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Cinéma vérité (UK: /ˌsɪnɪmə ˈvɛrɪteɪ/, US: /- ˌvɛrɪˈteɪ/, French: [sinema veʁite] lit. truth cinema; "truthful cinema") is a style of documentary filmmaking developed by Edgar Morin and Jean Rouch, inspired by Dziga Vertov's theory about Kino-Pravda. It combines improvisation with use of the camera to unveil truth or highlight subjects hidden behind reality.^[1]^[2]^[3] It is sometimes called observational cinema,^[4]^[5] if understood as pure direct cinema: mainly without a narrator's voice-over. There are subtle, yet important, differences between terms expressing similar concepts. Direct cinema is largely concerned with the recording of events in which the subject and audience become unaware of the camera's presence: operating within what Bill Nichols,^[6] an American historian and theoretician of documentary film, calls the "observational mode", a fly on the wall. Many therefore see a paradox in drawing attention away from the presence of the camera and simultaneously interfering in the reality it registers when attempting to discover a cinematic truth.

History[edit]

Cinéma vérité can involve stylized set-ups and interaction between the filmmaker and the subject, even to the point of provocation. Some argue that the obvious presence of the filmmaker and camera was seen by most cinéma vérité filmmakers as the best way to reveal the truth.^[7]^[8]^[9] The camera is always acknowledged, for it performs the act of filming real objects, people, and events in a confrontational way. The filmmaker's intention was to represent the truth as objectively as possible, freeing the viewer from deceptions in how those aspects of life were formerly presented to them. From this perspective, the filmmaker should be the catalyst of a situation. Few agree on the meanings of these terms, even the filmmakers whose films are being described.

Pierre Perrault sets situations up and then films them, for example in Pour la suite du monde (1963) where he asked old people to fish for whale. The result is not a documentary about whale fishing; it is about memory and lineage. In this sense cinéma vérité is concerned with anthropological cinema, and with the social and political implications of what is captured on film. How a filmmaker shoots a film, what is being filmed, what to do with what was filmed, and how that film will be presented to an audience, all were very important for filmmakers of the time.

In all cases, the ethical and aesthetic analysis of documentary form (see docufiction) of the 1950s and 1960s has to be linked with a critical look at post-war propaganda analysis. This type of cinema is concerned with notions of truth and reality in film. Feminist documentary films of the 1970s often used cinéma-vérité techniques. This sort of "realism" was criticized for its deceptive pseudo-natural construction of reality.^[10]^[11]

Edgar Morin coined the term around the time of such essential films as 1960's Primary^[12] and his own 1961 collaboration with Jean Rouch, Chronicle of a Summer.^[13]

Filmmakers associated with the style[edit]

Pioneers

Robert Drew^[14]^[15]^[16]
Haskell Wexler^[17]
Richard Leacock^[14]^[15]^[18]^[19]
D. A. Pennebaker^[14]^[15]^[20]^[21]^[18]^[19]^[16]
Jean Rouch^[14]^[20]

Others^[15]^[21]^[19]

William Greaves^[16]
Jim McBride^[16]
Lindsay Anderson^[14]
Tony Richardson^[14]
Karel Reisz^[14]
Agnes Varda^[18]^[16]
Shirley Clarke^[14]^[20]^[19]
Chris Marker^[14]
Jean-Luc Godard^[22]^[19]
Vittorio De Seta^[18]
The Maysles Brothers (Albert and David Maysles)^[14]^[15]^[23]^[21]^[18]^[19]^[16]
Frederick Wiseman^[14]^[15]
John Cassavetes^[24]^[25]
Barbara Kopple^[26]^[20]^[21]
Les Blank^[20]^[18]
Peter Watkins^[27]
Matthew Heineman^[28]

Selected cinéma-vérité films[edit]

Daybreak Express (1953)^[21]^[18]
Sea Countrymen (1955)^[21]^[18]
Primary (1960)^[12]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[28]^[20]^[21]^[32]
Chronicle of a Summer (1961)^[33]^[31]^[15]^[20]^[16]
Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment (1963)^[15]^[20]^[21]^[16]
Happy Mother's Day (1964)^[34]^[31]^[21]^[18]
A Time For Burning (1966)^[16]
Dont Look Back (1967)^[35]^[30]^[31]^[28]^[20]^[16]
Portrait of Jason (1967)^[14]^[30]^[20]^[19]
Titicut Follies (1967)^[14]^[31]^[16]
Uncle Yanco (1967)^[21]^[18]
The Blues Accordin' to Lightnin' Hopkins (1968)^[18]^[21]
High School (1968)^[36]^[19]
Monterey Pop (1968)^[30]^[20]^[16]
Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One (1968)^[16]
Law and Order (1969)^[16]
Salesman (1969)^[14]^[30]^[15]^[20]^[21]^[19]
Gimme Shelter (1970)^[14]^[30]^[15]^[20]
Hospital (1970)^[16]
I Am Somebody (1970)^[16]
Woodstock (1970)^[30]^[21]
Christo's Valley Curtain (1973)^[21]^[18]
Italianamerican (1974)^[21]^[18]
The Plaint of Steve Kreines as recorded by his younger brother Jeff (1974)^[37]
A Poem Is a Naked Person (1974)^[30]^[20]^[21]
Grey Gardens (1975)^[14]^[30]^[31]^[15]^[20]^[21]
Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)^[30]^[21]
Always for Pleasure (1978)^[30]^[20]^[21]
Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe (1980)^[18]^[21]
The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)^[38] and the sequel The Metal Years (1988)^[39]
The Atomic Cafe (1982)^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]
Burden of Dreams (1982)^[30]^[20]^[21]
Say Amen, Somebody (1982)^[44]
Streetwise (1984)^[45]
Sherman's March (1986)^[46]
Crack USA: County Under Siege (1989)^[47]
Paris Is Burning (1990)^[48]^[49]
American Dream (1991)^[30]^[21]
The War Room (1993)^[14]^[30]^[20]^[21]
Hoop Dreams (1994)^[50]
Tarnation (2003)^[51]
Control Room (2004)^[52]
Murderball (2005)^[28]
Dick Johnson Is Dead (2020)^[53]
Cow (2021)^[54]
When We Were Bullies (2021)^[31]
Jeen-Yuhs (2022)^[55]

Fictional cinéma vérité–style films[edit]

The following are films that are fictional or semi-fictional which use cinéma vérité film-making techniques:

Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962)^[19]^[16]
David Holzman's Diary (1967)^[16]
Faces (1968)^[56]^[19]^[16]
Medium Cool (1969)^[17]^[21]^[16]
Multiple Maniacs (1970)^[57]
Wanda (1970)^[58]
Bush Mama (1979)^[59]
Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)^[60]^[61]
Bad Movie (1997)^[62]
Slam (1998)^[63]
Take Out (2004)^[64]
Daddy Longlegs (2009)^[65]
Certified Copy (2010)^[66]
Tangerine (2015)^[67]
American Honey (2016)^[68]
The Florida Project (2017)^[69]^[70]

Legacy[edit]

Many film directors of the 1960s and later adopted use of handheld camera and other cinéma vérité aspects for their scripted, fiction films—having actors improvise to get a more spontaneous quality in their dialogue and action. Influential examples include director John Cassavetes, who broke ground with his 1968 Academy Award-nominated film Faces.^[71] The techniques of cinéma vérité can also be seen in fictional films from The Blair Witch Project^[14] to Saving Private Ryan.^[72]

Cinéma vérité was also adapted for use in scripted TV programs, such as Homicide: Life on the Street, NYPD Blue,^[14] both the UK and American versions of The Office,^[31] Parks & Recreation^[73] and Modern Family.^[14] Documentary series are less common, but COPS is one famous non-fictional example.^[14]

It has also been a subject ripe for parodies and spoofs such as the mockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap^[74] and Emmy Award-nominated TV series Documentary Now (the latter paying homage to the style of such CV classics as Grey Gardens, Salesman and The War Room).^[75]^[76]

References[edit]

^ "Glossary of Rouchian Terms". www.maitres-fous.net. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
^ Ricky Leacock and “The Sense of Being There” Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine – Article by Stephen Altobello at IMN
^ Camera that Changed the World, BBC Four.
^ Direct Cinema Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine at Karamumedia12 Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Observational documentary at Film Reference
^ Nichols, Bill. Introducing the Documentary. Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 109
^ Barbara Bruni, "Jean Rouch: Cinéma-vérité, Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid", Senses of Cinema, issue 19, March 2002.
^ DIRECT CINEMA: Filmmaking Style and its relationship to "Truth" – Thesis by Bernice K. Shneider, B.A., Art History University of Massachusetts, MIT (1972)
^ Jean Rouch – The Film-maker as Provocateur Archived August 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine – Article at Microwave.
^ A feminist critique of documentary film – Paper at Serendip Studio Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ By, For, and About: The “Real” Problem in the Feminist Film Movement Archived January 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – Paper by Shilyh Warren at Mediascape, UCLA
^ ^a ^b Richard Brody, "The Godfather of Cinéma Vérité", The New Yorker, July 31, 2014.
^ Chronicle of a Summer (1961), The Criterion Collection.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u "Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth", Independent Lens, PBS.org.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Does Cinéma Vérité Exist? Watch These 2 Movies to Find Out - The New York Times
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Film Fourm · 60s VERITÉ
^ ^a ^b "Haskell Wexler". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Cinema Verité Shorts - The Criterion Channel
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k How ’60s Vérité Transformed American Cinema - Flavorwire
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Cinema Verité - The Criterion Channel
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x The Criterion Channel’s January 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
^ How Tyler, The Creator Crafted His Own Cinematic Universe - VICE
^ The 50 Best Documentaries of the 21st Century - IndieWire
^ Cassavetes, Major Director In U.S. Cinema Verite, Dies at 59 - The New York Times
^ UNDER THE INFLUENCE: FILMS BY JOHN CASSAVETES | Official Trailer | Hand-Picked by MUBI - MUBI on YouTube
^ New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)
^ The 25 Best Movies About The Cold War – Page 2 – Taste of Cinema
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Matthew Heineman: 5 Documentaries That Taught Me Vérité Filmmaking|A.frame
^ Hall, Jeanne (1991). "Realism as a Style in Cinema Verite: A Critical Analysis of "Primary"". Cinema Journal. 30 (4): 24–50. doi:10.2307/1224885. JSTOR 1224885.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ 1960s Cinema Verité documentaries come to the Criterion Channel|Stark Insider
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Cinéma Vérité: How to Use the Filmmaking Technique|Backstage
^ The 'I' of the Camera - Google Books (pg.281)
^ Chronicle of a Summer (1961)|The Criterion Collection
^ Happy Mother's Day at Pennebaker Hegedus Films
^ Terri C Smith (January 15, 2007). "D.A. Pennebaker's Don't Look Back: Direct Cinema's Early Portrait of a Cultural Icon" (PDF).
^ 10 Essential Cinema Verite Films Every Documentary Fan Should See - Page 2 -Taste of Cinema
^ The Plaint of Steve Kreines as recorded by his younger brother Jeff at Sundance Festival
^ Maslin, Janet (July 5, 1981). "MISS SPHEERIS'S PUNK VERITE". The New York Times.
^ The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music - Google Books (pg.113)
^ Goldman, Tanya; Nachman, Spencer (29 July 2018). "The Atomic Cafe". Screen Slate.
^ IN ‘THE ATOMIC CAFE,’ U.S. COLD WAR PROPAGANDA COMES OUT OF THE BUNKERS FOR THE TRUMP ERA - The Texas Observer
^ Parkinson, David (30 March 2006). "The Atomic Cafe Review". Empire.
^ "Atomic Cafe: History Done Right". Conelrad. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023.
^ A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980 1989 - Google Books (pg. 380)
^ Two Stark Visions of the American Underbelly Hit the Big Screen|Current|The Criterion Collection
^ Huff, Christopher Allen (9 August 2013). "Sherman's March - film". New Georgia Encyclopedia.
^ Television History, the Peabody Archive, and Cultural Memory - Google Books
^ Goslawski, Barbara (June 17, 2019). "Paris Is Burning". Cinema Axis.
^ IN DISGUISE A GROTESQUE MIRROR ON THE CULTURE 'PARIS IS BURNING' AND THE ... - Buffalo News
^ When We Were Kings: Hale County This Morning and Hoop Dreams|Watershed
^ Tarnation (2004): Jonathan Caouette's Reality as Painfully and Weirdly Entertaining Confessional Family Saga | Emanuel Levy
^ Enter Narci-Cinema - The New York Times
^ Dick Johnson Is Dead (2020)|The Criterion Collection
^ Why a Documentary About a Cow Reveals the Limits of an Art Form|The New Yorker
^ Inside the 21-Year Spiritual Journey of Capturing Kayne West's Life and Career|The Film Stage
^ Josh Schasny, "25 New Hollywood Era Films That Projected the Hopes and Fears of the Times", Taste of Cinema, March 4, 2016.
^ Charlie Fox on John Waters's Multiple Maniacs - Artforum International
^ Wanda (1970)|The Criterion Collection
^ Killer of Sheep|The Seventh Art
^ One hundred violent films that changed cinema Fulwood, Neil; 2003 (pg.100)
^ Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) - filmsite.org
^ K-rime: Timeless, Bottomless Bad Movie screening
^ Slam: The Book - Publishers Weekly
^ Take Out (2004)|The Criterion Collection
^ Daddy Longlegs (2009)|The Criterion Collection
^ The 100 Best Movies of the 2010s - Paste Magazine
^ How the Filmmakers Behind Sundance Hit 'Tangerine' Shot on an iPhone & Got Cinematic Results - No Film School
^ What 'American Honey' Says About the Kids: No, They're Not All Right - Variety
^ "The Florida Project" finds magic for those living in the shadow of Disney – Tone Madison
^ The 25 Best Movies of the Decade (2010s) - World of Reel
^ John Cassavetes in Allmovie, accessed online on the New York Times, October 23, 2006.
^ Best Film Editing Sequences - filmsite.org
^ Brad Becker Parton, "How 'Parks and Rec' Transcended its Mockumentary Roots", Vulture, February 26, 2015.
^ "Greatest Film Scenes and Moments - filmsite.org". Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
^ "'Documentary Now!' a spoof on docs by 'SNL' alums Seth Meyers, Bill Hader and Fred Armisen", Daily News, August 14, 2015.
^ Hubert Adjei-Kontoh, "Documentary Now! An ode to the funniest spoof on television", The Guardian, February 20, 1019.

External links[edit]

REALISM, article by Robert McConnell at Parlez-vous.com
Cinéma Vérité at Encyclopædia Britannica
French Realism and Cinema Verite at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
Cinéma Vérité: Defining The Moment, IMDb.

[1] "Glossary of Rouchian Terms". www.maitres-fous.net. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 2024-03-02.

[2] Ricky Leacock and “The Sense of Being There” Archived 2013-06-14 at the Wayback Machine – Article by Stephen Altobello at IMN

[3] Camera that Changed the World, BBC Four.

[4] Direct Cinema Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine at Karamumedia12 Archived April 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.

[5] Observational documentary at Film Reference

[6] Nichols, Bill. Introducing the Documentary. Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 109

[7] Barbara Bruni, "Jean Rouch: Cinéma-vérité, Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid", Senses of Cinema, issue 19, March 2002.

[8] DIRECT CINEMA: Filmmaking Style and its relationship to "Truth" – Thesis by Bernice K. Shneider, B.A., Art History University of Massachusetts, MIT (1972)

[9] Jean Rouch – The Film-maker as Provocateur Archived August 24, 2014, at the Wayback Machine – Article at Microwave.

[10] A feminist critique of documentary film – Paper at Serendip Studio Archived 2012-11-05 at the Wayback Machine

[11] By, For, and About: The “Real” Problem in the Feminist Film Movement Archived January 25, 2020, at the Wayback Machine – Paper by Shilyh Warren at Mediascape, UCLA

[The_Godfather_of_Cinéma_Vérité-12] Richard Brody, "The Godfather of Cinéma Vérité", The New Yorker, July 31, 2014.

[13] Chronicle of a Summer (1961), The Criterion Collection.

[Cinema_Verite:_The_Movement_of_Truth|Independent_Lens-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u "Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth", Independent Lens, PBS.org.

[doesveritieexist?-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Does Cinéma Vérité Exist? Watch These 2 Movies to Find Out - The New York Times

[filmfourmverite-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t Film Fourm · 60s VERITÉ

[Haskell_Wexler-17] "Haskell Wexler". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2023-05-13.

[veritieshorts-18] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Cinema Verité Shorts - The Criterion Channel

[transformedamerica-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k How ’60s Vérité Transformed American Cinema - Flavorwire

[criterionveritie-20] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Cinema Verité - The Criterion Channel

[jan2023-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x The Criterion Channel’s January 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection

[22] How Tyler, The Creator Crafted His Own Cinematic Universe - VICE

[23] The 50 Best Documentaries of the 21st Century - IndieWire

[24] Cassavetes, Major Director In U.S. Cinema Verite, Dies at 59 - The New York Times

[25] UNDER THE INFLUENCE: FILMS BY JOHN CASSAVETES | Official Trailer | Hand-Picked by MUBI - MUBI on YouTube

[26] New Working-class Studies - Google Books (pg.160)

[27] The 25 Best Movies About The Cold War – Page 2 – Taste of Cinema

[taughtmevertie-28] Matthew Heineman: 5 Documentaries That Taught Me Vérité Filmmaking|A.frame

[29] Hall, Jeanne (1991). "Realism as a Style in Cinema Verite: A Critical Analysis of "Primary"". Cinema Journal. 30 (4): 24–50. doi:10.2307/1224885. JSTOR 1224885.

[1960scinemaveritie-30] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ 1960s Cinema Verité documentaries come to the Criterion Channel|Stark Insider

[howtousecinemavertie-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Cinéma Vérité: How to Use the Filmmaking Technique|Backstage

[32] The 'I' of the Camera - Google Books (pg.281)

[33] Chronicle of a Summer (1961)|The Criterion Collection

[34] Happy Mother's Day at Pennebaker Hegedus Films

[35] Terri C Smith (January 15, 2007). "D.A. Pennebaker's Don't Look Back: Direct Cinema's Early Portrait of a Cultural Icon" (PDF).

[36] 10 Essential Cinema Verite Films Every Documentary Fan Should See - Page 2 -Taste of Cinema

[37] The Plaint of Steve Kreines as recorded by his younger brother Jeff at Sundance Festival

[38] Maslin, Janet (July 5, 1981). "MISS SPHEERIS'S PUNK VERITE". The New York Times.

[39] The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music - Google Books (pg.113)

[40] Goldman, Tanya; Nachman, Spencer (29 July 2018). "The Atomic Cafe". Screen Slate.

[41] IN ‘THE ATOMIC CAFE,’ U.S. COLD WAR PROPAGANDA COMES OUT OF THE BUNKERS FOR THE TRUMP ERA - The Texas Observer

[42] Parkinson, David (30 March 2006). "The Atomic Cafe Review". Empire.

[43] "Atomic Cafe: History Done Right". Conelrad. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023.

[44] A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980 1989 - Google Books (pg. 380)

[45] Two Stark Visions of the American Underbelly Hit the Big Screen|Current|The Criterion Collection

[46] Huff, Christopher Allen (9 August 2013). "Sherman's March - film". New Georgia Encyclopedia.

[47] Television History, the Peabody Archive, and Cultural Memory - Google Books

[48] Goslawski, Barbara (June 17, 2019). "Paris Is Burning". Cinema Axis.

[49] IN DISGUISE A GROTESQUE MIRROR ON THE CULTURE 'PARIS IS BURNING' AND THE ... - Buffalo News

[50] When We Were Kings: Hale County This Morning and Hoop Dreams|Watershed

[51] Tarnation (2004): Jonathan Caouette's Reality as Painfully and Weirdly Entertaining Confessional Family Saga | Emanuel Levy

[52] Enter Narci-Cinema - The New York Times

[53] Dick Johnson Is Dead (2020)|The Criterion Collection

[54] Why a Documentary About a Cow Reveals the Limits of an Art Form|The New Yorker

[55] Inside the 21-Year Spiritual Journey of Capturing Kayne West's Life and Career|The Film Stage

[ReferenceB-56] Josh Schasny, "25 New Hollywood Era Films That Projected the Hopes and Fears of the Times", Taste of Cinema, March 4, 2016.

[57] Charlie Fox on John Waters's Multiple Maniacs - Artforum International

[58] Wanda (1970)|The Criterion Collection

[59] Killer of Sheep|The Seventh Art

[60] One hundred violent films that changed cinema Fulwood, Neil; 2003 (pg.100)

[61] Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) - filmsite.org

[62] K-rime: Timeless, Bottomless Bad Movie screening

[63] Slam: The Book - Publishers Weekly

[64] Take Out (2004)|The Criterion Collection

[65] Daddy Longlegs (2009)|The Criterion Collection

[66] The 100 Best Movies of the 2010s - Paste Magazine

[67] How the Filmmakers Behind Sundance Hit 'Tangerine' Shot on an iPhone & Got Cinematic Results - No Film School

[68] What 'American Honey' Says About the Kids: No, They're Not All Right - Variety

[69] "The Florida Project" finds magic for those living in the shadow of Disney – Tone Madison

[70] The 25 Best Movies of the Decade (2010s) - World of Reel

[71] John Cassavetes in Allmovie, accessed online on the New York Times, October 23, 2006.

[72] Best Film Editing Sequences - filmsite.org

[73] Brad Becker Parton, "How 'Parks and Rec' Transcended its Mockumentary Roots", Vulture, February 26, 2015.

[74] "Greatest Film Scenes and Moments - filmsite.org". Archived from the original on 2019-09-20. Retrieved 2019-09-20.

[75] "'Documentary Now!' a spoof on docs by 'SNL' alums Seth Meyers, Bill Hader and Fred Armisen", Daily News, August 14, 2015.

[76] Hubert Adjei-Kontoh, "Documentary Now! An ode to the funniest spoof on television", The Guardian, February 20, 1019.

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@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 {{other uses|Cinéma vérité (disambiguation)}}
-'''Cinéma vérité''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|s|ɪ|n|ᵻ|m|ə|_|ˈ|v|ɛr|ᵻ|t|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|_|ˌ|v|ɛr|ᵻ|ˈ|t|eɪ}}, {{IPA-fr|sinema veʁite|lang}}; "truthful cinema") is a style of [[documentary film]]making developed by [[Edgar Morin]] and [[Jean Rouch]], inspired by [[Dziga Vertov]]'s theory about ''[[Kino-Pravda]]''. It combines improvisation with use of the camera to unveil truth or highlight subjects hidden behind reality.<ref>[http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html Glossary of rouchinan terms] at [http://www.maitres-fous.net MAITRES FOUS net]</ref><ref>
+'''Cinéma vérité''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|s|ɪ|n|ᵻ|m|ə|_|ˈ|v|ɛr|ᵻ|t|eɪ}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|_|ˌ|v|ɛr|ᵻ|ˈ|t|eɪ}}, {{IPA-fr|sinema veʁite|lang}} {{Lit.|}} truth cinema; "truthful cinema") is a style of [[documentary film]]making developed by [[Edgar Morin]] and [[Jean Rouch]], inspired by [[Dziga Vertov]]'s theory about ''[[Kino-Pravda]]''. It combines improvisation with use of the camera to unveil truth or highlight subjects hidden behind reality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Rouchian Terms |url=http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430033332/http://www.maitres-fous.net/glossary.html |archive-date=30 April 2019 |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=www.maitres-fous.net}}</ref><ref>
 [http://www.imakenews.com/gothamsound/e_article002082700.cfm?x=0,b11,w Ricky Leacock and “The Sense of Being There”] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614232209/http://www.imakenews.com/gothamsound/e_article002082700.cfm?x=0%2Cb11%2Cw |date=2013-06-14 }} – Article by Stephen Altobello at IMN</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012tnml ''Camera that Changed the World''], [[BBC Four]].</ref>
 It is sometimes called '''observational cinema''',<ref>[http://www.karamumedia12.wikispaces.com/file/view/Direct+Cinema.doc Direct Cinema] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406153716/https://www.karamumedia12.wikispaces.com/file/view/Direct%2BCinema.doc |date=2019-04-06 }} at [http://www.karamumedia12.wikispaces.com Karamumedia12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406153712/https://www.karamumedia12.wikispaces.com/ |date=April 6, 2019 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Criticism-Ideology/Documentary-OBSERVATIONAL-DOCUMENTARY.html Observational documentary] at [http://www.filmreference.com Film Reference]</ref> if understood as pure [[direct cinema]]: mainly without a narrator's [[voice-over]]. There are subtle, yet important, differences between terms expressing similar concepts. Direct cinema is largely concerned with the recording of events in which the subject and audience become unaware of the camera's presence: operating within what [[Bill Nichols (film critic)|Bill Nichols]],<ref>Nichols, Bill. ''Introducing the Documentary''. Indiana University Press, 2001, p. 109</ref> an American historian and theoretician of documentary film, calls the "observational mode", a [[fly on the wall]]. Many therefore see a paradox in drawing attention away from the presence of the camera and simultaneously interfering in the reality it registers when attempting to discover a cinematic truth.
 == History ==
-Cinéma vérité can involve stylized set-ups and interaction between the filmmaker and the subject, even to the point of provocation. Some argue that the obvious presence of the filmmaker and camera was seen by most cinéma vérité filmmakers as the best way to reveal the truth.<ref>Barbara Bruni, [http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/rouch "Jean Rouch: ''Cinéma-vérité, Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid''"], ''Senses of Cinema'', issue 19, March 2002.</ref><ref>DIRECT CINEMA: Filmmaking Style and its relationship to “Truth” – Thesis by Bernice K. Shneider, B.A., Art History University of Massachusetts, [[MIT]] (1972)</ref><ref>[http://microwave.filmlondon.org.uk/get_the_knowledge/lo_budget_hi_quality/chapter_one_learning_from_the_masters_a_history_of_low/jean_rouch_the_film_maker_as_provocateur Jean Rouch – The Film-maker as Provocateur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824011347/http://microwave.filmlondon.org.uk/get_the_knowledge/lo_budget_hi_quality/chapter_one_learning_from_the_masters_a_history_of_low/jean_rouch_the_film_maker_as_provocateur/ |date=August 24, 2014 }} – Article at Microwave.</ref> The camera is always acknowledged, for it performs the act of filming real objects, people, and events in a confrontational way. The filmmaker's intention was to represent the truth as objectively as possible, freeing the viewer from deceptions in how those aspects of life were formerly presented to them. From this perspective, the filmmaker should be the catalyst of a situation. Few agree on the meanings of these terms, even the filmmakers whose films are being described.
+Cinéma vérité can involve stylized set-ups and interaction between the filmmaker and the subject, even to the point of provocation. Some argue that the obvious presence of the filmmaker and camera was seen by most cinéma vérité filmmakers as the best way to reveal the truth.<ref>Barbara Bruni, [http://sensesofcinema.com/2002/feature-articles/rouch "Jean Rouch: ''Cinéma-vérité, Chronicle of a Summer and The Human Pyramid''"], ''Senses of Cinema'', issue 19, March 2002.</ref><ref>DIRECT CINEMA: Filmmaking Style and its relationship to "Truth" – Thesis by Bernice K. Shneider, B.A., Art History University of Massachusetts, [[MIT]] (1972)</ref><ref>[http://microwave.filmlondon.org.uk/get_the_knowledge/lo_budget_hi_quality/chapter_one_learning_from_the_masters_a_history_of_low/jean_rouch_the_film_maker_as_provocateur Jean Rouch – The Film-maker as Provocateur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824011347/http://microwave.filmlondon.org.uk/get_the_knowledge/lo_budget_hi_quality/chapter_one_learning_from_the_masters_a_history_of_low/jean_rouch_the_film_maker_as_provocateur/ |date=August 24, 2014 }} – Article at Microwave.</ref> The camera is always acknowledged, for it performs the act of filming real objects, people, and events in a confrontational way. The filmmaker's intention was to represent the truth as objectively as possible, freeing the viewer from deceptions in how those aspects of life were formerly presented to them. From this perspective, the filmmaker should be the catalyst of a situation. Few agree on the meanings of these terms, even the filmmakers whose films are being described.
 [[Pierre Perrault]] sets situations up and then films them, for example in ''[[Pour la suite du monde]]'' (1963) where he asked old people to fish for whale. The result is not a documentary about whale fishing; it is about memory and lineage.  In this sense cinéma vérité is concerned with anthropological cinema, and with the social and political implications of what is captured on film. How a filmmaker shoots a film, what is being filmed, what to do with what was filmed, and how that film will be presented to an audience, all were very important for filmmakers of the time.
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 == Filmmakers associated with the style ==
 ;Pioneers:
-* [[Robert Drew]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens">[http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/cinema-verite-the-movement-of-truth/ "Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth"], ''Independent Lens'', PBS.org.</ref><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/>
+* [[Robert Drew]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens">[http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/cinema-verite-the-movement-of-truth/ "Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth"], ''Independent Lens'', PBS.org.</ref><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
-* [[Haskell Wexler]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haskell Wexler |url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/haskell-wexler/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
+* [[Haskell Wexler]]<ref name="Haskell Wexler">{{Cite web |title=Haskell Wexler |url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/haskell-wexler/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
-* [[Richard Leacock]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+* [[Richard Leacock]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
-* [[D. A. Pennebaker]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+* [[D. A. Pennebaker]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 * [[Jean Rouch]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
-;Others<ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
+;Others<ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
+* [[William Greaves]]<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+* [[Jim McBride]]<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 * [[Lindsay Anderson]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" />
 * [[Tony Richardson]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" />
 * [[Karel Reisz]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" />
-* [[Agnes Varda]]<ref name="veritieshorts">[https://www.criterionchannel.com/cinema-verite-shorts Cinema Verité Shorts - The Criterion Channel]</ref>
+* [[Agnes Varda]]<ref name="veritieshorts">[https://www.criterionchannel.com/cinema-verite-shorts Cinema Verité Shorts - The Criterion Channel]</ref><ref name="filmfourmverite">[https://filmforum.org/series/60s-verite-series Film Fourm · 60s VERITÉ]</ref>
-* [[Shirley Clarke]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
+* [[Shirley Clarke]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="transformedamerica">[https://www.flavorwire.com/612580/how-60s-verite-transformed-american-cinema How ’60s Vérité Transformed American Cinema - Flavorwire]</ref>
 * [[Chris Marker]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" />
-* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]<ref>[https://www.vice.com/en/article/4av45p/how-tyler-the-creator-crafted-his-own-cinematic-universe How Tyler, The Creator Crafted His Own Cinematic Universe - VICE]</ref>
+* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]<ref>[https://www.vice.com/en/article/4av45p/how-tyler-the-creator-crafted-his-own-cinematic-universe How Tyler, The Creator Crafted His Own Cinematic Universe - VICE]</ref><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
 * [[Vittorio De Seta]]<ref name="veritieshorts"/>
-* The Maysles Brothers ([[Albert and David Maysles]])<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-documentaries-21st-century-1201857688/ The 50 Best Documentaries of the 21st Century - IndieWire]</ref><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+* The Maysles Brothers ([[Albert and David Maysles]])<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref>[https://www.indiewire.com/feature/best-documentaries-21st-century-1201857688/ The 50 Best Documentaries of the 21st Century - IndieWire]</ref><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 * [[Frederick Wiseman]]<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/>
 * [[John Cassavetes]]<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1989/02/04/obituaries/john-cassavetes-major-director-in-us-cinema-verite-dies-at-59.htmlJohn Cassavetes, Major Director In U.S. Cinema Verite, Dies at 59 - The New York Times]</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TP8KgFHwNeA UNDER THE INFLUENCE: FILMS BY JOHN CASSAVETES | Official Trailer | Hand-Picked by MUBI - MUBI on YouTube]</ref>
@@ Line 40: / Line 42: @@
 ==Selected cinéma-vérité films==
-* ''Daybreak Express'' (1953)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+* ''[[D.A. Pennebaker|Daybreak Express]]'' (1953)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+* ''[[Vittorio De Seta|Sea Countrymen]]'' (1955)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
-* ''[[Primary (film)|Primary]]'' (1960)<ref name="The Godfather of Cinéma Vérité" /><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224885 Realism as a Style in Cinema Veritie: A Critical Analysis of ''Primary'' on JSTOR]</ref><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="taughtmevertie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
+* ''[[Primary (film)|Primary]]'' (1960)<ref name="The Godfather of Cinéma Vérité" /><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1224885 | jstor=1224885 | title=Realism as a Style in Cinema Verite: A Critical Analysis of "Primary" | last1=Hall | first1=Jeanne | journal=Cinema Journal | date=1991 | volume=30 | issue=4 | pages=24–50 | doi=10.2307/1224885 }}</ref><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="taughtmevertie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_I_of_the_Camera/R92ziB67AMIC?hl=en&gbpv=1 The 'I' of the Camera - Google Books (pg.281)]</ref>
-*''[[Chronique d'un été|Chronicle of a Summer]]'' (1961)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28394-chronicle-of-a-summer Chronicle of a Summer (1961)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
-*''[[Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment]]'' (1963)<ref name="doesveritieexist?">[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/movies/cinema-verite.html Does Cinéma Vérité Exist? Watch These 2 Movies to Find Out - The New York Times]</ref><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
+*''[[Chronique d'un été|Chronicle of a Summer]]'' (1961)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/28394-chronicle-of-a-summer Chronicle of a Summer (1961)|The Criterion Collection]</ref><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+*''[[Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment]]'' (1963)<ref name="doesveritieexist?">[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/25/movies/cinema-verite.html Does Cinéma Vérité Exist? Watch These 2 Movies to Find Out - The New York Times]</ref><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 *''Happy Mother's Day'' (1964)<ref>[http://phfilms.com/films/happy-mothers-day/ Happy Mother's Day] at [http://phfilms.com/films/happy-mothers-day/ Pennebaker Hegedus Films]</ref><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+*''[[A Time For Burning]]'' (1966)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
-*''[[Dont Look Back]]'' (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://terricsmithacademicpapers.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/dont-look-back.pdf|author=Terri C Smith|title= D.A. Pennebaker's ''Don't Look Back'': Direct Cinema's Early Portrait of a Cultural Icon|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="taughtmevertie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
-*''[[Portrait of Jason]]'' (1967)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
+*''[[Dont Look Back]]'' (1967)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://terricsmithacademicpapers.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/dont-look-back.pdf|author=Terri C Smith|title= D.A. Pennebaker's ''Don't Look Back'': Direct Cinema's Early Portrait of a Cultural Icon|date=January 15, 2007}}</ref><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/><ref name="taughtmevertie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
-* ''[[Titicut Follies]]'' (1967)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="howtousecinemavertie">[https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/what-is-cinema-verite-examples-75673/ Cinéma Vérité: How to Use the Filmmaking Technique|Backstage]</ref>
+*''[[Portrait of Jason]]'' (1967)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
+* ''[[Titicut Follies]]'' (1967)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="howtousecinemavertie">[https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/what-is-cinema-verite-examples-75673/ Cinéma Vérité: How to Use the Filmmaking Technique|Backstage]</ref><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 *''[[Uncle Yanco]]'' (1967)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
-*''[[The Blues Accordin to Lightnin Hopkins]]'' (1968)<ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
+*''[[The Blues Accordin' to Lightnin' Hopkins]]'' (1968)<ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
-*''[[Faces (1968 film)|Faces]]'' (1968)<ref name="ReferenceB">Josh Schasny, [http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/25-new-hollywood-era-films-that-projected-the-hopes-and-fears-of-the-times/ "25 New Hollywood Era Films That Projected the Hopes and Fears of the Times"], ''Taste of Cinema'', March 4, 2016.</ref>
+* ''[[High School (1968 film)|High School]]'' (1968)<ref>[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/10-essential-cinema-verite-films-every-documentary-fan-should-see/2/ 10 Essential Cinema Verite Films Every Documentary Fan Should See - Page 2 -Taste of Cinema]</ref><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
+* ''[[Monterey Pop]]'' (1968)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
-* ''[[High School (1968 film)|High School]]'' (1968)<ref>[http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/10-essential-cinema-verite-films-every-documentary-fan-should-see/2/ 10 Essential Cinema Verite Films Every Documentary Fan Should See - Page 2 -Taste of Cinema]</ref>
-* ''[[Monterey Pop]]'' (1968)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
+* ''[[Symbiopsychotaxiplasm: Take One]]'' (1968)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+* ''[[Law and Order (1969 film)|Law and Order]]'' (1969)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
-* ''[[Medium Cool]]'' (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haskell Wexler |url=https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/haskell-wexler/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jan2023"/>
-* ''[[Salesman (1969 movie)|Salesman]]'' (1969)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
+* ''[[Salesman (1969 movie)|Salesman]]'' (1969)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="transformedamerica"/>
-*''[[Wanda (film)|Wanda]]'' (1970)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda Wanda (1970)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
-*''[[Multiple Maniacs]]'' (1970)<ref>[https://www.artforum.com/film/charlie-fox-on-john-waters-s-multiple-maniacs-67594 Charlie Fox on John Waters's Multiple Maniacs - Artforum International]</ref>
 *''[[Gimme Shelter (1970 film)|Gimme Shelter]]'' (1970)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="doesveritieexist?"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/>
+*''[[Hospital (1970 film)|Hospital]]'' (1970)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+*''[[I Am Somebody (1970 film)|I Am Somebody]]'' (1970)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
 *''[[Woodstock (film)|Woodstock]]'' (1970)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
 *''[[Christo's Valley Curtain]]'' (1973)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
-*''[[Italian-American]]'' (1974)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
+*''[[Italianamerican]]'' (1974)<ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="veritieshorts"/>
 * ''The Plaint of Steve Kreines as recorded by his younger brother Jeff'' (1974)<ref>[http://history.sundance.org/films/108/the_plaint_of_steve_kreines_as_recorded_by_his_younger_brother_jeff The Plaint of Steve Kreines as recorded by his younger brother Jeff] at Sundance Festival</ref>
 *''[[A Poem Is a Naked Person]]'' (1974)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
@@ Line 67: / Line 71: @@
 *''[[Always for Pleasure]]'' (1978)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
 *''[[Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe]]'' (1980)<ref name="veritieshorts"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
-*''[[The Decline of Western Civilization]]'' (1981)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/movies/miss-spheeris-s-punk-verite.html MISS SPHEERIS'S PUNK VERITE - The New York Times]</ref> and the sequel ''[[The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years|The Metal Years]]'' (1988)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubWAht7N7zsC&dq=Decline+of+western+civilization+verite&pg=PA113   The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music - Google Books (pg.113)]</ref>
+*''[[The Decline of Western Civilization]]'' (1981)<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/movies/miss-spheeris-s-punk-verite.html|title= MISS SPHEERIS'S PUNK VERITE |work= The New York Times|first= Janet|last= Maslin|date =July 5, 1981}}</ref> and the sequel ''[[The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years|The Metal Years]]'' (1988)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ubWAht7N7zsC&dq=Decline+of+western+civilization+verite&pg=PA113   The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll: The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music - Google Books (pg.113)]</ref>
-*''[[The Atomic Cafe]]'' (1982)<ref>[https://www.screenslate.com/articles/atomic-cafe The Atomic Cafe|Screen Slate]</ref><ref>[https://www.texasobserver.org/atomic-cafe-documentary-sxsw-cold-war-nuclear/ IN ‘THE ATOMIC CAFE,’ U.S. COLD WAR PROPAGANDA COMES OUT OF THE BUNKERS FOR THE TRUMP ERA - The Texas Observer]</ref><ref>[https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/atomic-cafe-review/ The Atomic Cafe Review|Movie - Empire]</ref><ref>[http://www.conelrad.com/jayne_loader.html THE ATOMIC CAFE|Jayne Loader Interview]</ref>
+*''[[The Atomic Cafe]]'' (1982)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.screenslate.com/articles/atomic-cafe |title = The Atomic Cafe|website=Screen Slate|date = 29 July 2018|first1 =  Tanya |last1= Goldman |first2= Spencer|last2= Nachman}}</ref><ref>[https://www.texasobserver.org/atomic-cafe-documentary-sxsw-cold-war-nuclear/ IN ‘THE ATOMIC CAFE,’ U.S. COLD WAR PROPAGANDA COMES OUT OF THE BUNKERS FOR THE TRUMP ERA - The Texas Observer]</ref><ref>{{cite web|first = David |last =Parkinson|url = https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/atomic-cafe-review/ |title =The Atomic Cafe Review|work = Empire|date = 30 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.conelrad.com/jayne_loader.html |title = Atomic Cafe: History Done Right|website = Conelrad|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230107012648/http://www.conelrad.com/jayne_loader.html|archive-date = 7 January 2023}}</ref>
 *''[[Burden of Dreams]]'' (1982)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
 *''[[Say Amen, Somebody]]'' (1982)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=_M3nR4wI99AC&dq=Decline+of+western+civilization+verite&pg=PA380 A New Pot of Gold: Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow, 1980 1989 - Google Books (pg. 380)]</ref>
 *''[[Streetwise (1984 film)|Streetwise]]'' (1984)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/6502-two-stark-visions-of-the-american-underbelly-hit-the-big-screen Two Stark Visions of the American Underbelly Hit the Big Screen|Current|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
-*''[[Sherman's March (1986 film)|Sherman's March]] '' (1986)<ref>[https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/shermans-march-film/ Sherman's March – New Georgia Encyclopedia]</ref>
+*''[[Sherman's March (1986 film)|Sherman's March]] '' (1986)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/shermans-march-film/|title= Sherman's March - film|work= New Georgia Encyclopedia|first = Christopher Allen |last=Huff|date = 9 August 2013}}</ref>
 *''[[Crack USA: County Under Siege]]'' (1989)<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8NrFDwAAQBAJ Television History, the Peabody Archive, and Cultural Memory - Google Books]</ref>
-*''[[Paris Is Burning (film)|Paris Is Burning]]'' (1990)<ref>[https://cinemaaxis.com/2019/06/17/paris-is-burning/ Paris Is Burning - Cinema Axis]</ref><ref>[https://buffalonews.com/news/in-disguise-a-grotesque-mirror-on-the-culture-paris-is-burning-and-the-power-of/article_d0ae1bf7-e49d-5202-984d-3701664b27ff.html IN DISGUISE A GROTESQUE MIRROR ON THE CULTURE 'PARIS IS BURNING' AND THE ... - Buffalo News]</ref>
+*''[[Paris Is Burning (film)|Paris Is Burning]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://cinemaaxis.com/2019/06/17/paris-is-burning/|title= Paris Is Burning |work= Cinema Axis|first = Barbara |last=Goslawski|date = June 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://buffalonews.com/news/in-disguise-a-grotesque-mirror-on-the-culture-paris-is-burning-and-the-power-of/article_d0ae1bf7-e49d-5202-984d-3701664b27ff.html IN DISGUISE A GROTESQUE MIRROR ON THE CULTURE 'PARIS IS BURNING' AND THE ... - Buffalo News]</ref>
 *''[[American Dream (film)|American Dream]]'' (1991)<ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
 *''[[The War Room]]'' (1993)<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /><ref name="1960scinemaveritie"/><ref name="criterionveritie"/><ref name="jan2023"/>
 *''[[Hoop Dreams]]'' (1994)<ref>[https://www.watershed.co.uk/articles/when-we-were-kings-hale-county-this-morning-this-evening-and-hoop-dreams When We Were Kings: Hale County This Morning and Hoop Dreams|Watershed]</ref>
-*''[[Slam (1998 film)|Slam]]'' (1998)<ref>[https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780802135759 Slam: The Book - Publishers Weekly]</ref>
 *''[[Tarnation (2003 film)|Tarnation]]'' (2003)<ref>[https://emanuellevy.com/review/tarnation/  Tarnation (2004): Jonathan Caouette's Reality as Painfully and Weirdly Entertaining Confessional Family Saga | Emanuel Levy]</ref>
 *''[[Control Room (film)|Control Room]]'' (2004)<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/enter-narcicinema.html Enter Narci-Cinema - The New York Times]</ref>
-*''[[Take Out (2004 film)|Take Out]]'' (2004)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/30084-take-out? Take Out (2004)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
 *''[[Murderball (film)|Murderball]]'' (2005)<ref name="taughtmevertie">[https://aframe.oscars.org/what-to-watch/post/matthew-heineman-5-documentaries-that-taught-me-verite-filmmaking Matthew Heineman: 5 Documentaries That Taught Me Vérité Filmmaking|A.frame]</ref>
-*''[[Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)|Daddy Longlegs]]'' (2009)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/29117-daddy-longlegs Daddy Longlegs (2009)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
-*''[[Certified Copy (film)|Certified Copy]]'' (2010)<ref>[https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/best-of-2010s/best-movies-2010s-decade The 100 Best Movies of the 2010s - Paste Magazine]</ref>
-*''[[Tangerine (film)|Tangerine]]'' (2015)<ref>[https://nofilmschool.com/2015/07/tangerine-sundance-iphone-5s-sean-baker-radium-cheung-interview How the Filmmakers Behind Sundance Hit 'Tangerine' Shot on an iPhone & Got Cinematic Results - No Film School]</ref>
-*''[[The Florida Project]]'' (2017)<ref>[https://tonemadison.com/articles/the-florida-project-finds-magic-for-those-living-in-the-shadow-of-disney/ "The Florida Project" finds magic for those living in the shadow of Disney – Tone Madison]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldofreel.com/blog/2019/12/top-50 The 25 Best Movies of the Decade (2010s) - World of Reel]</ref>
 *''[[Dick Johnson Is Dead]]'' (2020)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/32311-dick-johnson-is-dead Dick Johnson Is Dead (2020)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
 *''[[Cow (2021 film)|Cow]]'' (2021)<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/why-a-documentary-about-a-cow-reveals-the-limits-of-an-art-form Why a Documentary About a Cow Reveals the Limits of an Art Form|The New Yorker]</ref>
 *''[[When We Were Bullies]]'' (2021)<ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/>
 *''[[Jeen-Yuhs]]'' (2022)<ref>[https://thefilmstage.com/kanye-west-documentary-jeen-yuhs-interview-netflix-coodie-and-chike/ Inside the 21-Year Spiritual Journey of Capturing Kayne West's Life and Career|The Film Stage]</ref>
+=== Fictional cinéma vérité–style films ===
+The following are films that are fictional or semi-fictional which use cinéma vérité film-making techniques:
+*''[[Cléo from 5 to 7]]'' (1962)<ref name="transformedamerica"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+*''[[David Holzman's Diary]]'' (1967)<ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+*''[[Faces (1968 film)|Faces]]'' (1968)<ref name="ReferenceB">Josh Schasny, [http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2016/25-new-hollywood-era-films-that-projected-the-hopes-and-fears-of-the-times/ "25 New Hollywood Era Films That Projected the Hopes and Fears of the Times"], ''Taste of Cinema'', March 4, 2016.</ref><ref name="transformedamerica"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+* ''[[Medium Cool]]'' (1969)<ref name="Haskell Wexler"/><ref name="jan2023"/><ref name="filmfourmverite"/>
+*''[[Multiple Maniacs]]'' (1970)<ref>[https://www.artforum.com/film/charlie-fox-on-john-waters-s-multiple-maniacs-67594 Charlie Fox on John Waters's Multiple Maniacs - Artforum International]</ref>
+*''[[Wanda (film)|Wanda]]'' (1970)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/29450-wanda Wanda (1970)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
+*''[[Bush Mama]]'' (1979)<ref>[http://theseventhart.info/tag/killer-of-sheep/ Killer of Sheep|The Seventh Art]</ref>
+*''[[Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer]]'' (1986)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/onehundredviolen0000fulw/page/100/mode/2up One hundred violent films that changed cinema] Fulwood, Neil; 2003 (pg.100)</ref><ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/henryportraitofserialkiller.html Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986) - filmsite.org]</ref>
+*''[[Bad Movie]]'' (1997)<ref>[https://londonkoreanlinks.net/2023/09/22/k-rime-timeless-bottomless-bad-movie-screening/ K-rime: Timeless, Bottomless Bad Movie screening]</ref>
+*''[[Slam (1998 film)|Slam]]'' (1998)<ref>[https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780802135759 Slam: The Book - Publishers Weekly]</ref>
+*''[[Take Out (2004 film)|Take Out]]'' (2004)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/30084-take-out? Take Out (2004)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
+*''[[Daddy Longlegs (2009 film)|Daddy Longlegs]]'' (2009)<ref>[https://www.criterion.com/films/29117-daddy-longlegs Daddy Longlegs (2009)|The Criterion Collection]</ref>
+*''[[Certified Copy (film)|Certified Copy]]'' (2010)<ref>[https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/best-of-2010s/best-movies-2010s-decade The 100 Best Movies of the 2010s - Paste Magazine]</ref>
+*''[[Tangerine (film)|Tangerine]]'' (2015)<ref>[https://nofilmschool.com/2015/07/tangerine-sundance-iphone-5s-sean-baker-radium-cheung-interview How the Filmmakers Behind Sundance Hit 'Tangerine' Shot on an iPhone & Got Cinematic Results - No Film School]</ref>
+*''[[American Honey (film)|American Honey]]'' (2016)<ref>[https://variety.com/2016/film/columns/american-honey-shia-labeouf-1201898316/ What 'American Honey' Says About the Kids: No, They're Not All Right - Variety]</ref>
+*''[[The Florida Project]]'' (2017)<ref>[https://tonemadison.com/articles/the-florida-project-finds-magic-for-those-living-in-the-shadow-of-disney/ "The Florida Project" finds magic for those living in the shadow of Disney – Tone Madison]</ref><ref>[https://www.worldofreel.com/blog/2019/12/top-50 The 25 Best Movies of the Decade (2010s) - World of Reel]</ref>
 ==Legacy==
-Many film directors of the 1960s and later adopted use of handheld camera and other cinéma vérité aspects for their scripted, fiction films{{--}}having actors improvise to get a more spontaneous quality in their dialogue and action. Influential examples include director [[John Cassavetes]], who broke ground with his film ''Faces''.<ref>[http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-cassavetes-p84410 John Cassavetes] in ''Allmovie'', accessed online on the ''New York Times'', October 23, 2006.</ref> The techniques of cinéma vérité can also be seen in fictional films from ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]''<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /> to ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''.<ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/bestfilmediting9.html Best Film Editing Sequences - filmsite.org]</ref>
+Many film directors of the 1960s and later adopted use of handheld camera and other cinéma vérité aspects for their scripted, fiction films{{--}}having actors improvise to get a more spontaneous quality in their dialogue and action. Influential examples include director [[John Cassavetes]], who broke ground with his 1968 [[Academy Award]]-nominated film ''Faces''.<ref>[http://www.allmovie.com/artist/john-cassavetes-p84410 John Cassavetes] in ''Allmovie'', accessed online on the ''New York Times'', October 23, 2006.</ref> The techniques of cinéma vérité can also be seen in fictional films from ''[[The Blair Witch Project]]''<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /> to ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]''.<ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/bestfilmediting9.html Best Film Editing Sequences - filmsite.org]</ref>
 Cinéma vérité was also adapted for use in scripted TV programs, such as ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'', ''[[NYPD Blue]]'',<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /> both the UK and American versions of ''[[The Office]]'',<ref name="howtousecinemavertie"/> ''[[Parks & Recreation]]''<ref>Brad Becker Parton, [https://www.vulture.com/2015/02/how-parks-and-rec-transcended-its-mockumentary-roots.html "How 'Parks and Rec' Transcended its Mockumentary Roots"], ''Vulture'', February 26, 2015.</ref>  and ''[[Modern Family]]''.<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" /> Documentary series are less common, but ''[[Cops (TV series)|COPS]]'' is one famous non-fictional example.<ref name="Cinema Verite: The Movement of Truth|Independent Lens" />
-It has also been a subject ripe for parodies and spoofs such as the [[mockumentary film]] ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]''<ref>[https://www.filmsite.org/scenes72.html Greatest Film Scenes and Moments - filmsite.org]</ref> and [[Emmy Award]]-nominated TV series ''[[Documentary Now]]'' (the latter paying homage to the style of such CV classics as ''Grey Gardens'', ''Salesman'' and ''The War Room'').<ref>[https://www.dailynews.com/2015/08/14/documentary-now-a-spoof-on-docs-by-snl-alums-seth-meyers-bill-hader-and-fred-armisen/ "'Documentary Now!' a spoof on docs by 'SNL' alums Seth Meyers, Bill Hader and Fred Armisen"], ''Daily News'', August 14, 2015.</ref><ref>Hubert Adjei-Kontoh, [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/feb/20/documentary-now-bill-hader-fred-armisen "Documentary Now! An ode to the funniest spoof on television"], ''The Guardian'', February 20, 1019.</ref>
+It has also been a subject ripe for parodies and spoofs such as the [[mockumentary film]] ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmsite.org/scenes72.html |title=Greatest Film Scenes and Moments - filmsite.org |access-date=2019-09-20 |archive-date=2019-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920175446/https://www.filmsite.org/scenes72.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Emmy Award]]-nominated TV series ''[[Documentary Now]]'' (the latter paying homage to the style of such CV classics as ''Grey Gardens'', ''Salesman'' and ''The War Room'').<ref>[https://www.dailynews.com/2015/08/14/documentary-now-a-spoof-on-docs-by-snl-alums-seth-meyers-bill-hader-and-fred-armisen/ "'Documentary Now!' a spoof on docs by 'SNL' alums Seth Meyers, Bill Hader and Fred Armisen"], ''Daily News'', August 14, 2015.</ref><ref>Hubert Adjei-Kontoh, [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/feb/20/documentary-now-bill-hader-fred-armisen "Documentary Now! An ode to the funniest spoof on television"], ''The Guardian'', February 20, 1019.</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 124: / Line 141: @@
 [[Category:New Wave in cinema]]
 [[Category:Film genres]]
+[[Category:1950s in film]]
 [[Category:1960s in film]]
 [[Category:1970s in film]]

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By theme	Animals Beach party Body swap Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming-of-age Concert Crime Detective Gangster Gentleman thief Gokudō Gong'an Heist Heroic bloodshed Hood Mafia Mafia comedy Mumbai underworld Poliziotteschi Yakuza Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Ecchi Economic Ethnographic Exploitation Blaxploitation Mexploitation Turksploitation Extraterrestrial Food and drink Gendai-geki Ghost Goona-goona epic Gothic Romance Space Suburban Girls with guns Harem Hentai Lolicon Shotacon Tentacle erotica Homeland Isekai Jidaigeki Samurai Kaitō LGBT Yaoi Yuri Luchador Magical girl Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Ninja Wuxia Mecha Anime Monster Giant monster Kaiju Mummy Vampire Zombie Zombie comedy Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shoshimin-eiga Slavery Slice of life Snuff South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword-and-sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Contemporary Western Dacoit Western Fantasy Florida Horror Meat pie Northern Ostern Revisionist Science fiction Singing cowboy Space Spaghetti Weird Western Zapata Western
By movement or period	Absolute American eccentric cinema New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Calligrafismo Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Czechoslovak New Wave Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film d'art Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Indiewood Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Modernist film Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Pan-Indian film Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Slow cinema Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet parallel Structural Surrealist Sword-and-sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Toronto New Wave Vulgar auteurism Yugoslav Black Wave
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