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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{underlinked|date=November 2012}}
{{speciesbox
{{Italic title}}{{taxobox
⚫
| name = ''Ipomoea lacunosa''
| image = Ipomoea lacunosa1.jpg
| image = Ipomoea lacunosa1.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| genus = Ipomoea
⚫
| species = lacunosa
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| ordo = [[Solanales]]
| familia = [[Convolvulaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ipomoea]]''
| species = '''''lacunosa'''''
| binomial = ''Ipomoea lacunosa''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
}}


The '''whitestar potato''', '''''Ipomoea lacunosa''''', is a species that belongs to the ''[[Ipomoea]]'' genus. In this genus most members are commonly referred to as "morning glories". The name for the genus, ''Ipomoea'', has root in the Greek words ''ips'' and ''homoios'', which translates to worm-like. This is a reference to the plant's vine-like growth. ''Lacunosa'' comes from a Latin word meaning air spaces, correlating with the veination of the leaves.<ref name=IFAS>{{cite web|title=Pitted Morning-glory, Ipomoea lacunosa|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw021|work=Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|publisher=University of Florida|accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref> ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' is native to the United States and grows annually. The flowers of this species are usually white and smaller than most other morning glories.
'''''Ipomoea lacunosa''''', the '''whitestar''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=IPLA|taxon=Ipomoea lacunosa|accessdate=22 January 2016}}</ref> '''white morning-glory'''<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> or '''pitted morning-glory''',<ref name = IFAS>{{cite web|title=Pitted Morning-glory, Ipomoea lacunosa|url=http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw021|work=Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|publisher=University of Florida|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30776|title=Ipomoea lacunosa|publisher=Integrated Taxonomic Information System|access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> is a species that belongs to the genus ''[[Ipomoea]]''. In this genus most members are commonly referred to as "[[Morning glory|morning glories]]". The name for the genus, ''Ipomoea'', has root in the Greek words ''ips'' and ''homoios'', which translates to worm-like. This is a reference to the plant's vine-like growth. ''Lacunosa'' comes from a Latin word meaning air spaces, correlating with the venation of the leaves.<ref name=IFAS /> ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' is native to the United States and grows annually. The flowers of this species are usually white and smaller than most other morning glories.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Since ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' is a native species to the United States, the plant can be found in multiple areas throughout the country. ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' occurs in almost every state on the east coast, as well as some states in the Midwest, and California. The states that the whitestar potato can be found in are as follows: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Washington D.C., Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Montana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. This species was also introduced to Canada and lives successfully in the province of Ontario. Although this plant grows rapidly, its tendency to be invasive is rather small in comparison to other members of the genus.<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|title=''Ipomoea lacunosa'' L. whitestar|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=IPLA&mapType=large&photoID=ipla_002_ahp.tif|work=Natural Resources Convervation Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref>
Since ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' is native to the United States, the plant can be found in multiple areas throughout the country. ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' occurs in almost every state on the east coast, as well as some states in the Midwest, and California. The states that the whitestar potato can be found in are as follows: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Washington D.C., Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Montana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. This species was also introduced to Canada and lives successfully in the province of Ontario. Although this plant grows rapidly, its tendency to be invasive is rather small in comparison to other members of the genus.<ref name=USDA>{{cite web|title=''Ipomoea lacunosa'' L. whitestar|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=IPLA&mapType=large&photoID=ipla_002_ahp.tif|work=Natural Resources Convervation Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref>


[[File:Ipomoea lacunosa distribution.png|thumb|Ipomoea lacunosa distribution |thumb|left|alt=Distribution of I. lacunosa in the USA|Distribution of I. lacunosa in the USA.]]
[[File:Ipomoea lacunosa distribution.png|thumb|left|alt=Distribution of I. lacunosa in the USA|Distribution of ''I. lacunosa'' in North America.]]


==Habitat and ecology==
==Habitat and ecology==
''I. lacunosa'' is a relatively resilient plant and can survive in a wide range of habitats, moist prairies with black soil, gravelly streams and banks of lakes, cultivated fields, thickets, deserted fields, damp meadows next to rivers or wooded areas, regions near roadsides and railroads, and other waste areas have all been said to support the whitestar morning glory.<ref name="Illinois Flowers">{{cite web|last=Hilty|first=John|title=Small White Morning Glory: Ipomoea lacunosa|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sm_morninggloryx.htm|accessdate=28 June 2011}}</ref> This flower prefers moist habitats, but can not tolerate extensive amounts of shade. This flower grows annually and blooming persists well into the fall, until it is killed by frost.
''Ipomoea lacunosa'' occurs in a variety of habitat types, including disturbed areas, It grows on [[prairie]], riverbanks, lakeshores, and roadsides, and in cultivated and abandoned fields and meadows.<ref name="Illinois Flowers">{{cite web|last=Hilty|first=J.|title=Small White Morning Glory: Ipomoea lacunosa|url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/sm_morninggloryx.htm|access-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>


''I. Lacunosa'' has quite a few associations with other species. Many varieties of bees (Bumblebees, Little Carpenter bees, ''[[Melitoma taurea]]'' (Mallow Bee), ''[[Peponapis pruinosa]]'' (Squash & Gourd Bee), and ''[[Cemolobus ipomoea]]'' (Morning Glory Bees) visit the plant to obtain nectar. Caterpillars of the [[cotton plume moth]] and [[tortoise beetles]] consume the foliage that is present on the plant. However, mammalian herbivores refrain from eating the foliage, because to them it can be toxic.<ref name="Illinois Flowers" />
Insects associated with the plant include [[bee]]s such as [[bumblebee]]s, ''[[Melitoma taurea]]'', ''[[Peponapis pruinosa]]'', and ''[[Cemolobus ipomoea]]''. The [[larva]]e of the plume moth ''[[Emmelina monodactyla]]'' feeds on the foliage, and it is host to several [[Cassidinae|tortoise beetles]].<ref name="Illinois Flowers"/>


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
The stem of ''I. lacunosa'' is a slightly hairy (white hairs), twisting, climbing and twining vine with a small [[taproot]]. It can reach 2 meters in length. I. lacunose depends on its vining habit for dispersal. The roots are fibrous and have a small taproot. In a mature plant, the leaves take on a [[cordate]] shape, with a pointed tip, although sometimes it may have 3 deep lobes. The leaves of a less mature plant are usually [[leaf shape|ovate]]. They are arranged alternately on the stem of the plant. The slender [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s are usually at least 3 centimeters long and have a slight adaxial groove. The leaves themselves can be up to 8&nbsp;cm wide and 9.4&nbsp;cm long. The margin of the leaf is typically purple and smooth. The upperside of the leaf may have a small amount of white hairs.<ref name=IFAS /><ref name="Missouri flowers">{{cite web|last=Tenaglia|first=Dan|title=''Ipomoea lacunosa'' L.|url=http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Ipomoea_lacunosa_page.html|accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="VT">{{cite web |url=http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/ipola.htm|work=Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide |title=Pitted Morningglory: ''Ipomoea lacunosa'' |accessdate=1 July 2011}}</ref>
The stem of ''I. lacunosa'' is a slightly hairy (white hairs), twisting, climbing and twining vine with a small [[taproot]]. It can reach 2 meters in length. I. lacunose depends on its vining habit for dispersal. The roots are fibrous and have a small taproot. In a mature plant, the leaves take on a [[Cordate (leaf shape)|cordate]] shape, with a pointed tip, although sometimes it may have 3 deep lobes. The leaves of a less mature plant are usually [[leaf shape|ovate]]. They are arranged alternately on the stem of the plant. The slender [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s are usually at least 3 centimeters long and have a slight adaxial groove. The leaves themselves can be up to 8&nbsp;cm wide and 9.4&nbsp;cm long. The margin of the leaf is typically purple and smooth. The upperside of the leaf may have a small amount of white hairs.<ref name=IFAS /><ref name="Missouri flowers">{{cite web|last=Tenaglia|first=Dan|title=''Ipomoea lacunosa'' L.|url=http://www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Ipomoea_lacunosa_page.html|access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="VT">{{cite web|url=http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/ipola.htm|work=Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide|title=Pitted Morningglory: ''Ipomoea lacunosa''|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004720/http://www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/ipola.htm|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==Flowers and fruits==
==Flowers and fruits==
The stalks of the plant that bears flowers is rough and usually has 1-3 flowers. The funnel-shaped flowers of the plant are normally white, but on rare occasion the flowers can be light purple or pink. The five petals are joined ([[sympetalous]]) or shallowly lobed and are approximately 2.5&nbsp;cm long. The sepals are light green, lanceolate, take on a leathery texture and can be up to 11.5&nbsp;mm long. The anthers are a pinkish-purple and the filaments are white. The ovary is superior, cone-like in shape, and green. There is a single white stigma and style. There are five stamen. The flowers have no perceptible or obvious scent. There are large seed capsules in the flower that are spherical in shape and hairy. The seeds themselves are irregularly oblong, shiny, and brown or black.<ref name=IFAS /><ref name="Illinois Flowers" /><ref name="VT"/>
The stalks of the plant that bears flowers is rough and usually has 1-3 flowers. The funnel-shaped flowers of the plant are normally white, but on rare occasion the flowers can be light purple or pink. The five petals are joined ([[sympetalous]]) or shallowly lobed and are approximately 2.5&nbsp;cm long. The sepals are light green, [[lanceolate]], take on a leathery texture and can be up to 11.5&nbsp;mm long. The [[anther]]s are a pinkish-purple and the filaments are white. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] is superior, cone-like in shape, and green. There is a single white [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] and [[Style (botany)|style]]. There are five stamen. The flowers have no perceptible or obvious scent. There are large seed capsules in the flower that are spherical in shape and hairy. The seeds themselves are irregularly oblong, shiny, and brown or black.<ref name=IFAS /><ref name="Illinois Flowers" /><ref name="VT"/>


Fruit is seen in the form of a capsule that is slightly flattened or rounded in shape, it can be up to 10mm wide.<ref>McGregor, Ronald L. et al. "Flora of the Great Plains." Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986. Book. pg. 659</ref>
Fruit is seen in the form of a capsule that is slightly flattened or rounded in shape, and can be up to 10mm wide.<ref>McGregor, Ronald L. et al. "Flora of the Great Plains." Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986. Book. pg. 659</ref>


==Food usage==
==Food usage==
''I. lacunosa'' is one of the few species of ''Ipomoea'' that is used on a small scale by humans. The whitestar potato that it produces is traditionally consumed by a number of Native American tribes like the Chiricahua Apaches.
''Ipomoea lacunosa'' is one of the species of ''Ipomoea'' that is used on a small scale by humans. The whitestar potato that it produces is traditionally consumed by a number of Native American tribes like the [[Chiricahua Apache]]s.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}


Other animals usually avoid eating ''Ipomoea'' due to the high alkaloid content which makes it unplatable. In some cases the amount of alkaloid in the plant can make it toxic. However certain caterpillars of [[Lepidoptera]] (butterflies and moths) are capable of digesting the plant.
Other animals usually avoid eating this plant due to the high [[alkaloid]] content which makes it unpalatable. In some cases the amount of alkaloid in the plant can make it toxic. However certain caterpillars are capable of digesting the plant.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}


== References ==
==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}
{{Reflist|32em}}


[[Category:Ipomoea|lacustris]]
{{Ipomoea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6065262}}
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[[Category:Flora of North America]]

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[[Category:Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Ipomoea|lacunosa]]
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[[Category:Flora of Northern America]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
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[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]

Latest revision as of 19:31, 17 September 2023

Ipomoea lacunosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae
Genus: Ipomoea
Species:
I. lacunosa
Binomial name
Ipomoea lacunosa

Ipomoea lacunosa, the whitestar,[1] white morning-glory[2] or pitted morning-glory,[3][4] is a species that belongs to the genus Ipomoea. In this genus most members are commonly referred to as "morning glories". The name for the genus, Ipomoea, has root in the Greek words ips and homoios, which translates to worm-like. This is a reference to the plant's vine-like growth. Lacunosa comes from a Latin word meaning air spaces, correlating with the venation of the leaves.[3] Ipomoea lacunosa is native to the United States and grows annually. The flowers of this species are usually white and smaller than most other morning glories.

Distribution[edit]

Since Ipomoea lacunosa is native to the United States, the plant can be found in multiple areas throughout the country. Ipomoea lacunosa occurs in almost every state on the east coast, as well as some states in the Midwest, and California. The states that the whitestar potato can be found in are as follows: Alabama, Arkansas, California, Washington D.C., Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Montana, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. This species was also introduced to Canada and lives successfully in the province of Ontario. Although this plant grows rapidly, its tendency to be invasive is rather small in comparison to other members of the genus.[5]

Distribution of I. lacunosa in the USA
Distribution of I. lacunosa in North America.

Habitat and ecology[edit]

Ipomoea lacunosa occurs in a variety of habitat types, including disturbed areas, It grows on prairie, riverbanks, lakeshores, and roadsides, and in cultivated and abandoned fields and meadows.[6]

Insects associated with the plant include bees such as bumblebees, Melitoma taurea, Peponapis pruinosa, and Cemolobus ipomoea. The larvae of the plume moth Emmelina monodactyla feeds on the foliage, and it is host to several tortoise beetles.[6]

Morphology[edit]

The stem of I. lacunosa is a slightly hairy (white hairs), twisting, climbing and twining vine with a small taproot. It can reach 2 meters in length. I. lacunose depends on its vining habit for dispersal. The roots are fibrous and have a small taproot. In a mature plant, the leaves take on a cordate shape, with a pointed tip, although sometimes it may have 3 deep lobes. The leaves of a less mature plant are usually ovate. They are arranged alternately on the stem of the plant. The slender petioles are usually at least 3 centimeters long and have a slight adaxial groove. The leaves themselves can be up to 8 cm wide and 9.4 cm long. The margin of the leaf is typically purple and smooth. The upperside of the leaf may have a small amount of white hairs.[3][7][8]

Flowers and fruits[edit]

The stalks of the plant that bears flowers is rough and usually has 1-3 flowers. The funnel-shaped flowers of the plant are normally white, but on rare occasion the flowers can be light purple or pink. The five petals are joined (sympetalous) or shallowly lobed and are approximately 2.5 cm long. The sepals are light green, lanceolate, take on a leathery texture and can be up to 11.5 mm long. The anthers are a pinkish-purple and the filaments are white. The ovary is superior, cone-like in shape, and green. There is a single white stigma and style. There are five stamen. The flowers have no perceptible or obvious scent. There are large seed capsules in the flower that are spherical in shape and hairy. The seeds themselves are irregularly oblong, shiny, and brown or black.[3][6][8]

Fruit is seen in the form of a capsule that is slightly flattened or rounded in shape, and can be up to 10mm wide.[9]

Food usage[edit]

Ipomoea lacunosa is one of the species of Ipomoea that is used on a small scale by humans. The whitestar potato that it produces is traditionally consumed by a number of Native American tribes like the Chiricahua Apaches.[citation needed]

Other animals usually avoid eating this plant due to the high alkaloid content which makes it unpalatable. In some cases the amount of alkaloid in the plant can make it toxic. However certain caterpillars are capable of digesting the plant.[citation needed]

References[edit]

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ipomoea lacunosa". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  2. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. ^ a b c d "Pitted Morning-glory, Ipomoea lacunosa". Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. University of Florida. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  4. ^ "Ipomoea lacunosa". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 9 October 2015.
  5. ^ "Ipomoea lacunosa L. whitestar". Natural Resources Convervation Service. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  6. ^ a b c Hilty, J. "Small White Morning Glory: Ipomoea lacunosa". Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  7. ^ Tenaglia, Dan. "Ipomoea lacunosa L." Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  8. ^ a b "Pitted Morningglory: Ipomoea lacunosa". Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
  9. ^ McGregor, Ronald L. et al. "Flora of the Great Plains." Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986. Book. pg. 659
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