That she was grateful is obvious in the dedication of her book, ''The World I Live In'', which reads, "To Henry H. Rogers, my Dear Friend of Many Years." On the fly leaf of Rogers' own copy of the book, she wrote, [http://www.millicentlibrary.org/keller.jpg ''To Mrs Rogers The best of the world I live in is the kindness of friends like you and Mr Rogers'']

==== Booker T. Washington ====
Another friend was [[Booker T. Washington]]. Around 1894, Rogers attended one of the famous educator's speeches at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York, New York|New York City]]. The next day, Rogers contacted Washington, and invited him to come to 26 Broadway in his Standard Oil office to meet with him. Washington later wrote that Rogers said that he had been surprised that no one had "passed the hat" after the speech the previous night. With the common ground of their relatively humble beginnings and early life, the seeds of a friendship between the two famous men had been sown.

Washington became a frequent visitor to Rogers' office, to Rogers' 85-room mansion in Fairhaven, Massachusetts, and was an honored guest aboard Rogers' yacht, the ''[[Kanawha]]''. Their friendship extended over a period of 15 years.

[[Image:BookerTWashington1909VAVWtour.jpg|left|250px|thumb|''Handbill from 1909 Tour of southern Virginia and West Virginia'']]
Although Rogers had died suddenly a few weeks earlier, in June 1909, Dr. Washington went on a previously arranged speaking tour along the newly completed [[Virginian Railway]]. He rode in Rogers' personal rail car, "''Dixie''", making speeches at many locations over a 7-day period.

Dr. Washington told his audiences that his recently departed friend had urged him to make the trip and see what could be done to improve relations between the races and economic conditions for [[African American]]s along the route of the new railway, which touched many previously isolated communities in the southern portions of [[Virginia]] and [[West Virginia]], including passing close by the community where Washington had been born over 50 years earlier.

Some of the places where Dr. Washington spoke on the tour were (in order of the tour stops), [[Newport News, Virginia|Newport News]], [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], [[Suffolk, Virginia|Suffolk]], [[Lawrenceville, Virginia|Lawrenceville]], [[Kenbridge, Virginia|Kenbridge]], [[Victoria, Virginia|Victoria]], [[Charlotte Court House, Virginia|Charlotte Courthouse]], [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]], [[Salem, Virginia|Salem]], and [[Christiansburg, Virginia|Christiansburg]] in [[Virginia]], and [[Princeton, West Virginia|Princeton]], [[Mullens, West Virginia|Mullens]], [[Page, West Virginia|Page]] and [[Deepwater, West Virginia|Deepwater]] in [[West Virginia]]. One of his trip companions recorded that they had received a strong and favorable welcome from both white and African American citizens all along the tour route of the new railroad.

It was only after Rogers' death that Dr. Washington felt compelled to revealing publicly some of the extent of Rogers' contributions. These, he said, were at that very time "funding the operation of at least 65 small country schools for the education and betterment of African Americans in Virginia and other portions of the South, all unknown to the recipients." Also, known only to a few trustees at Dr. Washington's insistence, Rogers had also generously provided support to institutions of higher education, including [[Tuskegee Institute]] and [[Hampton Institute]].

Dr. Washington later wrote that Rogers had encouraged projects with at least partial [[matching funds]], as that way, two ends were accomplished:
# The gifts would help fund even greater work.
# Recipients would have a stake in knowing that they were helping themselves through their own hard work and sacrifice.

Rogers' example of both concern for Negro education and the concept of matching funds may well have influenced [[Julius Rosenwald]], another self-made man from a modest background who also befriended Booker T. Washington, and beginning in 1911, contributed many millions to build thousands of [[Rosenwald Schools]] in many states, in a sense, continuing the work Rogers and Washington began long after both were dead.

==Legacy==
In Fairhaven, the Rogers family gifts are located throughout the town. These include Rogers School, Town Hall, [[Millicent Library]], Unitarian Memorial Church and Fairhaven High School. A granite shaft on the High School lawn is dedicated to Rogers. In Riverside Cemetery, the Henry Huttleston Rogers Mausoleum is patterned after the [[Minerva|Temple of Minerva]] in [[Athens, Greece]]. Henry, his first wife Abbie, and several family members are interred there.

[[Image:HHR and WNP Initials.png|350px|left|frame|In 2004, initials of VGN founders [[Henry H. Rogers|Henry Huttleston Rogers]] and [[William N. Page|William Nelson Page]] were engraved by volunteers in newly laid rail at [[Victoria, Virginia]], where fully-equipped and restored former VGN Class 10-A caboose #342 is now displayed. ''photo by Tom Salmon of [http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/VirginianRailwayEnthusiasts/ Virginian Railway Enthusiasts on Yahoo]'']]
In 1916, [[Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company]] launched the SS ''H.H. Rogers'', a ''Pratt''-class tanker of 8,807 tons with a capacity of 119,390 barrels of oil. It was operated by Panama Transport Co., a subsidiary of [[Standard Oil of New Jersey]]. During [[World War II]], on [[February 21]], [[1943]], it was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat in the North [[Atlantic Ocean]] 600 miles off the coast of [[Ireland]] while en route from [[Liverpool, England]] to the United States. All 73 persons aboard were saved.

In Virginia and West Virginia, former employees, area residents, and enthusiasts of the Virginian Railway consider the entire railroad to have been a memorial to him. Almost 50 years after it was merged into a competitor, Mr. Rogers' railroad still has a remarkable following and retirees meet weekly and answer questions via the Internet, one of the most active Yahoo! railway enthusiasts groups, with over 800 members. One passenger station has been restored in [[Suffolk, Virginia]], a replica built and museum established in [[Princeton, West Virginia|Princeton]], and work is underway on a larger former VGN station in [[Roanoke, Virginia|Roanoke]].

In 2004, Rogers' initials (and those of VGN co-founder William Nelson Page) were engraved by hand by volunteers into new rail laid in [[Victoria, Virginia]]. Above it sits one of the finest extant VGN Class 10-A cabooses, built by the company's own employees in the VGN's Princeton Shops, and carefully restored over a period of many years by members of the [[National Railway Historical Society]] (NRHS) chapter in Roanoke. Full-equipped, it offers visitors to the former division point railroad town an interpretive display of the business conducted in a caboose along the historic right-of-way, and is a favorite of school groups.

==Commentaries==
Earl J. Dias has written one of the better commentaries published about Henry Huttleston Rogers:

::"What is the final verdict on Rogers?

::"First of all, he was a child of his times - an era that historian Howard Mumford Jones has dubbed 'the Age of Energy'. It was a time during which Americans of vast wealth, the Rockefellers, the Goulds, the Pratts, the Harrimans, the Archbolds, exploited and experimented with ideas, styles, fads, and each other. And, surprisingly, they also made invaluable contributions to libraries, schools, universities, charities, and the like. In fact, these rip roaring capitalists were striking examples of the gleeful swashbuckling, the innocence and guilt of what Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner called 'The Gilded Age.'

::"Perhaps the central truth about Rogers was that he was a role player, a born actor. From his experiences on the Phoenix Hall stage in Fairhaven in his youth, he learned the art of being theatrical in the dramatic situations that cropped up in his life.

::"In the business world he was the 'man of steel': hard, shrewd, ruthless, giving no quarter.

::"In his social life, he was amicable, popular, charismatic, a boon companion, a genial host."

Although he had a hand in developing many natural resources, in the final analysis, perhaps the greatest American resource Henry Rogers valued and sought to develop to its potential was the human one.

==See also==
*[[Charles Pratt]]
*[[South Improvement Company]]
*[[Standard Oil]]
*[[Virginian Railway]]
*[[William N. Page]]
*[[Mark Twain]]
*[[Booker T. Washington]]

==References and External links==
*Elbert Hubbard, 1909, ''Little Journeys to the Homes''
*Tarbell, Ida M. ''The History of Standard Oil''
*''The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present''. Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther (contributor). Seacaucus, New Jersey: Carol Publishing Group, 1996.
*Borden Alanson 1899, ''Our County and Its People: A Descriptive and Biographical Record of Bristol County, Massachusetts''. New Bedford, Mass: The Boston History Company.
*[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/mrktn&ml.htm Earl Dias on Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers]
*[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/hhrogers.htm Millicent Library, Fairhaven MA, Henry Rogers homepage]
*[http://www.twainquotes.com/TwainRogersVA.html Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in Virginia. Excerpts from their trips together to the 1907 Jamestown Exposition and the 1909 Dedication of the Virginian Railway]
*[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/1166.htm Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909]
*{{dmoz|Arts/Literature/World_Literature/American/19th_Century/Twain,_Mark/Works/|Mark Twain}}
*[http://www.mtwain.com The Works of Mark Twain], Chapter-indexed, searchable versions of Twain's works.
*[http://www.gutenberg.net/ Project Gutenberg], where more than 60 works of Twain's are freely available.
*[http://mark-twain.classic-literature.co.uk/ Complete Works of Mark Twain]
*[http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/dept/Courses/E-24/E-24Projects/Krumme1.pdf Mark Twain and Nikola Tesla: Thunder and Lightning] (PDF)
*[http://www.elmira.edu/academics/ar_marktwain.shtml Elmira College Center for Mark Twain Studies]
* Full text of the biography ''[http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/6873 Mark Twain]'' by Archibald Henderson
*[http://www.twainquotes.com/TwainRogersVA.html Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers in Virginia] excerpts from their trips together to the 1907 Jamestown Exposition and the 1909 Dedication of the Virginian Railway
*[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/1166.htm Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909]
*[http://en.thinkexist.com/quotes/mark_twain/ Mark Twain quotes]
*[http://www.historycooperative.org/btw/Vol.10/html/122.html Dr. Booker T. Washington papers - comments about Henry Rogers ]
*[http://finance.groups.yahoo.com/group/VirginianRailwayEnthusiasts/ Virginian Railway (VGN) Enthusiasts Group of preservationists, authors, photographers, historians, modelers, and rail fans]
*[http://www.us-highways.com/sohist.htm Standard Oil History]
*[http://www.ohiohistory.org/resource/archlib/dominion/history.html Ohio History]
*[http://www.millicentlibrary.org/cara.htm Some Memories of Cara Leland Rogers Broughton the first Lady Fairhaven] material researched and integrated by Mabel Hoyle Knipe Fairhaven, Massachusetts, March, 1984
*[http://www.delanoye.org/primary/Fairhaven.html The Story of Fairhaven compiled by Thomas Tripp in 1929]
*[http://www.plantingfields.com/ourstory/Coe/coe5.cfm Planting Fields website, Mai Rogers Coe and family history]
*[http://www.fairhavenps.org./DistrictHome.htm Fairhaven Massachusetts Public Schools]
*[http://www.napoleonseries.org/genealogy/10722.htm Napoleon Series Henry H. Rogers webpage]
*[http://www.paintedhills.org/CATTARAUGUS/TownOleanBio.html Olean Town history]
*[http://www.oilhistory.com/pages/about.html Oil History website]
*[http://www.venangoil.com/venango.html Venango County Pennsylvania Oil History]
*[http://www.little-mountain.com/oilwell Oil Well website]
*[http://myralopes.tripod.com Henry Rogers and Fairhaven website]
*[http://www.cohs.org/history/crec2.htm C&O Railway Historical Society]
*[http://hometown.aol.com/chirailtwo/nychiss.html Staten Island Streetcar and Trolley systems]
*[http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/1166.htm Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909]
*[http://www.danamorris.net/Church/fairhaven_memorial_church.html Images of the Rogers Memorial Church of Fairhaven]

{{Venango}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rogers, Henry H.}}
[[Category:American businesspeople]]
[[Category:American oil industrialists]]
[[Category:Founders of the petroleum industry]]
[[Category:American railroad executives of the 19th century]]
[[Category:American railroad executives of the 20th century]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:People from Bristol County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Venango County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Deaths from stroke]]
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]

[[ja:ヘンリー・H・ロジャーズ]]
[[pt:Henry H. Rogers]]
[[zh:亨利·羅傑]]

Revision as of 15:52, 13 October 2008

Madden Football 64
Developer(s)EA Tiburon
Publisher(s)EA Sports
Platform(s)Nintendo 64
Release
  • USA: October 31, 1997

  • PAL: December, 1997
Genre(s)Sports
Mode(s)Single player, Multiplayer

Madden Football 64 is a football video game. It is the first Madden game on the Nintendo 64. The game has commentary by Pat Summerall and John Madden.

This edition does not use real NFL team names or logos, so as with past games that had players' association licenses but not those of the league, the teams, as with some early-'90s EA Sports games, use banners that consist of two bars with the team colors, and the team name on top of them in white, accompanied by players in their uniforms. The Pro Bowl is referred to as the "Madden Bowl," and the Super Bowl as the "EAS Championship."

The New England Patriots are referred to as Foxboro, the Carolina Panthers are referred to as Charlotte, and certain historic teams for the Los Angeles Rams are referred to as Anaheim. This refers to where their stadiums are actually located (despite the Rams not playing in Anaheim until the 1980s. Despite this, the Buffalo Bills, Dallas Cowboys, and Detroit Lions are not referred to as Orchard Park, Irving, and Pontiac respectively.

This was also one of the first football games that could be played in the first person.

The uniform colors are also wrong at times. The Bears' helmet is orange rather than navy. The Chargers' helmet is yellow rather than navy. The Patriots' helmet is red rather than silver.

External links

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